Paraffin is used as a main household energy source for cooking, lighting and heating by low-income communities in South Africa. It is highly inflammable and spillages from paraffin can be considered as one of the major causes of fires that lead to the destruction of dwellings in the informal settlement. The situation is made worse due to the close proximity of the dwellings to each other which cause the fires to spread very quickly from one dwelling to the next leaving suffering and most often death in its wake (Schwebel et al., 2009:700). It has been shown by Muller et al. (2003:2018) that most of the informal rural communities use paraffin in non-ventilated and windowless environments and this causes major respiratory problems. The government has made a huge effort towards replacing paraffin as main cooking fuel in rural and informal settlements with ethanol gel. Ethanol gel is a healthier, safer alternative to paraffin because ethanol gel does not burn unless it is contained within a cooking device that concentrates the flame. It also fails to emit lung irritants or other dangerous chemical vapours when burned indoors (Bizzo et al., 2004:67). Commercial ethanol gels are manufactured with imported gelling agents that make their costs unaffordable to the rural poor communities. It is the objective of this study to determine whether gelling agents extracted from the local endemic species of cactacea viz. Opuntia fiscus-indica and Cereus Jamacaru can be used to synthesise ethanol gel comparable or better than the commercial gels. The two species chosen have been declared pests (Nel et al., 2004:61) and are continuously uprooted from arable land and burned by local farmers (Van Wilgen et al., 2001:162) This study showed that Opuntia ficas-indica stems gave a better cellulose yield (15.0 ± 6.7 wt. %) than Cereus Jamacaru (11.5 ± 7.8wt %). Chemical composition analyses and FT-IR analyses showed that the hemicelluloses and lignin were completely removed from the extracted cellulose and the extraction was more effective for Opuntia ficasindica than for Cereus Jamacaru. Ethanol gel produced by using the extracted cellulose, as was investigated during this study, was compared to commercial gels with respect to viscosity, burn time, calorific values and residue and a good comparison was obtained. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Paraffin is used as a main household energy source for cooking, lighting and heating by low-income communities in South Africa. It is highly inflammable and spillages from paraffin can be considered as one of the major causes of fires that lead to the destruction of dwellings in the informal settlement. The situation is made worse due to the close proximity of the dwellings to each other which cause the fires to spread very quickly from one dwelling to the next leaving suffering and most often death in its wake (Schwebel et al., 2009:700). It has been shown by Muller et al. (2003:2018) that most of the informal rural communities use paraffin in non-ventilated and windowless environments and this causes major respiratory problems. The government has made a huge effort towards replacing paraffin as main cooking fuel in rural and informal settlements with ethanol gel. Ethanol gel is a healthier, safer alternative to paraffin because ethanol gel does not burn unless it is contained within a cooking device that concentrates the flame. It also fails to emit lung irritants or other dangerous chemical vapours when burned indoors (Bizzo et al., 2004:67). Commercial ethanol gels are manufactured with imported gelling agents that make their costs unaffordable to the rural poor communities. It is the objective of this study to determine whether gelling agents extracted from the local endemic species of cactacea viz. Opuntia fiscus-indica and Cereus Jamacaru can be used to synthesise ethanol gel comparable or better than the commercial gels. The two species chosen have been declared pests (Nel et al., 2004:61) and are continuously uprooted from arable land and burned by local farmers (Van Wilgen et al., 2001:162) This study showed that Opuntia ficas-indica stems gave a better cellulose yield (15.0 ± 6.7 wt. %) than Cereus Jamacaru (11.5 ± 7.8wt %). Chemical composition analyses and FT-IR analyses showed that the hemicelluloses and lignin were completely removed from the extracted cellulose and the extraction was more effective for Opuntia ficasindica than for Cereus Jamacaru. Ethanol gel produced by using the extracted cellulose, as was investigated during this study, was compared to commercial gels with respect to viscosity, burn time, calorific values and residue and a good comparison was obtained. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-06T12:27:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO BRANDÃO TORRES NETO - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 1786888 bytes, checksum: d93a46d60c6d2323451d80eaecb9a9f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T12:27:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO BRANDÃO TORRES NETO - TESE (PPGEQ) 2015.pdf: 1786888 bytes, checksum: d93a46d60c6d2323451d80eaecb9a9f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Capes / A busca por alternativas à produção de etanol para atender a atual demanda faz surgir como matérias-primas alternativas ao caldo de cana-de-açúcar (etanol de 1ª geração), os materiais lignocelulósicos (etanol de 2ª geração), que apresentam em sua composição celulose, hemicelulose e lignina que podem ser convertidos, por meio de processos químicos e bioquímicos (hidrólises ácida e enzimática) em açúcares fermentáveis e, posteriormente, nesse biocombustível. Como material lignocelulósico surge-se a palma forrageira, uma cultura amplamente difundida, de fácil manejo e cultivada em todos os períodos do ano. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os processos de hidrólises ácida/enzimática da palma forrageira para a sacarificação da celulose visando a produção de etanol, caracterizando-a físico-quimicamente/morfologicamente, além de realizar os processos químicos e bioquímicos da conversão da celulose, como também da hemicelulose em açúcares diretamente fermentáveis, verificando, por meio da metodologia de planejamento experimental, a influência das variáveis temperatura, concentração de ácido sulfúrico e relação massa seca de palma/ácido (hidrólise ácida) sobre concentração de glicose, como também a carga enzimática, bem como a relação massa seca de palma/extrato (hidrólise enzimática) sobre o rendimento de conversão da celulose em glicose, finalizando com a fermentação do licor hidrolisado obtido nas melhores condições do planejamento, determinando assim, os parâmetros do processo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a palma apresenta uma boa composição de celulose (37,34%) comparada a outros materiais estudados e baixos teores de hemicelulose (10,88%) e lignina (3,36%), dispensando-se assim, a realização de um pré-tratamento à hidrólise deste material. Os baixos teores de hemicelulose e lignina também puderam ser verificados por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) que demonstraram um grau de desordem acentuado para a palma forrageira. Os modelos estatísticos obtidos para as hidrólises ácida/enzimática foram estatisticamente significativos ao nível de 95% de confiança, mostrando que, para hidrólise ácida, aumentando-se a concentração de ácido, diminuindo-se a relação massa seca de palma/ácido obtém-se concentrações de glicose no licor acima de 7500 mg/L, enquanto para a hidrólise enzimática, aumentando-se a carga enzimática e diminuindo-se a relação massa seca de palma/extrato obtém-se rendimentos de conversão maiores que 60%. Os parâmetros fermentativos do hidrolisado calculados mostraram que a palma forrageira apresenta-se como fonte potencial à produção de etanol, com conversão dos açúcares fermentáveis em torno de 98%. / The pursuit for alternatives to ethanol production in order to meet the current demand raises as raw materials, besides the sugarcane broth (first generation ethanol), the lignocellulosic materials (second generation ethanol), which have in their composition cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, that through chemicals and biochemical processes (acid and enzymatic hydrolysis) can be converted into fermentable sugar and, after, into biofuel. As an example the lignocellulosic material, there is the cactus pear, with a widespread cropping of easy handling and cultivated in all periods of the year. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to study the cactus pear process of acid/enzymatic hydrolysis for cellulose saccharification aiming ethanol production, characterizing it physic chemically and morphologically, besides perform chemical and biochemical processes of cellulose conversion, as well for the hemicelulose into directly fermentable sugars, verifying by the experimental design, the influence of the variables: temperature and sulfuric acid concentrations and the relation dry mass of cactus pear/acid concentration (acid hydrolysis) over the glucose concentration. It was also studied the enzyme load and the relation dry mass of cactus pear/extract (enzymatic hydrolysis) over the conversion of cellulose into glucose efficiency, ending with the fermentation of the hydrolyzed liquor, gathered in the best experimental design conditions, setting then the process parameters. The results indicated that the cactus pear presents a considerable cellulose content (37.34%) compared to other studied sources and low contents of hemicellulose (10.88%) and lignin (3.36%), dismissing the execution of a pre-treatment in this material. The low contents of hemicellulose and lignin also were verified by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which shows a high disorder level for the cactus pear. The statistic models obtained for the acid and enzymatic hydrolysis were statically significant with 95% reliability. The results showed that, for the acid hydrolysis, raising the acid concentration and lowering the relation dry mass of cactus pear/acid it is obtained glucose concentrations in the liquor above 7500 mg/L, while for the enzymatic hydrolysis, raising de enzymatic load and lowering the relation dry mass of cactus pear/extract it is obtained conversion. efficiency above 60%. The hydrolyzate fermentation parameters calculated showed that cactus pear presents itself as a potential source for ethanol production, with conversion of fermentable sugars around 98%.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:55:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ps_me_jabo.pdf: 335704 bytes, checksum: 115114dd0becad3405d05e364da4f676 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) / Nos últimos anos o ataque da Dactylopius opuntiae, conhecida como cochonilha-do-carmim, à palma forrageira no Nordeste, tem causado grandes prejuízos principalmente na região da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Alagoas. Uma alternativa em desenvolvimento para o controle da praga é a seleção de fungos patogênicos e virulentos ao inseto. Neste estudo foi proposta a avaliação de produtos a serem usados como componentes da formulação de bioinseticidas, para o preparo de caldas a serem aplicadas no controle da cochonilha. Foi utilizado o isolado LCB63 de Beauveria bassiana previamente selecionado quanto à patogenicidade e virulência ao inseto. Avaliou-se a exposição do isolado a diferentes concentrações (0,005, 0,01, 0,05, 0,1, 0,5 e 1,0%) de surfactantes (Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100, Ultratan D, Surfon 3403, Surfon 5409, Sabão OMO®, Detergente neutro Ypê®) através do crescimento de colônias, germinação após exposição temporária aos produtos e a influência do balanço hidrofílico-lipofílico (HLB) na dispersão e viabilidade de conídios. Em outro experimento, avaliou-se a tolerância dos conídios do isolado à radiação solar e ultravioleta em fluxo laminar sob efeito de diferentes concentrações de fotoprotetores (Neo Heliopan AV, Neo Heliopan E1000, Oxibenzona, Amido e Leite) em diferentes períodos de exposição. Finalmente, verificou-se a mortalidade de ninfas de D. opuntiae utilizando-se formulações contendo os surfactantes e fotoprotetores que apresentaram os melhores resultados nos experimentos anteriores. Unitol L/20 e Ultranex NP/100 não apresentaram efeito deletério na formação de colônias, e Surfon 5409, detergente neutro Ypê® e sabão OMO®, apresentaram grande toxicidade ao fungo. Não houve interferência de Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100 e Ultratan D na germinação dos conídios nos primeiros 10 minutos de exposição aos surfactantes... / For the last years the attack of Dactylopius opuntiae know as Carmine cochineal to forage palm, in northern states of Brazil, have causes great prejudice, mainly in the regions of Paraíba, Pernambuco e Alagoas. One developing alternative for the control of this pest is the selection of pathogenic and virulent fungi to the insect. This study proposed the evaluation of products to be used as compounds in the formulation of bioinsecticides, for the preparation of broths applied in the control of cochineal. The isolate LCB63 of Beauveria bassiana previously selected for its pathogenicity and virulence to the insect, was used. The exposition of the isolate in different concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0%) of surfactants (Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100, Ultratan D, Surfon 3403, Surfon 5409, OMO® washing powder, Ypê® neutral detergent) was evaluated through the colonies growth, germination after temporary exposition to the products and influence of the hydro-lipofilic balance (HLB) in the dispersion and viability of the conidia. Another experiment evaluated the tolerance of the conidia to solar radiation and ultraviolet in laminar flow hood, under the effect of different photoprotector concentrations (Neo Heliopan AV, Neo Heliopan E1000, Oxibenzona, starch and milk) with different exposition timing. Finally, the mortality of D. opuntiae in the nymph stage was verified by using the formulations containing the surfactants and the photoprotectors that demonstrated the best results in the previous experiments. Unitol L/20 and Ultranex NP/100 didn’t show a deleterious effect in the formation of the colonies, while Surfon 5409, Ypê® neutral detergent and OMO® washing powder showed great toxicity to the fungus. There was no interference of Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100 and Ultratan D in the conidia germination during the first ten minutes of exposition to the surfactants... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Rebeka Godeiro (rebeka_carvalho@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-21T12:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO JEFFERSON DA SILVA MACÊDO - DISSETAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 3604549 bytes, checksum: cc2db5d074017596cb0db0a6266af30d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T12:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO JEFFERSON DA SILVA MACÊDO - DISSETAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 3604549 bytes, checksum: cc2db5d074017596cb0db0a6266af30d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Capes / Essa dissertação foi composta por dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial agronômico e características morfológicas de 34 genótipos de palma destinadas a produção de forragem. Os genótipos foram implantados em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com 34 tratamentos e três repetições. Após 330 dias de cultivo realizou-se medições biométricas das características morfológicas, verificação de mortalidade, ocorrência de pragas e doenças e corte das plantas para aferição da produção agronômica. A produção de massa verde se correlacionou com produção de massa seca, acúmulo de água, eficiência de uso da água, acúmulo de água e número de cladódio por planta. Os genótipos indicados para cultivo são Negro Michoacan (V07), Tamazunchale (V12), Califórnia (V14), Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (V17) e Amarillo 2289 (T32) por terem apresentado maiores produções de massa seca e verde, como também maiores acúmulo de água, eficiência de uso da água e capacidade de suporte. No segundo experimento objetivou-se avaliar o padrão de fermentação e a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca de silagens sob a forma de ração. Cinco rações foram formuladas com base em palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill cv. Gigante) e capim-buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições em que as rações diferiram na proporção de capim-buffel (0, 15, 25, 30 e 35%, com base na matéria natural). Observou-se efeito para a composição química das rações, todos os teores de matéria seca (MS) estavam dentro da faixa ideal para uma adequada fermentação. Não houve efeito para concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal. Houve efeito para recuperação da matéria seca (RMS), que variou de 96,3 a 99,9%. Os valores de pH diminuíram à medida que o tempo de abertura (dias) foi prolongado. Os teores de ácidos orgânicos diferiram em todas as rações. No entanto, em geral, todas as rações apresentaram conteúdo de ácido láctico satisfatório. À medida que aumentou a proporção de capim-buffel nas rações, a degradação da MS diminuiu. Com base no perfil de fermentação, perdas e composição química, a ração com maior proporção de palma forrageira pode ser recomendada para produção de silagem. / This dissertation was composed by two experiments. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the agronomic potential and morphological characteristics of 34 cactus pear genotypes destined for forage production. The genotypes were implanted in a randomized complete block design, with 34 treatments and three replications. After 330 days of cultivation, biometric measurements of the morphological characteristics, mortality check, pest and disease occurrence, and crop cutting were performed for agronomic production. Green mass production correlated with dry mass production, water accumulation, water use efficiency, water accumulation and cladode number per plant. The genotypes indicated for cultivation are Negro Michoacan (V07), Tamazunchale (V12), Califórnia (V14), Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (V17) e Amarillo 2289 (T32) for having presented higher yields of dry and green mass, as well as greater accumulation of water, water use efficiency and carrying capacity. In the second experiment, the objective was to evaluate the fermentation pattern and the in situ degradability of dry matter of silages in the form of diet. Five diets were formulated based on spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill cv. Gigante) and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and three replications in which the diets differed in the proportion of buffelgrass (0, 15, 25, 30 and 35%, based on natural matter). Effect was observed for the chemical composition of the diets, with all dry matter (DM) contents were within the ideal range for adequate fermentation. There was no effect on ammonia nitrogen concentration. There was effect for dry matter recovery (RMD), which ranged from 96.3 to 99.9%. The pH values decreased as the opening time (days) was prolonged. The levels of organic acids differed in all diets. However, in general, all diets had satisfactory lactic acid content. As the proportion of buffelgrass increased in diets, the degradation of DM decreased. Based on the profile of fermentation, losses and chemical composition, the diet with higher a proportion of spineless cactus can be recommended for silage production.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-11-12T14:44:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielAzevedoDeBritoDamasceno_DISSERT.pdf: 1484595 bytes, checksum: 579485d8825b9a642a20df91ae7b7fcc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2015-11-16T12:38:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielAzevedoDeBritoDamasceno_DISSERT.pdf: 1484595 bytes, checksum: 579485d8825b9a642a20df91ae7b7fcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-16T12:38:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielAzevedoDeBritoDamasceno_DISSERT.pdf: 1484595 bytes, checksum: 579485d8825b9a642a20df91ae7b7fcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / A esp?cie Opuntia f?cus-indica (L.) Mill ? uma cact?cea pertencente ao ecossistema Caatinga e apresenta em sua composi??o qu?mica flavonoides, ?cido galactur?nico e a??cares. Foram desenvolvidos diferentes extratos vegetais hidroglic?licos (EHG001 e EHG002) e hidroetan?licos posteriormente liofilizados (EHE001 e EHE002), dentro os quais o EHE002 teve sua composi??o fitoqu?mica preliminar investigada por cromatografia em camada delgada e observada a predomin?ncia de flavonoides. Foram preparadas diferentes formula??es na forma de emuls?es com o Sodium Polyacrylate (and) Hydrogenated Polydecene (and) Trideceth-6 (Rapithix? A60) e com o Polyacrylamide (and) C13-14 Isoparaffin (and) Laureth-7 (Sepigel? 305) e em gel com o Sodium Polyacrylate (Rapithix? A100). O estudo de avalia??o sensorial foi realizado utilizando a metodologia check-all-thatapply. N?o foram verificadas diferen?as significativas entre as notas atribu?das ?s formula??es, por?m, foi observada prefer?ncia pelas formuladas com o 1,5% de Rapithix? A100 e com 3,0% de Sepigel? 305. Essas e a formula??o com 3% de Rapithix? A60 foram aditivadas com 1% do extrato hidroglic?lico (EHG001) e submetidas aos testes de estabilidades preliminar e acelerada. No estudo de estabilidade acelerada, as amostras foram estocadas em diferentes temperaturas durante 90 dias. As caracter?sticas organol?pticas, determina??o do valor de pH e comportamento reol?gico foram avaliados. Ao final do estudo, as emuls?es com 3,0% de Sepigel? 305 e 3% de Rapithix? A60 foram consideradas est?veis com caracter?sticas pseudopl?sticas e tixotr?picas. A efic?cia cl?nica hidratante das formula??es contendo 3,0% de Sepigel? 305 aditivadas com 1 e 3% do EHG001 foi realizada por meio do m?todo da capacit?ncia (Corneometer?) e da avalia??o da perda de ?gua transepidermal - TEWL (Tewameter?). Observou-se que a formula??o com 3% do EHG001 apresentou efic?cia hidratante frente ao ve?culo e ao solvente extrator ap?s 5 horas e as emuls?es contendo 1 e 3% do extrato apresentaram efeito barreira at? 4 horas reduzindo a perda de ?gua transepidermal. / Opuntia f?cus - indica (L.) Mill is a cactacea presents in the Caatinga ecosystem and shows in its chemical c omposition flavonoids, galacturonic acid and sugars. Different hydroglicolic (EHG001 and EHG002) and hydroethanolic subsequently lyophilized (EHE001 and EHE002) extracts were developed. The EHE002 had his preliminary phytochemical composition investigated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and we observed the predominance of flavonoids. Different formulations were prepared as emulsions with Sodium Polyacrylate (and) Hydrogenated Polydecene (and) Trideceth - 6 (Rapithix? A60), and Polyacrylamide (and) C13 - 14 I soparaffin (and) Laureth - 7 (Sepigel? 305), and gel with Sodium Polyacrylate (Rapithix? A100). The sensorial evaluation was conducted by check - all - that - apply method. There were no significant differences between the scores assigned to the formulations, howe ver, we noted a preference for those formulated with 1,5% of Rapithix? A100 and 3,0% of Sepigel? 305. These and the formulation with 3% Rapithix? A60 were tested for preliminary and accelerated stability. In accelerated stability study, samples were stored at different temperatures for 90 days. Organoleptic characteristics, the pH values and rheological behavior were assessed. T he emulsions formulated with 3,0% of Sepigel? 305 and 1,5% of Rapithix? A60 w ere stable with pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior . The moisturizing clinical efficacy of the emulsions containing 3,0% of Sepigel? 305 containing 1 and 3% of EHG001 was performed using the capacitance method (Corneometer?) and transepidermal water lost ? TEWL evaluation ( Tewameter?). The results showed t hat the formulation with 3% of EHG001 increased the skin moisturizing against the vehicle and the extractor solvent formulation after five hours. The formulations containing 1 and 3% of EHG001 increased skin barrier effect by reducing transepidermal water loss up to four hours after application.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-09T23:59:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RenatoCesarDeAzevedoRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2611645 bytes, checksum: c8f02eb0e8383192110ff23c062debbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-16T20:11:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RenatoCesarDeAzevedoRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2611645 bytes, checksum: c8f02eb0e8383192110ff23c062debbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-16T20:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenatoCesarDeAzevedoRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2611645 bytes, checksum: c8f02eb0e8383192110ff23c062debbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / As nanoemuls?es s?o sistemas emulsionados, caracterizados pelo tamanho de got?cula reduzido (50-500nm), que tem como principais caracter?sticas a estabilidade cin?tica e a instabilidade termodin?mica. S?o sistemas promissores na ?rea cosm?tica devido ao seu tamanho de got?cula que lhes atribui diferentes vantagens quando comparados aos sistemas convencionais, dentre outras, maior ?rea de superf?cie e melhor permeabilidade. A Opuntia ficus-indica ? uma planta cultivada no bioma brasileiro da Caatinga de grande import?ncia socioecon?mica para a regi?o. Apresenta em sua composi??o qu?mica carboidratos utilizados pela ind?stria cosm?tica como ativos hidratantes. Assim este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver, caracterizar, avaliar estabilidade e efic?cia hidratante de nanoemuls?es cosm?ticas aditivadas com extrato vegetal de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. A obten??o das nanoemuls?es, foi realizada com metodologia de baixa energia. Foram formuladas diferentes nanoemuls?es variando as propor??es das fases oleosa e aquosa e tensoativos al?m da adi??o de goma xantana (0,5% e 1%) e a incorpora??o do extrato hidroglic?lico de Opuntia ficusindica (L.) Mill nas concentra??es de 1 e 3%. As nanoemuls?es obtidas foram submetidas aos testes de estabilidade preliminar e acelerada. Os par?metros avaliativos da estabilidade acelerada monitorados foram: o aspecto macrosc?pico, determina??o do valor do pH, do tamanho de got?cula, do potencial zeta e o do ?ndice de polidispers?o, durante 60 dias em diferentes temperaturas. As formula??es est?veis foram submetidas ? avalia??o da efic?cia hidratante por meio das metodologias de capacit?ncia e perda de ?gua transepidermal durante 5 horas. As amostras est?veis apresentaram aspecto homog?neo, fluido e colora??o branca, valores de pH dentro da faixa ideal (4,5-6,0) para aplica??o t?pica e tamanho de got?culas abaixo de 200nm caracterizando o sistema como nanoemuls?o. As nanoemuls?es desenvolvidas n?o reduziram a perda de ?gua transepidermal, no entanto aumentaram o conte?do h?drico do estrato c?rneo, destacando-se a nanoemuls?o contendo 0,5% de goma xantana e 1% de extrato hidroglic?lico. Esse trabalho apresenta nanoemuls?es cosm?ticas hidratantes compostas com mat?ria-prima vegetal da Caatinga brasileira com potencial para aplica??o na ?rea cosm?tica. / Nanoemulsions are emulsified systems, characterized for reduced droplet size (50- 500nm), which the main characteristic are kinect stability and thermodynamic instability. These are promising systems on cosmetic area due to their droplet size that provide different advantages when compared to conventional systems, among others, larger surface area and better permeability. The Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill is a plant cultivated on Caatinga Brazilian biome, which has great socioeconomic importance to region. This plant shows carbohydrates utilized for cosmetic industry as moisturizing active in their chemical composition. The aim of study was to develop, characterize, evaluate stability and moisturizing efficacy of cosmetic nanoemulsions added to Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill extract. Nanoemulsions preparation was made using a low energy method. Different nanoemulsions were formulated varying the ratio of oil, water and surfactant phases beyond xanthan gum (0.5% e 1%) and Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill hydroglycolic extract addition on 1% and 3%. Obtained nanoemulsions were submitted to preliminary and accelerated stability tests. The evaluated parameters monitored were: macroscopic aspect, pH value, droplet size, zeta potential and polydispersion index, during 60 days on different temperatures. Stable formulations were submitted to moisturizing efficacy assessment by capacitance and transepidermal water loss methodologies during 5 hours. Stable samples were white and showed homogeneous and fluid aspect, pH value was inside ideal range (4,5-6,0) to topical application and droplet size under 200nm characterizing these system as nanoemulsions. Developed nanoemulsions did not decrease transepidermal water loss, however increased the water content on stratum corneum, highlighting the nanoemulsions containing 0.5% of xanthan gum and 1% of hydroglycolic extract. This work presents cosmetic moisturizing nanoemulsions composed to vegetal raw material from Brazilian Caatinga with potential to be used on cosmetic area.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-10T15:16:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 520749 bytes, checksum: 34a80646a660667123fe064eb9d896da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T15:16:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 520749 bytes, checksum: 34a80646a660667123fe064eb9d896da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replecement of soy bean hull by tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon) on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and microbial synthesis of goats feeding spineless cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica, Mill). Ten goats were used, half with 40 kg and others with 20 kg average live weigh. The experimental design was two 5 x 5 Latin Square (5 diet and 5 period). Diets consisted of spineless cactus, tifiton hay (0; 6,25; 12,5; 18,75 and 25%), soy bean meal, soy bean hull and mineral salt. The dry matter intake showed linear increase (P<0.05) with hay inclusion in the diets. However, with he increasing hay inclusion there were linear reduction (P<0.05) on dry matter digestibility. For each percent of hay inclusion there was a increase of 0,5 g of microbial protein. Nevertheless, there was no effect (P>0,05) on the microbial efficiency with increasing hay inclusion. It can be concluded that increasing hay inclusion in spineless cactus diets leaded to increase dry matter intake and microbial protein synthesis, but decreased nutrient digestibility. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição de casca de soja por feno de tifton (Cynodon dactylon) sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana em caprinos alimentados com palma forrageira (Opuntia fícus-indica, Mill). Foram utilizados dez caprinos, castrados, sem padrão racial definido, sendo cinco com peso vivo médio de 40 kg e os outros cinco com peso médio de 20 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 5 x 5 (5 dietas e 5 períodos). A dieta experimental foi composta por palma forrageira, níveis de feno de tifton substituindo a casca de soja (0; 6,25; 12,5; 18,75 e 25%), farelo de soja e sal mineral. Foram utilizados dois quadrados simultâneos. O consumo de matéria seca apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão de feno de tifton na ração. Por outro lado, o aumento do nível de feno na dieta provocou efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) para o coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca. Para cada percentual de feno adicionado na ração ocorreu aumento diário de 0,5 grama de proteína microbiana. Entretanto, para eficiência microbiana não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05). Sendo assim, a inclusão de feno de tifton em substituição a casca de soja em dietas a base de palma forrageira proporcionou aumento no consumo de matéria seca e na síntese de proteína microbiana. Entretanto, levou a redução na digestibilidade dos nutrientes.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-16T14:40:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 250230 bytes, checksum: fb85e1ac6c8f4d5fcf43c87eebd38d8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T14:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 250230 bytes, checksum: fb85e1ac6c8f4d5fcf43c87eebd38d8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The experiment was carried out to evaluate the association of forage cactus (Opuntia ficus indica Mill) with different roughage sources on the apparent digestibility, intake and the performance of lactating cows. The treatments contained different roughage sources: sugar cane bagasse (CB), tifton hay (TH), elephant grass hay (EH), sorghum silage (SS) and one mixture of sugar cane bagasse + sorghum silage (CBSS). It was evaluated the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE), organic matter (OM), total carbohydrates (TCHO), total digestible nutrient (TDN), and non fiber carbohydrates (NFC). In addition, the apparent digestibility coefficient for DM, CP, NDF, EE, TCHO, NFC, OM, milk production, and milk fat concentration of lactating holstein cows were also avaluated. The different roughage did not affect the digestibility coeficients and the intake of most nutrients. The roughage sources did not affect also the milk production, fat corrected milk production and milk fat concentration, with average 16.92 kg/day, 17.57 kg/day and 3.76 %, respectively. / O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a associação da palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus indica Mill) com diferentes volumosos sobre o consumo, produção de leite e digestibilidade aparente de vacas em lactação. Os tratamentos foram as diferentes fontes volumosas: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC), feno de capim tifton (FCT), feno de capim elefante (FCE), silagem de sorgo (SS) e mistura de bagaço de cana + silagem de sorgo (SSBC). Foram avaliados o consumo voluntário de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria orgânica (MO), carboidratos totais (CHT), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de MS, PB, FDN, EE, CHT, CNF, MO, produção e teor de gordura do leite de vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. As fontes volumosas utilizadas não influenciaram a digestibilidade e a maioria dos nutrientes. Não influenciando também a produção de leite, produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura e o teor de gordura do leite, com médias de 16,92kg/dia, 17,57kg/dia e 3,76%, respectivamente. Os diferentes volumosos não influenciaram o consumo de alimentos, o desempenho animal e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-17T16:23:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Naligia Gomes de Miranda e Silva.pdf: 1825254 bytes, checksum: fe208de88de670337042f5e4ec8077fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T16:23:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Naligia Gomes de Miranda e Silva.pdf: 1825254 bytes, checksum: fe208de88de670337042f5e4ec8077fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The cactus is an important forage resource for semiarid regions. Two experiments were conducted during the years 2009 to 2011, at the Experimental Station Caruaru belonging to the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco-IPA. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the effect of different doses of organic manure (20, 40 and 80 t / ha of manure / 2 years) and population densities (20, 40, 80 and 160 thousand plants / ha) on morphology, productive, cladode plant and root system of a palmal IPA Clone-20 with two years of regrowth. The second experiment was to monitor the dynamic composition of N, P and K of cactus pear in different densities (40, 80 and 160 thousand plants / ha) and doses of organic manure (20, 40 and 80 t / ha of manure / 2 years), as well as evaluate the dynamics of N, P and K soluble in manure applied by using bags "nylon" at different times (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64.128, 256, 512 and 678 days) of incubation in the soil. For the dry matter yield was found with behaviors quadratic curves, linear and exponential positive for doses of 20, 40 and 80 t of manure / ha / two years respectively. We observed higher yields with increased population density and application of 80 tons of manure. The morphological characteristics of the palm were influenced by the levels of organic manure, tending the major measures with the use of 80 tons of manure / ha / two years. The dry weight of the plant and root system cladodes were influenced by population densities, with exponential curves with positive behavior, trending higher weight per area with increasing population density. The release of N, P and K from manure on populations of 20, 40, 80 and 160 thousand plants / ha ceased to 128 days after fertilizer application. Moreover, it was found that the palm accumulated nutrient probably from other sources. The accumulation rate per area of N, P and K in the populations of 20, 40, 80 and 160 thousand plants / ha increased over the days of growth regardless of doses of organic fertilizer used. Farmers, who want to cultivate cactus using cattle manure will fertilize the palmal more often. / A palma forrageira é um importante recurso forrageiro para as regiões semiáridas. Foram realizados dois experimentos durante os anos de 2009 a 2011, na Estação Experimental de Caruaru, pertencente ao Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco- IPA. O objetivo do primeiro experimento foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de adubação orgânica (20, 40 e 80 t/ha de esterco bovino/2 anos) e densidades de plantio (20, 40, 80 e 160 mil plantas/ha) nas características morfológicas, produtivas, cladódio-planta e sistema radicular de um palmal de Clone IPA-20 com dois anos de rebrota. O segundo experimento consistiu em acompanhar a dinâmica de composição de N, P e K da palma forrageira, nas diferentes densidades de plantio (40, 80 e 160 mil plantas/ha) e doses de adubação orgânica (20, 40 e 80 t/ha de esterco bovino/2anos), bem como, avaliar a dinâmica de N, P e K solúveis no esterco aplicado, por meio da utilização de sacos de “nylon” em diferentes tempos (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,128, 256, 512 e 678 dias) de incubação no solo. Para a produtividade de matéria seca verificou-se curvas com comportamentos quadrático, linear e exponencial positiva para as doses de 20, 40 e 80 t de esterco bovino/ha/dois anos, respectivamente. Observaram-se maiores produções com aumento da densidade de plantio e aplicação de 80 t de esterco bovino. As características morfológicas da palma foram influenciadas pelas doses de adubação orgânica, tendendo as maiores medidas com a utilização de 80 t de esterco bovino/ha/dois anos. Os pesos secos do cladódio-planta e sistema radicular foram influenciados pelas densidades de plantio, apresentando curvas com comportamento exponencial positiva, ocorrendo maior produtividade por área com o aumento da densidade populacional. A liberação de N, P e K do esterco bovino nas populações de 40, 80 e 160 mil plantas/ha cessou aos 128 dias após aplicação do adubo. Por outro lado, foi verificado que a palma acumulou nutriente, provavelmente, de outras fontes. A taxa de acúmulo diário por área de N, P e K nas populações de 40, 80 e 160 mil plantas/ha aumentou ao longo dos dias de crescimento independentemente das doses de adubação orgânica utilizadas. Produtores rurais, que almejam cultivar a palma forrageira utilizando esterco bovino, deverá adubar o palmal com mais frequência.