Although organizational citizenship behaviors toward individuals (OCB-I) have been studied over decades, the beneficiary side of OCB-I has been understudied. The co-existing and interactive possibility of benefactor OCB-I and beneficiary OCB-I within individuals has been ignored. Therefore, this research adopted a person-centered approach and examined different profiles of benefactor OCB-I and beneficiary OCB-I on the basis of Grant’s (2013) theory. Results from Study 1 data (cross-sectional data) and Study 2 data (multiple waves of data) revealed the three profile groups: vigorous (high benefactor OCB-I and high beneficiary OCB-I), moderate (moderate benefactor OCB-I and moderate beneficiary OCB-I), and passive OCB-I groups (low benefactor OCB-I and low beneficiary OCB-I). Also, the three profiles were significantly differentiated by positive affect, other-oriented empathy, task interdependence, and job satisfaction. Furthermore, the vigorous OCB-I group showed the lowest psychological strain while the passive OCB-I group showed the lowest physical strain. The results offer theoretical implications for Grant’s (2013) theory, OCB-I and employee health research, and equity theory in comparison to conservation of resources theory. In addition, practical implications for enhancing employee health are discussed.

本研究旨在瞭解國民中學校長領導風格、教師組織信任與教師組織公民行為之現況，並分析不同背景變項之教師在知覺校長領導風格、教師組織信任與教師組織公民行為之差異情形，並且探討三者間之關係，最後藉由校長領導風格與教師組織信任對教師組織公民行為進行預測。 本研究採用調查研究法，共抽樣35所學校，發出622份問卷，回收480份有效問卷，有效問卷回收率達77.17%。研究資料處理分別以描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關與逐步迴歸分析等統計方式進行分析。 本研究之結論如下： 一、國民中學教師知覺校長轉型領導、交易領導屬中高程度。 二、國民中學教師表現教師組織信任屬中高程度。 三、國民中學教師表現教師組織公民行為屬高程度。 四、國民中學教師，因其性別、年齡、教育程度、服務年資、擔任職務與服務學校規模之不同，知覺校長轉型領導、交易領導有差異，以男性、30歲以下、一般大學、服務年資10年以下及兼任主任、組長之教師或科任教師、服務於49班以上學校之教師知覺程度較高。 五、國民中學教師，因其性別、年齡、教育程度、擔任職務與服務學校規模之不同，表現教師組織信任有差異，以男性、30歲以下、一般大學、及兼任主任之教師或科任教師、服務於49班以上學校之教師表現程度較高。 六、國民中學教師，因其教育程度、擔任職務與服務學校規模之不同，表現教師組織公民行為有差異，以一般大學及兼任主任、組長之教師或科任教師、服務於49班以上學校之教師表現程度較高。 七、國民中學校長領導風格、教師組織信任與教師組織公民行為間呈中度正相關以上。 八、根據逐步多元迴歸分析結果得知，國民中學校長轉型領導與教師組織信任對教師組織公民行為具有預測作用，其中以「轉型領導」的預測力最佳。 九、根據逐步多元迴歸分析結果得知，國民中學校長交易領導與教師組織信任對教師組織公民行為具有預測作用，其中以「教師組織信任」的預測力最佳。 / This study aims to investigate the current development of the principals’ leadership styles, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior in junior high school, and to analyze the differences in teachers of different background variables are conscious of the principals’ styles, teachers’ organizational trust and teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior, and to explorer the relationship among the three variables; finally, to forecast teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior through principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ organizational trust. Questionnaire survey method is adopted. The samples include 35 schools and 622 questionnaires are distributed. There were 480 valid questionnaires used in the statistical analysis and the response rate to questionnaires is 77.17%. All data collected are analyzed by the method of descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Junior high school teachers’ perception of principal’s transformational leadership and transactional leadership is above average. 2. Junior high school teachers’ performance of teachers’ organizational trust is above average. 3. Junior high school teachers’ performance of teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior is above average. 4. Due to the differences in sex, age, educational level, years of service, duty, and the scale of school, there are significant differences in the junior high school teachers’ perception of principals’ transformational leadership and transactional leadership. 5. Due to the differences in sex, age, educational level, duty, and the scale of school, there are significant differences in the junior high school teachers’ performance of teachers’ organizational trust. 6. Due to the differences in educational level, duty, and the scale of school, there are significant differences in the junior high school teachers’ performance of teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior. 7. There is positive correlation among the principals’ leadership styles, teachers’ organizational trust, and teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior. 8. According to the research result of stepwise multiple regression, both of the principals’ transformational leadership and teachers’ organizational trust have a predictive effect on teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior. 9. According to the research result of stepwise multiple regression, both of the principals’ transactional leadership and teachers’ organizational trust have a predictive effect on teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior.

本研究旨在探討國民中學教師心理擁有感、教師工作滿意度與教師組織公民行為之關係，並探究工作滿意度在心理擁有感與組織公民行為之間是否具有中介變項的效果。研究採用問卷調查法，以臺北市國民中學教師為樣本母群體，採分層隨機抽樣，抽出30所國中共計450位受試者，回收有效問卷384份，所得資料分別以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、迴歸分析Sobel檢定等統計方法進行資料的分析與處理，以了解國中教師心理擁有感、工作滿意度與組織公民行為之現況、差異情形及其預測力。研究結論如下：一、國中教師對學校的心理擁有感現況中上。二、國中教師工作滿意程度屬中上，以「工作環境」滿意度最高。三、當前國中教師組織公民行為之表現屬中上，以「對學生之公民行為」最佳。四、年齡、服務總年資兩個背景變項在教師心理擁有感上有顯著差異。五、年齡、擔任職務兩個背景變項在教師工作滿意度上有顯著差異。六、服務總年資、教育程度及擔任職務等三個背景變項在組織公民行為上有顯著差異。七、心理擁有感與工作滿意度對組織公民行為具顯著正相關及預測效果。八、工作滿意度在教師心理擁有感與組織公民行為間具有部份中介效果。最後依據研究結果與結論，提出具體建議，以作為教育行政機關、國中校長以及未來研究的參考。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among phychological ownership, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior of junior high school teachers. Furthermore, the mediating effect of phychological ownership and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior was examined. A survey research was conducted using a sample of junior high school teachers in Taipei. 450 teachers from 30 schools were selected by stratified random sampling. 384 valid sample data collected was analyzed and processed with the methods of descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple-regression analysis and Sobel test. The major findings of this study are as follows: 1.Teacher’s phychological ownership is above average. 2. Teacher’s job satisfaction is above average, “working environment” ranks the top. 3. Teacher’s OCB is above average, “OCB-defending the individual students” ranks the top. 4. Two demographic variables, including age and total serving years show significant differences in phychological ownership. 5. Two demographic variables, including age and position, show significant differences in job satisfaction. 6. Three demographic variables, including total serving years, education and position show significant differences in OCB. 7. Phychological ownership is positively related to job satisfaction and OCB. In addition, phychological ownership has positive direct effect on OCB, job satisfaction has positive direct effect on OCB. Phychological ownership has positive direct effect on job satisfaction.　8. Job satisfaction does have mediating effect on phychological ownership and OCB. Based on the results of the research, suggestions for educational administration authorities, principals and future related study are proposed.

Previous researches about the Person-Environment Fit were mainly based on the points of view of Person-Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit. Researches based on the points of view of Person-Supervisor Fit (P-S Fit) and Person-Workgroup Fit (P-G Fit) was less made. But nowadays, more and more companies adopt team approach for the organization of the main mold of operation. How to establish a harmonious group and enhance group¡¦s and individual performance becomes an important issue. The main purpose of this research is base on Fit Theory to examine Person-Supervisor Fit and Person-Workgroup Fit between crew, their supervisor and their coworker in every flight. In this study, Person-Supervisor Fit and Person-Workgroup Fit were defined as independent variables; role performance, job satisfaction and perceived support were defined as dependent variables. The relationship between independent and dependent variable are deeply discussed. There are 136 pairs of questionnaires surveyed by employees and their supervisors. Supervisor Leadership Profile (SLP) and Workgroup Characteristics Profile (WCP) were reduced to 16 of 25 statements as Q ranking items, and Q methodology was applied for measuring P-S Fit and P-W Fit. Regression analysis was used to further explore the dependent variable on the independent variable's influence. The result indicate that¡GFirst, employee with high P-G Fit, has more job satisfaction, the correlation between P-G Fit and job satisfaction is significant; second, employee with high P-S Fit, has more perceived supervisor support, the correlation between P-S Fit and perceived supervisor support is significant; third, employee with high P-G Fit, has more perceived coworker support, the correlation between P-G Fit and perceived coworker support is weak significant. This research further represents the direction of future research and practical meaning of management.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 106 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The relationship between citizenship performance and overall performance and the relationship between citizenship performance and reward recommendations were investigated, with gender and scale type as possible moderators. Two hundred and fifty-four University of South Florida students were used in this study. The majority of these participants were undergraduate, psychology majors, female, and between the ages of 17 and 23. Participants were given statements describing a teacher's performance and were asked to evaluate the professor on citizenship and overall performance and recommend them for rewards. No support was found for the hypothesis that men would have a stronger relationship than women between citizenship and overall performance. No support was found for the hypothesis that men would have a stronger relationship than women between citizenship performance and reward recommendations. Scale type was not found to influence these relationships. / ABSTRACT: These results are not consistent with the shifting standards model. Numerous suggestions are made for changes to the experiment, including performing a field study instead of a lab study. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

本研究旨在瞭解我國國民中學組織學習與教師組織公民行為之關係。析言之，本研究主要研究目的有：（一）瞭解國民中學組織學習與教師組織公民行為的實際情形；（二）探討國民中學教師背景變項、學校背景變項與組織學習、教師組織公民行為的關係；（三）探討組織學習與教師組織公民行為的關係。 本研究以文獻分析法及問卷調查法進行之，係以台北縣的公立國民中學教師為取樣對象，共計抽取315人，回收297份，回收率94 ﹪。本研究之研究工具為「國民中學組織學習暨組織感受問卷」，包含「組織學習量表」及「教師組織公民行為量表」二部份。統計方法係採用信度分析、因素分析、描述統計、t 檢定、單因子變異數分析及典型相關分析等。 研究結果歸納為下列四點： 一、國民中學組織學習現況尚稱良好，教師組織公民行為良好。 二、國民中學組織學習會因教師背景變項而有差異。年輕教師、兼任行政職務教師，其在組織學習的知覺情形較佳。 三、國民中學教師組織公民行為會因教師背景變項及學校背景變項而有差異。資深教師及兼任行政職務的教師在專業成長的知覺情形較佳。 四、國民中學組織學習與教師組織公民行為有密切關係存在，即組織學習愈好，教師組織公民行為也愈佳。 最後根據研究結果，提出具體建議，以做為教育行政機關、國民中學及未來研究的參考。 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of the organizational learning and teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) in junior high schools；to explore the influence of teachers’ background variables and schools’ background variables on organizational learning and teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors ；to examine the correlation between organizational learning and teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors . Literature review and questionnaire survey were conducted in this study. The sample consisted of 297 public junior high school teachers in Taipei County. Two survey instruments were used in the study, included the Organizational Learning Scale, and the Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Scale. The data were analyzed by using reliability analysis, factor analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, canonical correlation. The results of this study revealed: （1）There were significant differences in teachers’perception of organizational learning in term of the junior, and position. （2）Teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors varied with teachers’different seniority, position variables, and schools’ size. （3）Teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors was explained by various dimensions of organizational learning through the first pair of canonical factor. The correlation between organizational learning and teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors was positive. Finally, based on the results, suggestions for educational administration agencies, junior high schools and future studies were proposed.

隨著資訊科技的進步與網際網路的流通，二十一世紀儼然成為一個不同於從前的時代。不同於以往單一面向的績效評估方式，平衡計分卡採用多面向的評估標準，使組織對於其各個面向都能夠均衡的掌握，並且具有前瞻性的策略管理功能，而其中它又以學習與成長的構面，作為其他構面的基礎。 近年來由於全球化的興起，各界相當關注提升組織競爭力的課題，於是許多關於組織績效的文獻應運而生，內容不外乎講究外在報酬與內在報酬，而後者更是近年來研究的重點。組織要能順利的運作，最主要的關鍵仍在於人的因素，組織中的成員除了要能依照職務規定或工作說明書的內容行動，更要能充分的展現出「角色外行為」，現在學者通常將其稱為「組織公民行為」。 首先，本研究將對於平衡計分卡與組織公民行為的概念加以釐清，以作為後續討論的基礎。其次，將探討組織願景與策略對於組織公民行為的影響，以及平衡計分卡中學習與成長構面與組織公民行為的交互影響。在這兩大主軸的討論之中，初步的將平衡計分卡與組織公民行為做一連結。

組織承諾（Organizational Commitment）是一種態度，不但影響員工對組織投入的強度（Steers,1977），也是個人對組織的聯結關係代表 (Sheldon,1971)。在1980年代，組織承諾即成為台灣組織行為研究的流行議題，頗受研究者的關注。而組織公民行為(Organizational Citizenship Behavior/OCB) 更自1983 年起，已經成為研究者關心的重點（Bateman & Organ,1983）。目前學界已普遍地認為組織的成功必須依賴員工主動地付出一些職責之外的正面行為，透過奉獻、助人、主動建議等組織公民行為的展現，組織才得以彰顯其所欲之目標（Organ, 1990）。而OC與 OCB二者均屬於組織員工之「態度」與「行為」層面，並為組織運作良窳的核心之一。據此，攸關政府組織機能運作核心「公務人力」態度及行為的組織承諾對組織公民行為之影響為何？即為本研究之主要動機。 本文係以我國訓練機關為例，由中央及地方政府，各擇取具代表性訓練機關共六所之所屬正式職員為研究對象，並採文獻探討法及問卷調查法作為研究工具。 本研究結果發現，訓練機關人員對於組織承諾的認知情形，在整體「組織承諾」及其構面，皆有七成以上的認同，顯示人員對訓練機關認為是值得努力及付出，並願意繼續留在該機關服務；訓練機關人員對於組織公民行為的表現情形，在整體「組織公民行為」及其構面，皆有七成以上的認同，顯示訓練機關是一個同事間相處融洽的單位，人員實質感受有所助益，具有正面的意義；訓練機關人員之組織承諾對組織公民行為具中度影響力。 面對未來全球化的挑戰，組織要有能力利用最有限的資源，來創造最有效的價值，端賴具備高度組織承諾感與組織公民行為之員工，他們會自覺與組織休戚與共，願意在組織中奉獻心力，並共同為組織願景努力。本文亦從研究結果發現提出對於訓練機關人力資源發展之策略建議，俾提供參考。 關鍵詞：組織承諾 組織公民行為 訓練機關 / Organizational commitment is an attitude. It not only affects the intensity of the involvement of the employees, but also represents the relationship between individuals and organizations. In the 1980s, organizational commitment was a hot issue in the field of organizational behavior study in Taiwan. Besides, scholars have put emphasis on organizational citizenship behavior since 1983. The academic circle agrees that the organizational success depends on whether the employees can provide positive behaviors beyond their duties spontaneously. Organization objectives can be manifested by means of organizational citizenship behaviors such as dedication, helping, and active suggestions. Organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior both belong to the level of “attitude” and “behavior” of the employees. They are the core elements of organizational operation. The motive of this study is based on what effect upon organizational citizenship behaviors can be caused by employees’ organizational commitment. The subjects of this research are the civil servants from six training agencies pertained to the Central authorities and Local goverment. This research adopts the Document Analysis and Questionnaire Survey to collect the data. The empirical results show that the employees from the training agencies identified themselves with more than seventy percent of the conception of organizational commitment. This result represents that the employees are willing to stay and serve in the same agencies. The empirical results also show that the employees identified themselves with more than seventy percent of the conception of organizational citizenship behavior. This result represents that the agencies are organizations within which colleagues get along with each other harmoniously. Employees believe that working in the organization is helpful and meaningful. The organizational commitment of the employees in the training agencies has moderate influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Confronted with the challenges of the globalization, the organizations have to take advantage of the limited resources to create the most valuable outcome. Employees with high sense of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior will regard themselves as dedicators and volunteers in the organizations. They will strive to achieve the vision of the organization. On the basis of the research findings, this study also provides strategic suggestions of the human resources development for the training agencies. Keywords: Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Training Agency

Workplace accidents and injuries are a growing problem for organizations in Sweden as well as in many other countries. As a consequence, improving workplace safety has become an area of increasing concern for employers and politicians as well as researchers. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to an increased understanding of how leadership and management practices can influence safety in organizations. In Study I, three leadership styles were investigated to determine their relative importance for different safety outcomes. A leadership style specifically emphasizing safety was found to contribute the most to employee safety behaviors; transformational leadership was found to be positive for safety behaviors only when it also involved a safety focus; and a transactional leadership style (management-by-exception active) was shown to be slightly negatively related to workplace safety. Study II examined the role of leader communication approaches for patient safety and the mechanisms involved in this relationship. Support was found for a model showing that one-way communication of safety values and leader feedback communication were both related to increased patient safety through the mediation of different employee safety behaviors (safety compliance and organizational citizen behaviors). Study III explored whether and in what ways the use of staff bonus systems may compromise safety in high-risk organizations. The three investigated systems were all found to provide limited incentives for any behavioral change. However, the results indicate that design characteristics such as clearly defined and communicated bonus goals, which are perceived as closely linked to performance and which aim at improved safety, are imperative for the influence that bonus programs have on safety. Group-directed goals also appeared to be more advantageous than corporate- or individual-level goals. The thesis highlights the importance of actively emphasizing and communicating safety-related issues, both through leadership and in managerial practices, for the achievement of enhanced workplace safety. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript.</p>

This correlational study examined the influences of paternalistic leadership behavior (PL) and organizational collectivism (measured at the employee level) on employee reported LMX, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) in two types of organizations (family-owned firms and multinational organizations) in Turkey. Survey data were collected from (N = 154) employees in family-owned and (N = 159) employees in multinational firms (MNCs). Employees in family-owned firms reported significantly higher levels of PL, organizational collectivism, LMX, and OCBs. Further examination revealed additional differences by organization type, with the family-owned sample showing no significant relationships between study variables and OCBs, in contrast to positive relationships in the MNC sample. Education level was negatively related to PL, LMX, and job satisfaction in the family-owned sample, while the MNC sample showed positive relationships with education and all 5 study variables (PL, organizational collectivism, LMX, job satisfaction and OCBs). Organizational collectivism was found to have a moderating effect on the relationships between LMX and job satisfaction and job satisfaction and OCBs in the multinational sample, while no effect was found in the family-owned sample. For the LMX -- job satisfaction relationship, at low levels of LMX, organizational collectivism has no effect on job satisfaction, while when LMX was high, greater organizational collectivism was associated with greater job satisfaction. For the job satisfaction -- OCB relationship, at low levels of job satisfaction, the organizational level of collectivism greatly influenced OCB frequency (higher collectivism was associated with higher OCBs), while little difference was evident when job satisfaction was high. The implications of these findings for both theory and future research are discussed.