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In light of the rapid spread of sprawling development, a better understanding of local efforts promoting open space preservation is needed. This comparative case study focused on creating narratives to provide a deeper understanding of how suburban residents in the Philadelphia region value open space. Logan and Molotch's "Growth machine hypothesis" and Michael Taylor's alternative choice theory provided a framework for the study. Survey respondents who were more liberal and affluent, had higher levels of education, access to and use of open space, were more supportive of open space preservation efforts. Survey and interview respondents and local officials were more likely to value local open spaces for their use, rather than exchange values. Interviews provided narratives of how residents valued open spaces primarily for a variety of use values, secondarily for their exchange values, and as a reaction against growth itself. Local municipalities by engaging in public education to increase resident understanding of the economic value of open space and the value of growing smartly can work to improve local quality of life by simultaneously preserving open spaces and accommodating growth for the community's advantage. / Urban Studies

This thesis investigates the role of open space planning within the context of a growth management planning philosophy. For contextual framing, the principles of growth management are presented followed by tools and techniques used in preserving open space. The literature review chapter concludes with a look at the development of an open space plan. To bound the scope of this paper, the focus is on open space preserved for passive and active recreation and natural conservation. Montgomery County, Maryland is used as a case example. The qualitative data comes from interviews with planning personnel from the community and park planning departments. As part of the process, the relationship and roles between these two departments regarding open space preservation are explored. This case study helps us to understand what Montgomery County has learned from the past that is influencing the open space preservation for tomorrow. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Durant ces dernières années, les espaces de travail n'ont cessé de changer, en fonction du type de l'organisation ou du travail effectué, mais surtout suite à la mondialisation, aux préoccupations environnementales et aux technologies de l'information et de la communication. L'espace est inhérent à toute situation de gestion, l'important est de déceler son influence sur les acteurs. Le travail perd peu à peu sa notion d'accomplissement de soi et les entreprises font face aujourd'hui à un mal-être des salariés. Cependant, le travail' ne se cantonne pas au stress ou aux troubles psychosociaux, mais il peut être une réalisation ou un dépassement de soi. Conséquemment, nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure la perception de l'espace de travail, notamment de l'open space, influence les perceptions du bien-être du salarié au travail ainsi que sa performance. Nous avons choisi une méthodologie mixte ayant pour finalité la complémentarité des méthodes. Cette stratégie permet de mobiliser simultanément une approche qualitative exploratoire et une approche quantitative. Notre recherche tend à démontrer une corrélation entre la perception de l'espace de travail et les perceptions de bien-être et de performance. S'il existe une relation significative d'une part entre la perception de l'espace de travail et la perception du bien-être au travail et d'autre part entre la perception de ce bien-être et de la performance individuelle, ce n'est pas le cas entre la perception de l'espace et de la performance. Cependant, nous pouvons nous demander si le bien-être du salarié serait un médiateur de la relation espace de travail et performance individuelle. / In recent years, workspaces have continued to change, depending on the type of organization or work, but mostly due to globalization, environmental concerns and information and communication technologies. Space is inherent to any management situation, it is important to detect its influence on the actors. Work gradually loses its notion of self-fulfillment, and companies today face an ill-being of employees. However, the work is not confined to stress or psycho social problems, but it can be a self-fulfillment. Consequently, we ask ourselves to what extent the perception of the workspace, particularly the open plan office, influences perceptions of well-being at work and job performance. We have chosen a mixed research methodology. This strategy allows us to simultaneously mobilize an exploratory qualitative approach and quantitative approach. Our research tends to show a correlation between the perception of the workspace and perceptions of well-being and job performance. If there is a significant relationship between the perception of the work space and the perception of well-being at work and between the perception of well-being and job performance, it is not the case between the perception of space and job performance. However, we wonder if the well-being of the employee may be a mediator of the relation between workspace and job performance.

From its infancy, environmental psychology [which concerns itself with the coinfluencing interface between people and places] has required attention to actual context, and attention to social relevance. There has always been an emphasis on research into real problems within a context of meaningful theory, and on results which have potential not only for individuals, but also for policy-makers and those who execute that policy. This environmental psychology study is about the potential role of green open space in contributing towards quality of life in the city generally. It is also about a specific, wellloved urban open space in Namibia's capital city, Windhoek, the Avis dam environment, which is often the contentious target of proposed commercial development. At the moment, the Windhoek Municipality has no well-structured urban open space policy, and possibly also no full understanding of the meanings of the Avis dam for its users. This study hopes to make contributions to both these areas of policy-making. As the applicability of research findings to the development of public policies and community interventions depends very much on the suitability of the methodology and theories chosen (Stokols, 19911), this study begins with a discussion of systemic and ecosystemic thinking [Chapter Two]. They were chosen as the guiding metatheory for this study, not only because of their recognition of the inescapable connectedness between person and environment, but because of their personal appeal too. Chapter Three examines theories and models which are compatible with systems thinking, and which help understand the potentially positive psycho-social and socio-economic roles of urban open space generally, and how the extent of that potential in a specific open space may be appreciated and described. The implications of systemic/ecosystemic metatheory for the study's methodology and research design are discussed in Chapter Four, and the data collection methods, which comprised observation and interviewing, in Chapter Five. Ecosystemic thinkers do not believe that facts can be "found" [they are not there objectively, but co-emerge subjectively from people's individual and collective experience in a place], so Chapter Six deals with a co-emergent interpretation of the data gathered. Based on that interpretation, recommendations for urban open space policy generally, and the Avis dam environment specifically, are made in Chapter Seven. AFRIKAANS : Omgewingssielkunde (wat gemoeid is met die mede-beinvloedings tussen mense en plekke) het van sy vroegste jeug aandag benodig ten opsigte van werklike verband asook maatskaplike toepaslikheid. Daar was nog altyd klem op navorsing ten opsigte van daadwerklike probleme binne die verband van ‘n betekenisvolle teorie asook op die uitslae wat potensiaal het vir die individualis sowel as die beleidsbepalers en beleidsuitvoerders. Hierdie omgewingssielkundestudie gaan oor hoe groen oop spasies moontlik kan bydra tot kwaliteit van lewensgehalte in die stad oor die algemeen. Dit gaan ook oor ‘n besondere, geliefde stedelike oop ruimte in Namibia se hoofstad, Windhoek, nl. die Avisdamomgewing, wat voortdurend ‘n teiken is vir bedryfsontwikkeling. Tans beskik die Munisipaliteit van Windhoek nie oor ‘n welsaamgestelde beleid oor oop ruimtes nie en moontlik ontbreek ook by hulle die nodige begrip van die betekenis van die dam vir sy verbruikers. Hierdie studie be-oog om ‘n bydrae in die beleidsbepalings van altwee leemtes te lewer. Die toepaslikheid van navorsingsbevindings in die ontwikkeling van openbare beleid en gemeenskapsbemiddeling hang baie van die gepastheid van die metodologie en teorië (Stokols, 1991)2 af. Hierdie studie begin met ‘n bespreking oor sistemiese en ekosistemiese denke (Hoofstuk Twee). Hulle is as die leidende metateorieë gekies, nie alleen vir hul erkenning van die onontkombare verband tussen persone en hul omgewing nie, maar ook vir hulle persoonlike aantrekkingskrag. In Hoofstuk Drie word teorië en voorbeelde bestudeer wat verenigbaar is met sistemiese denke en wat help om die potensiële positiewe psigo-sosiale en sosio-ekonomiese rolle van stedelike oop ruimtes oor die algemeen te verstaan, asook hoe om die omvang van die potensiaal van ‘n spesifieke oop ruimte te kan waardeer en te kan beskryf. In Hoofstuk Vier word die implikasies van die sistemiese/eko-sistemiese metateorie vir hierdie studie se metodologie en navorsingsplan bespreek. Die dataversamelingsmetodes wat uit waarneming en onderhoude bestaan, word in Hoofstuk Vyf hanteer. Ekosistemiese denkers glo nie dat feite “gevind” word nie (dit is nie objektiewelik daar nie maar ontstaan subjektiewelik deur persone se individuele en gesamentlike ondervindinge van ‘n plek), dus word die vertolking van die saamgestelde data in Hoofstuk Ses bespreek. In die lig van dié vertolking word aanbevelings 2 Stokols, D. (1991). Conceptual strategies of environmental psychology. In D. Stokols& I. Altman (Eds), Handbook of environmental psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 41-70). New York: John Wiley. vir stedelike oopruimtebeleid in die algemeen asook spesifiek vir die Avisdam omgewing in Hoofstuk Sewe hanteer. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1998. / Psychology / unrestricted

Lawrence Halprin foi um arquiteto paisagista norte-americano que atuou profissionalmente entre 1945 e 2009. Sua prática holística, multifacetada, experimentalista e transdisciplinar aplicada ao processo de pensar a paisagem e projetar os ambientes humanos resultaram numa abordagem compreensiva e inovadora ao design.Assumindo a relevância de suaprática na paisagem, esta dissertação procurou entender e discutir sua trajetória profissional sob o ponto de vista do processo de design. O recorte abrange o período de transição entre os anos 1950 e a primeira metade da década de 1960. O trabalho foi organizado de forma que se compreenda o objeto da pesquisa, que também é sujeito, frente as suas origens, influências, referências e contextos, para então percorrer seu processo de design, cujos temas abordados por este trabalho correspondem aos subsídios que servem para embasar a discussão entre discurso e prática em duas de suas principais obras: o condomínio de veraneio SeaRanch, no condado de Sonoma (Califórnia), e a Sequência de Espaços Abertos da cidade de Portland (Oregon). / Lawrence Halprin was an american landscape architect professionally active for more than sixty years. His holistic,multifaceted, experimentalist and transdisciplinarypractice offers a way of thinking landscape and design in the human environment as a result of a comprehensive and innovative approach. Assuming his relevance under the field of landscape practice worldwide this thesis seeks to understand and discuss Halprin\'s professional lifewith an emphasis on his creative process or design process. The research focus was narrowed to the years of Halprin\'s first discoveries that lead him to developthe themes that characterize his comprehensive approach, which correspond to the beginnings of the fifties and the first decade of the sixties. The thesis\'s structure was organized to situate Halprin under the historical, artistic and social context of the fifties and sixties providing an insight in his origins and influences to then explore his design process with which are used to discuss the interface between his discourse and his practice using as case studies two of his major works: Sea Ranch, located in Sonoma Couny, California, and Portland Open Space Sequence, in Portland, Oregon.

Esta pesquisa traz evidências sobre a relação entre a oferta de sistemas de lazer e a violência urbana, envolvendo crianças e adolescentes, no município de Piracicaba, estado de São Paulo. Em uma primeira etapa, definiu-se uma área de estudo através de dados de procedência de crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua, e de jovens infratores em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas, dados esses obtidos a partir de duas fontes indicadas pela Promotoria de Justiça da Infância e Juventude da Comarca de Piracicaba (projeto "Acolhimento à criança e ao adolescente em situação de rua" e organização não-governamental Serviço de Apoio ao Menor de Piracicaba - SEAME). Posteriormente, nessa área de estudo, analisou-se a disponibilidade e a situação atual dos sistemas de lazer à população local, e como tal, o Conjunto Habitacional Bosques do Lenheiro foi apontado para a realização desta pesquisa, por ser aquele de maior procedência de crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua - 34,5% do total analisado - e de jovens infratores em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas - 9,2% do total analisado. Este loteamento de interesse social caracterizou-se por ser o mais pobre da Região Norte do município, bastante populoso e com alta concentração de jovens, já que a faixa etária de 0 a 20 anos de idade representa quase 55% da população. Não há sistemas de lazer efetivamente implantados disponíveis aos moradores. Nenhuma das dez áreas públicas destinadas a esse fim recebeu algum tipo de tratamento pela Prefeitura, e estavam todas abandonadas. De maneira geral, a situação da arborização no loteamento mostrou-se crítica: além dos já referidos sistemas de lazer não implantados, as áreas de preservação permanente também não receberam a devida atenção e a arborização de ruas era praticamente inexistente. A revisão bibliográfica realizada neste estudo apontou para uma relação realmente consistente entre arborização, lazer e redução da violência, não só em países do Hemisfério Norte, como no Brasil. Embora a oferta de arborização e lazer representasse apenas uma pequena parcela das carências observadas na área de estudo, a implantação de sistemas de lazer poderia contribuir para que esta se tornasse, ambiental e socialmente, um local melhor para se viver. / This research brings evidence of the relationship between the availability of public open spaces and urban violence involving children and teenagers in the municipality of Piracicaba, São Paulo state. To start with, a study area was defined according to two data sources on violence made available by the public prosecutor of the judicial district of Piracicaba (project "Shelter for children and teenagers in street situation" and nongovernmental organization Service Support to the Underage of Piracicaba - SEAME) that showed where the neighborhoods children and teenagers in street situation and young offenders under alternative judicial sentence come from in the municipality. These findings analyzed the availability and actual situation of public open spaces for the population residing in that area. The "Conjunto Habitacional Bosques do Lenheiro" was identified in this research as the study area because this is the place most of the children and teenagers in street situation - 34,5% of the total analyzed - and young offenders under alternative judicial sentence - 9,2% of the total analyzed - came from. This social interest allotment was characterized as the poorest place in the North region in the municipality, very populated and its residents since the age between 0 to 20 years old represents almost 55% of the population. It was found that no public open spaces had been made available for the population. The ten areas that the local government was supposed to deal with, were abandoned. In addition, urban forestry in this allotment was very low: beyond those not implanted public open spaces, the planting along the permanent preservation areas had not been implemented and street trees were almost nonexistent. The literature reviewed in this research showed a consistent relationship between urban forestry, leisure and violence reduction in the Northern Hemisphere countries and also in Brazil. The lack of urban forestry and leisure represents a very small part of the privation observed in the study area, but the availability of public open spaces might turn it into an environmentally and socially a more supportive place to live.

O trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a compreensão da expansão urbana e do papel do sistema de espaços livres, a partir de um recorte regional do interior paulista, que compreende os municípios de São Carlos, Ibaté, Araraquara, Gavião Peixoto, Américo Brasiliense, Santa Lúcia, Rincão, Guatapará, Luiz Antônio, Cravinhos, São Simão, Ribeirão Preto, Pradópolis, Dumont, Barrinha e Sertãozinho. Para tanto, partiu-se de um estudo histórico da formação da área de estudos, considerando a importância dos ciclos econômicos agrícolas e da industrialização, para compreender a dinâmica urbana e econômica atual e as principais ações e gestões municipais para o planejamento da paisagem, de maneira a compreender a importância dos espaços livres desde a escala regional aos lugares do cotidiano. / The objective of this research is to contribute to the understanding of urban sprawl in relation to the system of open spaces. This was done through the regional studies within the interior of São Paulo State, correlating the following municipalities: São Carlos, Ibaté, Araraquara, Gavião Peixoto, Américo Brasiliense, Santa Lúcia, Rincão, Guatapará, Luiz Antônio, Cravinhos, São Simão, Ribeirão Preto, Pradópolis, Dumont, Barrinha and Sertãozinho. As a result, a historical approach on the studied area was carried out in order to accurately comprehend its agricultural and economic cycles as well as its industrialization so as to understand its current urban and economic dynamics. In so doing the municipal management of landscape planning is viewed as a vital tool to shed light onto open spaces both at a regional and daily life local scale.