Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-17T12:07:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Vieira da Cunha.pdf: 1092913 bytes, checksum: 118fa887f3cdea4935a47ab4f1fa8dd8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T12:07:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Vieira da Cunha.pdf: 1092913 bytes, checksum: 118fa887f3cdea4935a47ab4f1fa8dd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of the present study was to assess the feeding strategy effect and the spineless cactus processing on intake and digestibility of different nutrients, milk production and composition, urea concentration in plasma and milk, and microbial protein production in lactating Holstein cows. Eight cows with a mean live weight of 453 ± 75.8 kg, production of 14 kg of milk/day and 20 weeks of lactation at the beginning of the experiment were distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares based on lactation order (primiparous and pluriparous). The treatments were distributed in a factor arrangement, with two forms of cactus processing knife-chopped (KC) and fodder machine (FM) and two different feeding strategies separate concentrate (SC) and total mixed ration (TMR). The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) was lower when the spineless cactus was chopped by knife. Neither feeding strategy nor type of spineless cactus processing affected the digestibility of nutrients; milk, protein and fat production (P > 0,05), in kg/day. Milk production average values were 14,8 and 14,6 kg/day for KC and FM spineless cactus processing, and 14,8 and 14,5 kg/day for SC and MC feeding strategies, respectively. However, fat content was lower (36 g /kg, P = 0,01) when the spineless cactus was chopped by knife. Purine derivatives and N-urea concentration were not influenced (P > 0,05) by feeding strategy and the way the spineless cactus was processed. The averages observed for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (98.9g/kg TDN), NUP concentrations (21,3mg/dL), and MUN (18,2mg/dL) were the same for spineless cactus processing and feeding strategy. The use of forage machine is recommended to spineless cactus processing in order to maximize DM intake, and the use of total mixed ration to avoid selectivity. / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da forma de fornecimento da dieta e processamento da palma forrageira sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos diferentes nutrientes, a produção e a composição do leite, a concentração de N-uréico no plasma (NUP) e no leite (NUL), e produção de proteína microbiana em vacas da raça holandesa em lactação. Foram utilizadas oito vacas com peso vivo médio de 453 ± 75.8 kg, produção de 14 kg de leite/dia e 20 semanas de lactação ao início do experimento, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, de acordo com a ordem de lactação (primíparas e pluríparas). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial, com duas formas de processamento da palma picada a faca (PF) e máquina forrageira (MF) e duas de fornecimento da dieta, concentrado separado (CS) e mistura completa (MC). Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) foram menores quando a palma foi processada com a faca. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a produção de leite, e as produções de proteína e gordura (expressos em kg/dia) não foram alteradas (P>0,05) pela forma de fornecimento da dieta e processamento da palma. As médias para a produção de leite foram (14,8 e 14,6 kg/dia) para o processamento da palma PF e MF, respectivamente, e (14,8 e 14,5 kg/dia) para fornecimento da dieta CS e MC, respectivamente. O teor de gordura foi menor (36 g/kg, P=0,01) quando a palma foi picada com faca. Os derivados de purina e as concentrações de N-uréico não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela forma de fornecimento da dieta e processamento da palma. As médias observadas para eficiência da síntese de proteína microbiana (98,9 g/kg NDT), concentrações de NUP (21,3 mg/dL) e NUL (18,2 mg/dL) foram semelhantes para o processamento da palma e a forma de fornecimento da dieta. Recomenda-se o uso do processamento da palma na máquina forrageira para maximizar o consumo MS e o uso da mistura completa a fim de evitar a seletividade.

Submitted by MARCOS LEANDRO TEIXEIRA DE OLIVEIRA (marcosteixeira@ufv.br) on 2018-07-24T13:11:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 textocompleto.pdf: 673324 bytes, checksum: b8e6b4ed46b38cda728a1a2b90fcdf43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T13:11:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 textocompleto.pdf: 673324 bytes, checksum: b8e6b4ed46b38cda728a1a2b90fcdf43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto do estresse salino e a frequência de irrigação sobre a fisiologia do crescimento em dois gêneros de palma forrageira cultivadas em região de semiárido. O experimento foi realizado na Unidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (UEPE) do IFCE, localizada na Chapada do Apodi, em Limoeiro do Norte, CE, onde a UEPE encontra-se em área de relevo plano, nas coordenadas de 05°10’ 53” S e 38°00’43” W e altitude de 146 m. O período experimental foi de julho a novembro de 2016, com uma duração de 112 dias, onde todo cultivo foi realizado a céu aberto. Foram utilizados dois gêneros de palma, sendo uma do gênero Opuntia variedade Orelha-de-elefante Mexicana e outra do gênero Nopalea variedade IPA Sertânia. O experimento foi conduzido com cinco níveis de salinidade (S), em que a S1 é o controle (água do canal de irrigação, com condutividade elétrica (C.E.) média em torno de 0,58 dS m -1 ) e mais quatro níveis de salinidade (S2, S3, S4 e S5, respectiva- mente, com condutividade média em torno de 1,67, 2,69, 3,77 e 4,78 dS m -1 ) e ainda três frequências de irrigação: frequência 1 = plantas cultivadas com aplicação de uma irrigação por semana de 500 mL planta -1 ; frequência 2 = plantas cultivadas com aplicação de duas irrigações por semana de 500 mL planta -1 ; e frequência 3 = plantas cultivadas com aplicação de três irrigações por semana de 500 mL planta -1 em dias alternados. O delineamento utilizado foi o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em fatorial 2  5  3 (duas variedades de palma x cinco salinidades x três frequências de irrigação), totalizando 30 tratamentos, com quatro repetições e, assim, obtendo-se 120 unidades amostrais. Ao final, pode-se concluir que é viável utilizar água salinizada com C.E. de até 4,78 dS m -1 e com irrigação uma vez por semana na produção de palma forrageiras dos gêneros Opuntia e Nopalea, e ainda, que o cultivo de palma com água salinizada até 4,78 dS m -1 para manutenção da cultura no período seco é uma opção viável, onde este recurso pode garantir a sobrevivência do cultivo no período escassez hídrica nas condições do semiárido brasileiro. / The experiment was conducted with the objective of assessing the impact of salt stress and the frequency of irrigation on the physiology of growth in two genera of forage cactus grown in the semiarid. The experiment was carried out at the Teaching, Research and Extension (UEPE) of IFCE located in Chapada do Apodi in Limoeiro do Norte - CE, where the UEPE lies in an area of relief plan, at 05°10' 53' S and 38°00'43" W and altitude of 146 m. The experimental period was from July to November 2016 with a duration of 112 days, where all cultivation was carried out in the open. We used two genera of palm one of the genus Opuntia variety Ear Mexican Elephant and another of the genus Nopalea variety Ipa Sertânia. The experiment was conducted with 05 levels of salinity (S), where S1 was the control (water from the irrigation canal, with electrical conductivity (C.E.) average around 0.58 dS m -1 ) and four other levels of salinity (S2, S3, S4 and S5 respectively with average conductivity around 1.67, 2.69, 3.77 and 4.78 dS m -1 ) and even three flights of irrigation: frequency 1 - cultivated plants with implementation of an irrigation per week to 500 mL plant -1 , frequency 2 - plants grown with application of two irrigations per week to 500 mL plant -1 and frequency 3 - plants grown with application of three irrigations per week to 500 mL plant -1 on alternate days. The experimental design was the RCI - completely randomized experimental design in factorial 2  5  3 (2 varieties of palm x 5 salinity x 3 frequencies of irrigation) totaling 30 treatments with 04 replications and thus obtaining 120 sample units. In the end, it can be concluded that it is feasible to use water salinized with C.E. up to 4.78 dS m -1 and with irrigation once a week in the production of palm seed of genera Opuntia and Nopalea, and furthermore, that the cultivation of palm with water salinized to 4.78 dS m -1 for maintenance of culture during the dry period is a viable option, where this feature can ensure the survival of the cultivation in the period of water scarcity under conditions of the Brazilian semi-arid regions.

Submitted by Heitor Rapela Medeiros (heitor.rapela@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-03T18:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 SOUZA, M.P.C- Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1380346 bytes, checksum: 1b3f996a1ee811e62ac14e86cd7864ab (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T18:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 SOUZA, M.P.C- Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1380346 bytes, checksum: 1b3f996a1ee811e62ac14e86cd7864ab (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / CAPES / Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. é uma cactácea amplamente cultivada nas zonas áridas e semiáridas do mundo, devido ao seu enorme potencial produtivo e suas múltiplas utilidades na área alimentícia, farmacêutica, agrícola, cosmética e outras. Assim, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar físico-quimicamente o óleo e o extrato nebulizado de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. e avaliar as potencialidades deste vegetal, visando sua utilização no desenvolvimento de um novo fitocosmético. A caracterização foi realizada por análise térmica, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectro de massas, espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta e por testes farmacopéicos. Na avaliação das potencialidades verificou-se a atividade antioxidante, antimicrobiana, fotoprotetora e inibidora da enzima tirosinase. As análises farmacopéicas, espectroscópicas e térmicas do óleo e do extrato nebulizado de Opuntia fícus-indica permitiram caracterizá-los físicoquimicamente e verificar a estabilidade térmica dos mesmos. Através do CG-EM foi detectado que o óleo é rico em ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados, principalmente em ácido linoléico (~65%). Quanto à avaliação das potencialidades dos produtos derivados de Opuntia fícus-indica foi detectado que, nas condições do estudo, os mesmos não apresentaram atividade antioxidante e nem antimicrobiana. Com relação à inibição da enzima tirosinase, apenas o extrato nebulizado demonstrou atividade inibitória. Quanto à avaliação do potencial fotoprotetor do óleo, foi observado que o mesmo não apresentou FPS significativo e nem potencializou o FPS de formulações cosméticas contendo filtros solares orgânicos. Apesar disto, a utilização dos produtos de Opuntia fícus-indica em fitocosméticos pode ser justificada pelas suas propriedades eudérmicas.

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniera en Recursos Naturales Renovables / En los últimos años, la utilización de energías renovables no convencionales ha alcanzado gran importancia tanto a nivel mundial como nacional, generando el interés de encontrar nuevas alternativas para la aplicación de energías renovables. La presente memoria investiga sobre las plantaciones de tunales como fuente de materia prima para la generación de biogás, así como también estima su potencial de producción en el norte chico de Chile. El biogás es una alternativa energética para el sector agropecuario, el cual es obtenido mediante bioprocesos de fermentación de diversos residuos y desechos que se producen diariamente. Además de generarse biogás, se obtiene un residuo estabilizado, el cual puede ser incorporado al suelo. Esto constituye una alternativa para las zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte chico de Chile debido a que son suelos pobres en materia orgánica, y por lo tanto, presentan alto grado de deficiencia en sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas, limitando la plantación de cualquier tipo de cultivo. La tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) es una especie que se adapta fácilmente a este tipo de situaciones, ya que logra modificarse según características del terreno y del clima del sector. Un ejemplo es la forma de su tallo que se modifica de acuerdo al manejo cultural que se le otorgue y según el clima. Posee un sistema radical superficial carnoso que favorece la absorción de agua que se encuentre cercana a la superficie. Su metabolismo CAM le permite adaptarse a sequías, permaneciendo sus estomas cerrados durante todo el día y toda la noche y a lluvias, abriendo sus estomas bien temprano en la mañana. Otra característica importante de esta especie es la gran cantidad de biomasa que genera, llegando a producir 30ton/ha en condiciones de buen manejo cultural y buena disponibilidad de agua. Es por esta característica y por el potencial de generación de biogás que se considera una buena alternativa para el norte chico de Chile. Referente a la elección del digestor a utilizar, ésta dependerá del uso que se le quiera dar y de las condiciones económicas que se tengan. Se tienen estimaciones de la producción de biogás en el norte chico de Chile del orden de 13.406,4m3/kg/día de biogás. Esto se puede mejorar a través de la inclusión de otros residuos presentes en la zona que permitan modificar algunos parámetros determinantes en la generación de biogás. / Renewable energies have reached importance in the past years, not only on a national scale, but also on a global one, finding new applications for the use of renewable energies. This project investigates about prickly plantations as main source for the production of biogas and their energy potential for northern Chile. Biogas is an energy alternative for the agricultural sector and is obtained by fermentation processes of different wastes produced daily. Besides the generation of biogas it is also possible to obtain a stabilized waste that can be incorporated on the soil, meaning an alternative for the dry and semi dry zones of the northern Chile. Because their soil is poor in organic matter content, therefore, presents deficient chemical, physical and biological properties. This makes difficult the implementation of any type of crops. The prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) adapts easily to the previous conditions, because it is possible to modify it according to the features of the land and the weather. In example, the form of the stem varies depending on the cultural management and the weather conditions. The specie possesses a superficial fleshy root system that facilitates the absorption of water on the surface. Also, the CAM metabolism allows the adaptability to drought and rains, by closing the stomatas during day and night, and opening them early in the morning. Another important feature of this specie is the biomass production, reaching around 30 ton/ha with good cultural management and water availability. For this reason and for the potential to produce biogas it is considered a good alternative for the northern Chile. To define the best biodigestor to use, this will depend on the use and the costs associated. The estimation of biogas production in the northern Chile is 13.406,4 4 m3/kg/d. This result can be improved adding other wastes produced in the area that allows change some parameters relevant for the production of biogas.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-20T22:26:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Vanessa Gabriela Barbosa de Mendonça.pdf: 2616124 bytes, checksum: f417338ffbaebe9fab008a107dd2a092 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-21T17:08:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Vanessa Gabriela Barbosa de Mendonça.pdf: 2616124 bytes, checksum: f417338ffbaebe9fab008a107dd2a092 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T17:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Vanessa Gabriela Barbosa de Mendonça.pdf: 2616124 bytes, checksum: f417338ffbaebe9fab008a107dd2a092 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / CNPq / Os problemas ambientais associados a crise de falta de água tem se tornado cada vez mais frequentes, e suas consequências são alarmantes. A indústria têxtil é responsável pela geração de grandes volumes de águas residuais, os quais são muitas vezes lançados nos corpos hídricos sem tratamento adequado. Além do efeito visual, a presença de corantes têxteis nos efluentes é tóxica aos seres vivos e aos organismos marinhos, dificultando a penetração da luz solar e interferindo na atividade fotossintética. Processos de tratamento por adsorção são aplicados na remoção de corantes nos efluentes provenientes das industrias do setor têxtil. Pesquisas por novos adsorventes buscam materiais eficientes. O objetivo desse trabalho consiste em avaliar a remoção do corante têxtil Indosol Escarlate por adsorção com macroalgas verdes Halimeda opuntia pertencente à ordem Bryopsidales (Chlorophyta). Inicialmente foi realizado tratamento ácido na alga in natura. Após permanecer imersa na solução ácida (H₂SO₄ concentração 0,5 mol.L⁻¹) por 5 minutos, a biomassa foi lavada e seca em estufa à 60 ºC por 24 horas. As micrografias comprovaram eficácia do tratamento com ácido, sendo observado maior agrupamento entre as partículas. A análise de superfície específica e porosidade (BET) evidenciou aumento percentual de 103,92% na área superficial do material adsorvente após este ser calcinado à temperatura de 1000ºC por 10 horas. O material adsorvente tratado revelou possuir área superficial grande (127 m².g⁻¹) se comparado com outros organismos. A espécie é amplamente encontrada no litoral de Pernambuco. Estudos preliminares alcançaram capacidade adsortiva de aproximadamente 22 mg.g⁻¹ ainda nos primeiros 7 minutos de adsorção (Cᴀ₀ = 50 mg.L⁻¹; Volume = 25mL; Massa = 0,05g; 400 rpm, T = 27,8 ºC). Apesar disso, o estudo do equilíbrio foi realizado em 120 minutos para garantir total aproveitamento. Os experimentos foram realizados em batelada e os resultados dos planejamentos fatoriais foram: Todos os efeitos analisados demonstram-se estatisticamente significativos em relação à capacidade adsortiva. As variáveis analisadas foram a velocidade de agitação (rpm), a granulometria, a temperatura e o tempo de calcinação. As isotermas de adsorção seguiram o modelo de Langmuir-Freundlich (30ºC, 45ºC e 65ºC), com capacidade adsortiva máxima (qₘₐₓ) à 65ºC igual a 145,67 mg.g⁻¹. O estudo termodinâmico mostrou que a reação de adsorção é espontânea, visto que a variação da energia livre de Gibbs foi negativa. O valor positivo da variação da entalpia sugeriu que a reação é endotérmica. No estudo da cinética, os resultados apresentaram melhor ajuste ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem, e as simulações dinâmicas demonstraram o decaimento da concentração do corante e o aumento da capacidade de adsorção ao longo do tempo. Concluiu-se que as algas Halimeda opuntia podem ser consideradas como bons candidatos para serem adsorventes do corante Indosol Escarlate. / The environmental problems associated with the lack of water has become increasingly common, and its consequences are alarming. The textile industry produces large amounts of waste, which are often not adequately treatments. In addition to the visual effect, the presence of dye in the effluent is toxic to marine organisms, interfering with the penetration of sunlight thereby impairing the photosynthetic activity. Searches are conducted to find new, more efficient materials. In this paper, the technique of adsorption were used for removal of Indosol Escarlate textile dye with green macroalgae Halimeda opuntia belonging to Bryopsidales order (Chlorophyta). Initially, acid treatment was carried out in the algae in natura. After remaining immersed in the acid solution (H₂SO₄ concentration 1N) for 5 minutes, the biomass was washed and oven dried at 60 °C for 24 hours. The micrographs confirmed the efficacy of the treatment with acid, so that larger grouping was observed among the particles. The analysis of specific surface and porosity (BET) evidenced a percentage increase of 103.92% in the surface area of the adsorbent material after it was calcined at 1000ºC for 3 hours. The treated adsorbent material revealed to have a large surface area (127 m².g⁻¹) when compared to other organisms. The species is widely found on the coast of Pernambuco. Preliminary studies reached adsorption capacity of approximately 22 mg.g⁻¹ in the first 7 minutes of adsorption (Cᴀ₀ = 50 mg.L⁻¹; V= 25mL; M = 0,05g; 400 rpm, T = 27,8 ºC). Nevertheless, the balance study was conducted in 120 minutes to ensure complete recovery. The experiments were conducted in batches and the best conditions found by technique of factorial design were: The effects of the agitation speed (rpm), the calcination temperature (ºC) and the size (μm) of the adsorbent material were statistically significant in relation to the adsorptive capacity. The effect of the calcination time (h) was not significant within the studied range. The adsorption isotherms followed the model of Langmuir-Freundlich (30°C, 45°C and 65°C), and maximum adsorption capacity (65°C) was 145.67 mg.g⁻¹. The thermodynamic study showed that the process was spontaneous (ΔG < 0). The positive value of enthalpy (ΔH > 0) suggests that the reaction is endothermic. In kinetic studies, the results showed better adjustment to the model of pseudo-second order, and dynamic simulations have shown the decrease of the dye concentration and the increase in adsorption capacity over time. It was concluded that Halimeda opuntia algae can be considered as good candidates to be adsorbent of the Indosol Scarlet dye.

[ES] La industria agro-alimentaria se encuentra en constante evolución, adaptándose a las demandas de los consumidores. Un claro ejemplo es el de la industria frutícola, que ha partido de los productos mínimamente procesados, hacia procesos mucho más complejos como las destilaciones, requiriendo mayores cantidades de materias primas. Estos procesos conllevan a la generación de millones de toneladas de residuos frutícolas al año, produciendo en muchos de los casos grandes problemas con impactos medioambientales. No obstante, la riqueza organoléptica y de compuestos nutraceúticos en estos residuos hacen posible su revalorización, haciendo de manera sostenible un cambio sustancial en el impacto negativo medioambiental y generando nuevos productos con repercusiones económicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis doctoral explora las características nutricionales, sensoriales y nutraceúticas de dos especies frutícolas (Persea americana y Opuntia spp.) y sus subproductos, con la finalidad de generar una caracterización integral y un aprovechamiento de los residuos generados por los cultivos de ambos frutos en las industrias alimentarias (pieles y semillas), así como de especies de Opuntia no utilizadas comercialmente. Esta exploración ha sido posible usando diferentes técnicas analítica, bioquímicas y microbiológicas para llevar a cabo la detección de las posibles alternativas de uso. Como resultado a las potenciales propiedades de los frutos de aguacates y de los higos chumbos, se decidió realizar una caracterización nutricional de los principales macronutrientes, y debido a la poca información encontrada en Opuntia spp., se realizó la caracterización lipídica, de los azúcares y ácidos orgánicos de los frutos. Posteriormente se evaluaron las propiedades nutraceúticas, por un lado se evaluaron espectrofotométricamente los compuestos bioactivos de ambos subproductos frutícolas mediante distintas técnicas como Folin-Ciocalteu para la determinación de polifenoles totales, Al3Cl3 para determinación de flavonoides totales, y poder reductor, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS y ß-caroteno para la determinación de capacidad antioxidante hidrofílica e lipofílica de los extractos, además, en Opuntia spp. se analizó el contenido de los colorantes betaxantinas y betacianinas. Por otro lado, mediante el uso de técnicas cromatográficas HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, se caracterizaron los perfiles polifenólicos (ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides) de ambos subproductos frutícolas, más los perfiles betalainicos de las muestras de higos chumbos. Por último, mediante técnicas microbiológicas y ensayos citotoxicológicos, se comprobó el poder antimicrobiano, antitumoral y hepatotóxico, con ayuda de 16 cepas bacterianas, y fúngicas, 4 líneas celulares tumorales y 1 línea celular sana obtenida a partir de hígado de cerdo, denominada PLP2. Finalmente, se ha realizado un ensayo de optimización multivariable de extracción de los compuestos bioactivos de Opuntia spp. mediante extracciones asistidas por microondas y ultrasonidos, haciendo uso de un diseño experimental estadístico empleando las herramientas de metodología de respuesta de superficie acopladas a un diseño central compuesto 2^4 con 7 puntos centrales, para la obtención de modelizaciones graficas de los parámetros de respuesta, que ayudan a identificar las condiciones óptimas de los factores de extracción empleados. En definitiva, estos análisis suponen la obtención de información relevante sobre la extracción de compuestos bioactivos con aplicaciones nutraceúticas y colorantes, que pueden ser añadidos a una amplia gama de productos de las industrias farmacéuticas, cosméticas y alimentarias, para reforzar o mejorar las características y funcionalidades de estos. / [CAT] La indústria agroalimentària es troba en constant evolució, adaptant-se a les demandes dels consumidors. Un clar exemple és el de la indústria fructícola, que ha partit dels productes mínimament processats, cap a processos molt més complexos com les destil¿lacions, requerint majors quantitats de matèries primeres. Aquests processos comporten la generació de milions de tones de residus fructícoles a l'any, produint en molts dels casos grans problemes amb impacte mediambientals. No obstant això, la riquesa nutracèutica i organolèptica d'aquests residus fan possible la seua revaloració, fent de manera sostenible un canvi substancial en l'impacte negatiu mediambiental i generant nous productes amb repercussions econòmiques. En aquest context, la present tesi doctoral explora les característiques nutricionals, sensorials i nutracèutiques de dues espècies fructícoles (Persea americana i Opuntia spp.) i els seus subproductes, amb la finalitat generar una caracterització integral i un aprofitament dels residus generats pels cultius de tots dos fruits en les indústries alimentàries (pells i llavors), així com de les espècies d'Opuntia no utilitzades comercialment. Aquesta exploració ha estat possible usant diferents tècniques analítiques, bioquímiques i microbiològiques per a dur a terme la detecció de les possibles alternatives d'ús. A causa de les potencials propietats dels fruits d'alvocats i de les figues paleres, es va decidir realitzar una caracterització nutricional dels principals macronutrients, i a causa de la poca informació trobada en Opuntia spp., es va realitzar la caracterització lipídica, dels sucres i àcids orgànics dels fruits. Posteriorment es van avaluar les propietats nutracèutiques, d'una banda es van avaluar espectrofotomètricament els compostos bioactius de tots dos fruits mitjançant diferents tècniques com Folin-Ciocalteu per a la determinació de polifenols totals, Al3Cl3 per a la determinació de flavonoides totals, i poder reductor, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS i ß-caroteno per a la determinació de capacitat antioxidant hidrofílica i lipofílica dels extractes. A més, en Opuntia spp. es va analitzar el contingut dels colorants betaxantines i betacianines. D'altra banda, mitjançant l'ús de tècniques cromatogràfiques HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS / MS, es van caracteritzar els perfils polifenòlics (àcids fenòlics i flavonoides) de tots dos fruits, més els perfils betalainics de les mostres de figues de moro. Finalment, mitjançant tècniques microbiològiques i assajos citotoxicològics, es va comprovar el poder antimicrobià, antitumoral i hepatotòxic, amb ajuda de 8 ceps bacterians, 8 ceps fúngics, 4 línies cel·lulars tumorals i 1 línia cel·lular sana obtinguda a partir de fetge de porc, anomenada PLP2 . Finalment, s'ha realitzat un assaig d'optimització multivariable d'extracció dels compostos bioactius d'Opuntia spp. mitjançant extraccions assistides per microones i ultrasons, fent ús d'un disseny experimental estadístic emprant les eines de metodologia de resposta de superfície acoplades a un disseny central compost 2 ^ 4 amb 7 punts centrals, per a l'obtenció de modelitzacions gràfiques dels paràmetres de resposta, que ajuden a identificar les condicions òptimes dels factors d'extracció empleats. En definitiva, aquestes anàlisis suposen l'obtenció d'informació rellevant sobre l'obtenció de compostos bioactius amb aplicacions nutracèutiques i colorants, que poden ser afegits a una àmplia gamma de productes de les indústries farmacèutiques, cosmètiques i alimentàries, per reforçar o millorar les característiques i funcionalitats d'aquests. / [EN] Agro-alimentary industries are constantly evolving and adapting to their customer needs, for instance, in the fruit industry, the transition between minimum processed products to more complex process such as distillation has been occurring and increasing, thus, demanding higher volumes of raw materials. All this process and operations lead to millions of tons of fruit by-products generated every year, creating deep environmental issues with high impact most of the times. Nevertheless, revalorization of the by-products it possible due to the nutraceutical and organoleptic characteristics, which brings potential benefits in both, environmental protection and positive economic repercussion in a sustainable manner. According to the previously mentioned background, this doctoral thesis focus on the nutrimental, organoleptic and nutraceutical characteristics of two different fruits (Persea americana and Opuntia spp.) and their by-products, aiming to develop an integral characterization and revalorization of the by-product produced in the food industries (seeds and peels) from both cultivars. Likewise, the exploitation of non-commercial Opuntia species. The whole exploration was possible due to the use of analytic, biochemical and microbiological techniques, which allowed us to elucidate possible alternatives of usage. As a result of avocado and prickly pears potential functional properties, a nutritional characterization from the principal macronutrients was performed, additionally, due to the lack of information on Opuntia spp., lipid, sugar and organic acids profiling were also analysed on the edible fruits. Afterwards, nutraceutical properties were assessed, on one hand, bioactive compounds from both fruits by-products were spectrophotometric analysed through different procedures such as, total phenolic profile by Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoid content through Al3Cl3 methodology and hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity of the extracts via reducing power, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS and ß-carotene bleaching assays, besides, betaxhantins and betacyanins pigments quantification from Opuntia spp. was also performed. In the other hand, polyphenolic (phenolic acids and flavonoids) profiling in both fruit by-products was performed throughout chromatographic techniques such as HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, in the same manner, betalainic profile was also analysed on prickly pears. Lastly, applying microbiological techniques and cytotoxic assays, hepatotoxicity, antimicrobial and antitumor activity was tested using a freshly porcine liver extracted cell line (namely PLP2), 16 bacterial and fungus strains and 4 carcinogenic cell lines respectively. Finally, multivariable ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractions of Opuntia spp. bioactive compounds were optimized, performing an experimental design using statistical tools such as response surface methodology (RSM) coupled to 2^4 central composite design (CCD) with 7 star points, in order to obtain graph modelling of the response parameters, which help to identify the optimal conditions of the extraction factors used. Summarizing, relevant information on the extraction of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical and colouring applications was achieved through specific analysis, thus, the previously mention phytochemical molecules can then be added to a wide range of products within the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, to strengthen or improve the characteristics and functionalities of the final products. / Melgar Castañeda, B. (2019). APROVECHAMIENTO DE SUBPRODUCTOS DE CULTIVOS DE HIGO CHUMBO (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Y AGUACATE (Persea americana) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/121145 / TESIS

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniería Agrónomo Mención Agroindustria / Opuntia ficus indica, Mill. Es una especie de tuna distribuida ampliamente en México y otras partes del mundo: sus tallos o cladiodos son llamados “nopalitos”. Durante la poda, algunos tallos maduros son materia de desecho. Hay pocos reportes en literatura sobre la utilización de cladodios para la preparación de harina o polvos de nopal y menos aún sobre el efecto de la edad o tamaño de los cladiodos sobre las características y propiedades de los polvos

L'objectif de cette étude est d'étudier le potentiel d'Opuntia ficus-indica (Ofi) en tant que biomoniteur dans un environnement contaminé par des dépôts atmosphériques enrichis en métaux lourds. Trois sites d'étude pollués ont été sélectionnés: industriel, minier et routier. Le phénomène de bioaccumulation a été validé en analysant la concentration en métaux lourds par SAA et ICP-MS dans plusieurs raquettes d'âge différent, dans les fruits et les racines. L'identification de l'origine du Pb a été étudiée à partir de la signature isotopique du Pb (TIMS) dans les raquettes, les racines et les sols, avec une caractérisation microscopique (MEB-EDX) des particules déposées à la surface des raquettes. Le taux de bioaccumulation du Pb suite à une exposition racinaire ou foliaire à des particules de fluorapatite synthétisées et enrichies en Pb à permis de préciser les voies de transfert vers la plante. Ainsi, la distribution particulaire ou dispersée du Pb dans les raquettes contaminées a été identifiée au moyen de cartographies MEB-EDX et µXRF. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu'Ofi est un bioaccumulateur du Pb, Cd et Cr. Les signatures isotopiques dans les raquettes révèlent la nature des diverses sources polluantes tout en donnant une indication sur l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique au cours du temps. Le taux le plus élevé de Pb a été mesuré dans les raquettes contaminées à leur surface par de la fluorapatite. Les analyses microscopiques ont démontré pour les deux approches suivies l'intégration des particules déposées à la surface des raquettes au niveau de la cuticule, des trichomes et des stomates. Cette obsevation est cohérente avec la cartographie obtenue en µXRF. Notre étude démontre le potentiel de cette plante cosmopolite qu'est Ofi en tant que biomoniteur. / This study reports the potential of Opuntia ficus-indica (Ofi) as a biomonitor of atmospheric pollution in three heavily polluted sites, i.e., industrial, mining and road sites. The bioaccumulation phenomenon by Ofi was investigated by studying the heavy metal concentrations in different cladodes of various ages, roots and fruits, using AAS and ICP-MS. To identify the origin of Pb in cladodes, two types of methods were used: TIMS analysis which provided the lead isotopes ratios in cladodes, roots and soil samples, and SEM-EDX analysis at the cladode surface which provided the elemental distribution of Pb and airborne particles and a characterization of their chemical structure at the microscopic scale. A second study was also carried out by testing Pb bioaccumulation after foliar and roots exposure to synthesized fluorapatite particles enriched with Pb. SEM-EDS and µXRF analyses were used to follow the Pb concentration from the contaminated surface to the internal tissues. The results show that Ofi is indeed a bioaccumulator of Pb, Cd and Cr. The Pb isotopic signatures indicate that Ofi is a sensitive species to local aerial pollution and their successive cladodes obviously identify the evolution of air pollution with time. In addition, Ofi cladodes were found more contaminated with lead after direct foliar contamination. SEM-EDS measurements underlined in the two studies the retention of deposited particles on specific zones of the cladode surface (cuticle, trichome and stomata), which were also identified by µXRF cartography. These results represent the first demonstration of the potential of using Ofi, a cosmopolitan plant, as a biomonitor.

L’objectif des travaux de cette thèse concerne la caractérisation du germoplasme marocain du cactus Opuntia. Les études réalisées pour atteindre cet objectif ont portées sur le comportement phénologique, les caractéristiques génétiques et la composition physicochimique du cactus, ainsi que sur les molécules à fort potentiel thérapeutique, susceptibles d’avoir des effets bénéfiques pour les cellules du système nerveux central, dans les extraits de cactus (fruit, fleur, graine, huile, raquette et épine) et ceci en comparaison avec l’huile d’Argan. Les travaux ont été réalisés dans quatre laboratoires partenaires partageant des compétences dans les domaines d’analyses agronomique, biochimique et moléculaire. Les résultats de nos travaux sont présentés dans trois volets : (i) la caractérisation agronomique du cactus, (ii) la purification et la caractérisation des extraits et des molécules naturelles et (iii) l’évaluation des effets biologiques de ces molécules sur un modèle cellulaire. L’étude phénologique sur des écotypes âgées de 4 ans, issus du site expérimental de l’INRA d’Ain Nezagh, nous a permis de les classer selon le taux de fructification ou la production de biomasse de manière à mieux orienter leur utilisation en fonction de l’origine géographique et de l’espèce. L’étude de la diversité génétique, basée sur les traits morphologiques et les marqueurs moléculaires, a permis d’identifier sur le site d’Ain Nezagh sept espèces de cactus dont deux n’avait jamais été décrites au Maroc, O. leucotricha et O. inermis. Les analyses morpho-anatomique et physico-chimique de la fleur, du jus, du fruit et de la raquette d’écotypes âgées de 10 ans provenant du site de l’INRA de Jemâat Riah ont démontré la présence de deux espèces différentes de cactus du genre Opuntia, comportant quatre variétés non identifiées auparavant sur ce site. Nos travaux montrent donc l’existence d’une grande diversité génétique intra-espèces (variétés) et inter-espèces chez le cactus au Maroc. Paralèllement à ces études, les compositions chimiques des huiles essentielles de raquette et de graine de cactus ainsi que celle d’huile d’argan ont été déterminées. A partir de ces analyses, nous avons choisi d’étudier les effets de deux stérols, le spinastérol et le schotténol, ainsi que d’extraits de stérols sur l’activation du récepteur nucléaire LXR (Liver X receptor, impliqué dans la régulation du métabolisme du cholestérol) dans les cellules cérébrales de la microglie (lignée murine BV-2). Nos résultats montrent que le spinastérol et le schotténol, sans être cytotoxiques, peuvent moduler les expressions des deux isoformes de LXR, LXR-α et LXR-β, ainsi que de leurs gènes cibles ABCA1 et ABCG1. De plus, le schotténol provoque une activation spécifique de LXR-β. Ces résultats suggèrent que ces deux phytostérols pourraient avoir un rôle protecteur dans la modulation du métabolisme du cholestérol dans la microglie. / The objective of this PhD thesis is to characterize the Moroccan germplasm of the cactus Opuntia collected from different regions in Morocco, by studying the phenologic behavior, the genetic features and physicochemical composition, along with the molecules of high therapeutic potential which may have beneficial effects on the central nervous system cells from cactus extracts (fruit, flower, seed, oil, cladodes and spine) and compared to Argan oil. This work has been conducted in fours different laboratories sharing complementary analyses skills at agronomic, biochemistry, molecular levels. Our results are presented in three parts : (i) cactus agronomic characteristics, (ii) purification and characterization of natural extracts and molecules and (iii) the evalution of biological effects of these molecules using a cell model. Initially, the first experimental INRA site of cactus culture, located in Ain Nezagh and containing ecotypes older than 4 years, allowed us to achieve a phenological study with the classification of the ecotypes according to fruiting rate and to the biomass production in order to better guide their use according to geographical origin and species. The genetic diversity study based on morphological traits and molecular markers permited the identification, on the site of Ain Nezagh, of the presence of seven species of cactus among which two have never been described in Morocco: O. leucotricha and O. inermis. The morpho-anatomical and physicochemical analyses of cactus flower, juice, fruit and cladodes of 10 years old ecotypes issued from the Jemâat Riah INRA site, demonstrated the presence of two different species of the genus Opuntia including four varieties not previously identified on this site. Thus, our work indicates the existence of a large intra-species (varieties) and inter-species genetic diversity. Secondly, the chemical compositions of cladode essential oils or cactus seeds as well as argan oil were determined. From these analyzes, we have chosen to study the effects of two sterols, spinasterol and schottenol and also sterol extracts on the activation of the nuclear receptor LXR (Liver X receptor, involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism) in microglia brain cells (BV-2 murine cell line). Our results show that spinasterol and schottenol, without being cytotoxics, can modulate the expression of the two isoforms of LXR, LXR-α and LXR-β, as well as of their target genes ABCA1 and ABCG1. In addition, the schottenol causes LXR-β specific activation. These results suggest that these two phytosterols could have a protective role in the modulation of cholesterol metabolism in microglia.

Natural contamination of groundwater by arsenic (As) has become a critical public health threat in many parts of the world. The well-known regions associated with As contamination of groundwater are Bangladesh and West Bengal, India where approximately 100 million people are exposed to high levels of arsenic by drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater and about 35 million are already affected. Long-term drinking of arsenic-contaminated water leads to arsenicosis, which is characterized by cancers of the skin, organ disease and certain other types of cancer. Affected developing communities are at higher risk because they may not have access to conventional water treatment facilities. This problem has focused research efforts on providing accessible arsenic removal technologies. In this study, cactus mucilage, an extract from the Opuntia ficus-indica (also known as Nopal and Prickly Pear cactus), is investigated as a natural agent for As removal from water. Cactus mucilage is a natural hydrocolloid with known flocculant abilities and a demonstrated interaction with As. Two mucilage fractions were extracted - a gelling extract (GE) and a non-gelling extract (NE). Two As removal systems were studied: the cactus mucilage acting alone and a hybrid mucilage and iron treatment system. The mechanism of action of the mucilage's interaction with arsenic was also studied. Batch experiments were used to study the arsenic removal systems. Total As was determined with Hydride Generation - Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (HGAFS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectroscopy (ICPMS). In the hybrid system, iron (Fe) was also determined by ICP-MS. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis was used to determine mucilage concentration. Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UVVIS) were used to study the molecular composition. Additionally, the mucilage was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for physical morphology and by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for inorganics and sugars composition. Both cactus extracts showed an interaction with As by binding and transporting As to the air-water interface of the treatment container, with GE and NE causing a 14% and 9% respective increase in As concentration at the air-water interface. TOC analysis showed that the mucilage migrated to the top of the treatment container but also settled on the bottom. This interaction with As was shown to be pH dependent - optimal performance was at pH 5.5 and 9. The mucilage interaction with As was also dependent on the ionic strength of the solution. ATR-FTIR showed the role of the carboxyl functional group as the binding site for the As(V). The hybrid iron-mucilage treatment system was studied in order to capitalize on the strong affinity of iron for As, as well as to exploit the flocculant properties of the mucilage. Mucilage was successfully applied as a coagulant aid in the removal of As by Fe(III) salt, achieving between 75% to 96% As removal. The process depended on the hydrolysis of the Fe(III) salt to form iron hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, which reacted with and adsorbed the dissolved As(V). The iron arsenate colloidal precipitate which formed was then adsorbed onto the mucilage surface forming larger, heavier, denser flocs. The As removal increased with increasing mucilage concentration reaching a maximum at 100 mg/L GE. Increasing Fe(III) concentration increased the As removal reaching an optimum concentration at 40 mg/L Fe. The As removal had rapid kinetics, achieving visual separation within 10 minutes and completing the majority of the removal within 30 minutes. These results are important because they demonstrate that the mucilage is the versatile basis for an As removal treatment, being able to interact as a complexant for the arsenic as well as an effective coagulant aid for iron arsenate precipitation.