Jag har med denna uppsats försökt skapa en förståelse för avregleringen av järnvägsindustrin och dess två ingående organisatoriska fält, tågfältet och järnvägsfältet. Denna avreglering är just nu en högaktuell företeelse med tanke på följande två händelser:   Tågoperatören SJ AB:s ensamrätt att utföra persontrafik på kommersiell grund på det statliga järnvägsnätet har helt nyligen upphävts, vilket innebär att det successivt kommer att bli fler tågoperatörer på det svenska järnvägsnätet. Den 1 januari år 2010 bildades ett helt nytt bolag, Infranord AB, som tidigare gick under namnet Banverket Produktion, som var en del av myndigheten Banverket.   Mot bakgrund av ovanstående har jag valt att djupare studera järnvägsfältet för att se vilka aktörer som har etablerat sig och vilka som kommer att dyka upp. Jag har även försökt förstå hur fältets aktörer, och främst då entreprenörer, nya och gamla, anpassar sig till de nya förhållandena inom fältet. Jag tycker att jag i mitt resultat och min analys har fått en mycket bra bild av hur fältets aktörer anpassar sig till de omvärldsförändringar som sker, vilka etableringshinder som kvarstår samt vilka utmaningar som väntar.   Jag tycker mig ha gått i mål med min uppsats genom att jag har fått svar på mina forskningsfrågor och fått en bild av hur fältets aktörer ”tänker”. Genom detta har jag kunnat dra min slutsats om hur entreprenörerna inom järnvägsfältet, stora och små, borde positionera samt vad de borde utveckla i syfte att generera en överlägsen avkastning och uppnå en varaktig konkurrensfördel.

<p>Jag har med denna uppsats försökt skapa en förståelse för avregleringen av järnvägsindustrin och dess två ingående organisatoriska fält, tågfältet och järnvägsfältet. Denna avreglering är just nu en högaktuell företeelse med tanke på följande två händelser:</p><p> </p><ul><li>Tågoperatören SJ AB:s ensamrätt att utföra persontrafik på kommersiell grund på det statliga järnvägsnätet har helt nyligen upphävts, vilket innebär att det successivt kommer att bli fler tågoperatörer på det svenska järnvägsnätet.</li><li>Den 1 januari år 2010 bildades ett helt nytt bolag, Infranord AB, som tidigare gick under namnet Banverket Produktion, som var en del av myndigheten Banverket. </li></ul><p> </p><p>Mot bakgrund av ovanstående har jag valt att djupare studera järnvägsfältet för att se vilka aktörer som har etablerat sig och vilka som kommer att dyka upp. Jag har även försökt förstå hur fältets aktörer, och främst då entreprenörer, nya och gamla, anpassar sig till de nya förhållandena inom fältet. Jag tycker att jag i mitt resultat och min analys har fått en mycket bra bild av hur fältets aktörer anpassar sig till de omvärldsförändringar som sker, vilka etableringshinder som kvarstår samt vilka utmaningar som väntar.</p><p> </p><p>Jag tycker mig ha gått i mål med min uppsats genom att jag har fått svar på mina forskningsfrågor och fått en bild av hur fältets aktörer ”tänker”. Genom detta har jag kunnat dra min slutsats om hur entreprenörerna inom järnvägsfältet, stora och små, borde positionera samt vad de borde utveckla i syfte att generera en överlägsen avkastning och uppnå en varaktig konkurrensfördel.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

This Master’s thesis has the politics of museum in focus, as a subordinate governmental cultural policy, as a continuation of cultural reform in a time when legislation were to take place in Sweden. The aim of the study is to map out claims from museums and their responsible authorities in response to the governmental bill Ny Museipolitik. The study deem the subject area of politics of museums as a organizational field. By using the Toulmin model of argumentation several hundred claims about the works of museums and the effects on society were founds. The result could be arranged in eight different themes. In the analysis of the claims both unifying and disrupting tendencies could be observed. The themes presented in the result are: a new legislation, a new administrative authority, handling the collection, cooperation, fundings, museums and society, quality assurance and research at the museum and a round up theme called other.      One conclusion showed that the different levels of authorities in particular produced diversified needs and challenges. Some findings point out how the field are contested concerning legitimacy. There is also conclusion indicated by the claims that showed how several isomorphic tendencies were apparent. Legislation are considered to heighten the state of affairs and the increased level of ambition are welcomed. A very apparent conclusion is that a much needed reform, according to the comment letters, is that governmental grants are increased and secured over time.

A new form of foreign travel called “voluntourism” has emerged in Sweden. In advertisements that invite to “make a difference”, travel agencies promote short- term aid opportunities at for example orphanages or schools in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. International volunteer work is nothing new. Rather, the volunteer agencies have entered an old and established organizational field. Using theories of new institutionalism and the analytical phrase “the story about”, this thesis investigates the way international aid work originated and evolved, and how commercial volunteer agencies entered the field. The thesis is partly based on historical data from organizational reports, biographies of aid work icons, and interviews with volunteers active during the 1960s and 1970s. Additionally, it makes use of contemporary data from interviews with representatives from volunteer travel agencies and volunteers. It also includes an analysis of how the travel agencies present their business operations on their websites. The thesis concludes that travel agencies apply the common perception of international aid work’s characteristics when marketing volunteer travels. This common perception can be traced through the evolution of international aid work. Travel agencies attract volunteers by offering access to this exclusive field. The volunteers are well-educated young women from middle class families. They are looking for experiences from international aid work, perspective on their own lives, and first-hand knowledge of local and traditional societies in poor countries. Nevertheless, due to the esteem in which the organizational field is viewed, a brief period spent as an aid worker is considered a desirable qualification for a job applicant. I interpret volunteer travel as a “grand tour”.

Record Companies in Sweden- 100 years of music business institutionalisation This thesis is about the development of Record Companies in Sweden over more then hundred years. The Aim is to understand the role of the record company in the change of the music industry by narrating and interpreting its development. The Record Companies did dominate the music industry in Sweden from its birth 1903 until after year 2000, when new forms of music business were born. Despite this the remaining record companies still have similarities with the firs gramophone company from 1903. The empirical story is based on some 20 interviews with central actors in the music industry together with a mapping of the independent music producers, published 2004 and material from other studies on the music business. The story is in it self an important contribution to research since it appears to be the first one done in this way. The conception of the record company as the dominant actor in the organisational field, the music industry, very soon became an institution. This institution has been created and developed in an institutional process that here is analysed in four themes: delimitations, dominant logics, and organising and ownership structure/actors. During the process the limitations for the record company and the organisational field is changing. The logic is being push towards either art or comers during different periods, different forms of organising are created and developed and actors turn up and disappear. A main conclusion is that the cognitive processes highlight the institutionalisation but also the normative and the regulative processes helps to explain. At the same time this must, as in the model developed in the thesis, be connected to the four themes in order to create the holistic understanding of the institutionalization of the music business in Sweden being demanded in the aim of the thesis. In the model the actors are being emphasized as most important in the creation, remaining, developing, changing and at the and also liquidation of the institutional conception of the record company as the dominant form of music business. Partly this could be explained by and in itself explain the lack of a strong common organization in the music business together with the rather limited impact from attempts of regulations. New and old actors are now defined as institutional entrepreneurs as they are creating the new music industry, forcing the record companies to step aside from its dominant role in the same way as the music publishers once did. They might even give the dominance back to the publishers, or maybe there will not bee yet another institution in the music industry or any dominant role. Maybe it will change into something completely different? The model developed and used in this thesis is proposed for use in other longitudinal studies especially in other art businesses and similar organizational fields. / Avhandlingen framlagd vid Göteborgs universitet.