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As a disruptive innovation, IoT has been creating a high impact over organizations’ current strategies and business models. This continuous process of change will have an increasing influence on how organizations and industries as a whole conduct their businesses, and is set to have an active role towards the development of entirely new business models and markets. With the development of IoT technologies, and its predicted exponential spread across all sectors of society, one can conclude that the future holds many opportunities for organizations looking to explore new ways of capturing and creating value, but at the same time there are also plenty of challenges to be addressed. While the diffusion and adoption process of IoT has been an ongoing phenomenon over the past decade, there is still not much certitude as to how organizations ought to adjust in order to successfully integrate IoT technologies in their structure and operations. In parallel fashion, there have also been many difficulties in ensuring that different smart, connected devices and ecosystems are able to effectively communicate between each other, as achieving interoperability has become one of the major concerns associated with IoT. The main focus of this study is to analyze the process of how organizations are currently integrating IoT within their businesses, while also investigating causes that hinder interoperability, and evaluating the future potential deployment of the Open IoT ecosystems in companies. For our research we have followed a case-study approach where we conducted semi-structured interviews with managers and project leaders from two organizations conducting pilot studies on Green IoT and Open IoT, and where one has been adopting IoT technologies in its business. Theoretically, we draw on a framework by combining Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations theory and Christensen’s theory of Disruptive Innovations in order to analyze the integration of IoT into businesses’ core structure. The research goes through a functional framework that outlines the process of IoT adoption while also presenting the present challenges that are faced by the actors in the industry and the key enablers for successful IoT integration.

A inovação tem sido amplamente reconhecida como uma fonte essencial de vantagem competitiva para as organizações. Este estudo buscou evidenciar, sob a ótica da teoria da aprendizagem organizacional, que as empresas precisam ser capazes de recombinar e criar seus recursos por meio do comportamento de bricolagem, com a finalidade de desenvolver a inovação frugal em mercados emergentes. Assim, nesta pesquisa procurou-se responder a seguinte pergunta: A bricolagem configura-se como um antecedente da inovação frugal para empresas em mercados emergentes? Logo, neste trabalho o objetivo principal foi identificar se a bricolagem influencia no desenvolvimento da inovação frugal. Além disso, analisou-se também se a bricolagem é estimulada em contextos de crise, evidenciados em mercados emergentes pela escassez de recursos e por crises financeiras, como no caso do Brasil. Assim, na pesquisa levantou-se as seguintes hipóteses: H1: O processo de bricolagem está positivamente relacionado com a inovação frugal; H2: A inovatividade organizacional modera positivamente a relação entre bricolagem e inovação frugal; H3: Um contexto de crise estimula a utilização da bricolagem nas empresas para desenvolver recursos. Essas hipóteses foram testadas estatisticamente por meio da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, utilizando-se uma base de dados coletados pelo método survey contendo 215 empresas no Brasil. Os resultados permitiram suportar as hipóteses H1 e H3 confirmando, respectivamente, a influência positiva da bricolagem no desenvolvimento de inovação frugal, e a influência do contexto de crise no comportamento da bricolagem. A hipótese H2 não foi confirmada, denotando que a inovatividade organizacional não necessariamente modera a relação da bricolagem com a inovação frugal. Com isso, contribuiu-se com a literatura de bricolagem e de inovação frugal, bem como estabeleceu-se uma ligação entre ambas, evidenciando a bricolagem como antecedente para desenvolver inovação frugal, principalmente em contextos de crise em mercados emergentes como o vivenciado no Brasil. / Innovation has been broadly recognized as a fundamental source of competitive advantage for organizations. This study sought to highlight, through the perspective of the organizational learning theory, that companies need to be able to recombine and create their resources through the bricolage behavior in order to develop the frugal innovation in emerging markets. Thus, in this research we tried to answer the following question: Is bricolage an antecedent of frugal innovation for companies in emerging markets? Therefore, in this work the main objective was to identify whether bricolage can influence the development of frugal innovation. In addition, it was also analyzed whether bricolage is stimulated in crisis contexts, evidenced in emerging markets due to resource scarcity and financial crises, as in the case of Brazil. In this sense, the following hypotheses were established: H1: The bricolage process is positively related to frugal innovation; H2: Organizational innovativeness positively moderates the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation; H3: A crisis context encourages the use of bricolage in companies to develop resources. These hypotheses were statistically tested using the structural equation modeling technique, using a database collected by the survey method encompassing 215 companies in Brazil. The results allowed to support the hypothesis H1 and H3 confirming, respectively, the positive influence of bricolage in the development of frugal innovation, and the influence of the crisis context on the bricolage behavior. The hypothesis H2 was not confirmed, denoting that organizational innovativeness does not necessarily moderate the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation. This study has contributed to the literature of bricolage and frugal innovation, as well as established a connection between both, evidencing the bricolage as antecedent to develop frugal innovation, especially in contexts of crisis in emerging markets such as experienced in Brazil

A inovação tem sido amplamente reconhecida como uma fonte essencial de vantagem competitiva para as organizações. Este estudo buscou evidenciar, sob a ótica da teoria da aprendizagem organizacional, que as empresas precisam ser capazes de recombinar e criar seus recursos por meio do comportamento de bricolagem, com a finalidade de desenvolver a inovação frugal em mercados emergentes. Assim, nesta pesquisa procurou-se responder a seguinte pergunta: A bricolagem configura-se como um antecedente da inovação frugal para empresas em mercados emergentes? Logo, neste trabalho o objetivo principal foi identificar se a bricolagem influencia no desenvolvimento da inovação frugal. Além disso, analisou-se também se a bricolagem é estimulada em contextos de crise, evidenciados em mercados emergentes pela escassez de recursos e por crises financeiras, como no caso do Brasil. Assim, na pesquisa levantou-se as seguintes hipóteses: H1: O processo de bricolagem está positivamente relacionado com a inovação frugal; H2: A inovatividade organizacional modera positivamente a relação entre bricolagem e inovação frugal; H3: Um contexto de crise estimula a utilização da bricolagem nas empresas para desenvolver recursos. Essas hipóteses foram testadas estatisticamente por meio da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, utilizando-se uma base de dados coletados pelo método survey contendo 215 empresas no Brasil. Os resultados permitiram suportar as hipóteses H1 e H3 confirmando, respectivamente, a influência positiva da bricolagem no desenvolvimento de inovação frugal, e a influência do contexto de crise no comportamento da bricolagem. A hipótese H2 não foi confirmada, denotando que a inovatividade organizacional não necessariamente modera a relação da bricolagem com a inovação frugal. Com isso, contribuiu-se com a literatura de bricolagem e de inovação frugal, bem como estabeleceu-se uma ligação entre ambas, evidenciando a bricolagem como antecedente para desenvolver inovação frugal, principalmente em contextos de crise em mercados emergentes como o vivenciado no Brasil. / Innovation has been broadly recognized as a fundamental source of competitive advantage for organizations. This study sought to highlight, through the perspective of the organizational learning theory, that companies need to be able to recombine and create their resources through the bricolage behavior in order to develop the frugal innovation in emerging markets. Thus, in this research we tried to answer the following question: Is bricolage an antecedent of frugal innovation for companies in emerging markets? Therefore, in this work the main objective was to identify whether bricolage can influence the development of frugal innovation. In addition, it was also analyzed whether bricolage is stimulated in crisis contexts, evidenced in emerging markets due to resource scarcity and financial crises, as in the case of Brazil. In this sense, the following hypotheses were established: H1: The bricolage process is positively related to frugal innovation; H2: Organizational innovativeness positively moderates the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation; H3: A crisis context encourages the use of bricolage in companies to develop resources. These hypotheses were statistically tested using the structural equation modeling technique, using a database collected by the survey method encompassing 215 companies in Brazil. The results allowed to support the hypothesis H1 and H3 confirming, respectively, the positive influence of bricolage in the development of frugal innovation, and the influence of the crisis context on the bricolage behavior. The hypothesis H2 was not confirmed, denoting that organizational innovativeness does not necessarily moderate the relationship between bricolage and frugal innovation. This study has contributed to the literature of bricolage and frugal innovation, as well as established a connection between both, evidencing the bricolage as antecedent to develop frugal innovation, especially in contexts of crisis in emerging markets such as experienced in Brazil

The overall aim of this thesis was to identify and analyze good innovation management practices in Sweden’s most innovative large companies, excluding governmentally owned organizations. Out of 500 large organizations in Sweden, the top 25 most innovative companies have been ranked based upon over 7,000 printed press articles from 2018 available through Retriever Media. The companies are ranked by their innovations score which is calculated by the number of articles a company is mentioned in, adjusted to the company size, and multiplied with the mean sentiment score. The top 25 companies from the ranking was compared with 25 reference companies, active within the same industry based on the Swedish Standard Industrial Classification (SNI) number, that received a lower innovation score. Good innovation management practices were analyzed based on 14 qualitative interviews in 12 of the top 15 ranked companies and a quantitative survey responded by 20 top ranked and 17 reference companies. The interviews were semi structured with open ended questions to identify used practices, and the reasoning behind them. Spearman’s correlation method has been used to investigate if there was any correlation between the company’s innovation score, the mean performance score, and the mean importance score rated by respondents. The company case studies provide authentic examples on how and when different methods and concepts are used within industry. However, while theoretical frameworks often are strictly defined and described in solitary, the interviews have shown that when used within industry, it is rather the opposite. In many of the interviewed companies, frameworks and methods are modified, combined and constantly evolving. Aspects that the interviewees have expressed as important for an innovative company are: Innovation and change should be iterative, decentralized and started in small scale while receiving full support from top management. Examples of identified practices are: The innovation vision is used in the decision-making process for new ideas. Keywords connected to innovation are used for guiding new aspirations. There is an overall aim to become industry or/and digital leaders. Although the interviewed companies had similar innovation management practices, they were usually modified to fit within the company’s own organization and industry. The interviews contributed with interesting collection of practices within their authentic setting from which other companies could draw inspiration from. Lastly, a handbook was created describing how to conduct the innovation ranking annually, including a description of how to use the software as well as the required script of code. / Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats har varit att identifiera och analysera hur ett antal stora och framgångsrika bolag bedriver innovationsledning. Av 500 svenska företag har de 25 mest innovativa rankats baserat på hur företagen framställts i över 7000 tryckta artiklar under 2018. I artiklarna som tagits fram via Retriever Media har företagen poängsatts efter antalet artiklar som de omnämnts i, korrigerat efter företagens storlek, multiplicerat med artiklarnas genomsnittliga sentimentvärde. De 25 högst rankade företagen jämfördes sedan med 25 referensföretag aktiva inom samma bransch enligt standarden för svensk näringsindelning (SNI). God innovationsledningspraxis identifierades och analyserades genom 14 intervjuer med 12 av de 15 högst rankade företagen, samt en enkätstudie som besvarades av 20 av de 25 högst rankade företagen och 17 av referensbolagen. Intervjuerna var semi strukturerade med öppna frågor för att identifiera den innovationsledningspraxis som företagen använder sig av samt bakomliggande resonemang. Spearmans rangkorrelation användes för att identifiera eventuella korrelationer mellan företagens innovationsrankning och hur företaget presterar med avseende på olika innovationsaspekter samt hur viktiga dessa aspekter anses. Analysen av innovationsledningspraxis resulterade i praktiska exempel på hur och när olika metoder, verktyg och strategier användes inom företagen. Managementteorier som kan uppfattas som strikta i litteraturen visade sig kombineras, modifieras och utvecklas i flera av de intervjuade företagen. Aspekter som företagen lyfte fram som viktiga var att innovation och förändring behöver ske iterativt, decentraliseras och startas småskaligt med full uppbackning av företagsledningen. Några av de olika sätt att framgångsrikt leda innovation som identifierats är att: Det finns en vision för hur för företaget ska jobba med innovation och denna vision ligger till grund för mycket av den beslutsfattande processen när det kommer till nya idéer. Nyckelord kopplade till olika innovationsmål används frekvent för att leda forskning och utveckling i rätt riktning. Det finns även ett övergripande mål om att bli det ledande företaget inom olika områden och näringsgrenar. Även om många av de intervjuade företagen hade liknande innovationsledningspraxis så var denna ofta modifierade för att passa det enskilda bolaget eller branschen. De intervjuade företagen bidrog med en stor mängd intressanta metoder och insikter som andra företag kan inspireras och dra nytta av för att förbättra sin innovationsledningsförmåga. Slutligen sammanställdes en handbok för att genomföra en innovationsrankning, inklusive hur man använder de programvaror som krävs samt all nödvändig kod för att möjliggöra en återkommande rankning av innovativa företag.