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Uppsatsens syfte har varit att undersöka hur svenska medieföretag porträtterar Ryssland och det ryska valet 2018. Metodologiskt är det här både en kvantitativ och kvalitativ studie, som genomförts med insamling av hårddata samt en massmedieretorisk textanalys. För att besvara våra frågeställningar har materialet analyserats utifrån de teoretiska ramverken gestaltningsteorin, orientalism och mediekonstruktion. Medieföretagen vi undersöker är Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, TT Nyhetsbyrån samt Sveriges Radio. Resultatet indikerar på att svenska media gestaltar Ryssland och det ryska valet negativt. Sveriges Radio skiljde sig från de andra företagen då de flesta av deras artiklar hade en neutral framtoning. Gestaltningen skapar en stereotyp bild, främst av Putinregimen, men även Ryssland och det ryska folket.

This study from Tanzania contributes to the understanding of the management discourses circulating amongst senior managers in Western owned companies in Tanzania. It identifies two dominant discourses, a Western derived Contractual discourse and the local derived Kinship discourse. The division of their use is not by ethnic origin of senior managers but are drawn on in various ways by all managers. This research focuses on senior experienced managers from three different nationalities who were asked to tell stories from their experiences in management life. Their stories contain their perceptions of various populations and show their evaluations of those populations. Analysis shows how people draw on discourses circulating within their societies, reveals these actual underlying discourses, and explores the languages used in communication. Two sets of communication languages emerged from this analysis, the Western contractual and the local kinship discourse. Western contractual thinking rests upon efficiency and profit-making. This stands in contrast to the kinship thinking which is rooted in communal and humanistic values. These contrasting discourses contribute to misunderstanding, but there is common ground between them. If this commensurable dimension is internalised, a local Tanzanian management discourse may appear that would represent a new management discourse. An organisational framework that may support this discourse’s emergency and circulation is suggested.

The purpose of this thesis stemmed from the notion that the events of 9/11 would have a profound effect on how representations of Muslims on screen would need to be altered to match the political climate, and to project the trauma that the American public had experienced. However, in the course of the study it has emerged that changes to the old-style stereotypical representations might have been influenced by factors other than politics. By comparing and dissecting the content of films that displayed Islamic characteristics from a pre-9/11 standpoint, I have been able to assess the degree to which visual and narrative changes have been implemented. I open with an introduction that establishes the framework and theories related to the emergence, maintenance and reformulation of stereotypes. I review the process of representing various ‘outsider’ groups in American cinema before attempting to trace against this the gradual shift in Islamic characteristics found in the movies of the pre- and post-9/11 periods. The analysis includes definitions of the settings, locale, landscape and space as displayed on the theatrical screen. I discover that Muslim spaces which simply provided a setting for the action in the past are now acknowledged in terms of their interaction with their inhabitants. In much the same way that landscapes have been adapted from past cinematic depictions of the pre-9/11 period, male and female characters are found to be constructed through a new perspective, allowing them to look more ‘human’ compared to their monolithic antecedents. The study also examines the rise of formidable American female characters and their victimization of the Muslim male ‘Other’. The current investigation is not limited to the depiction of adults only. The Muslim child/adolescent has become a recent device through which American filmmakers are exercising their creativity. Themes of childhood loyalty, disloyalty and redemption are explored in the case of Muslim youngsters, while the Muslim American youth is presented as the ‘hybrid Other’ desperately in search of his or her complex identity. Although there still exist examples of utilizing the overseas Muslim minor as a product of religious fanaticism, 9/11 initiated a new form of looking at a child. Artistic devices that have found their way into the commercial crop of U.S. movies include inner and external focalization, thus encouraging audiences’ empathy for the child who had until recently been treated as an image on the screen rather than a character in the narrative. The findings indicate that during the decade under consideration American cinema has not drawn as sharp a cultural line between the ‘Orient’ and the ‘Occident’ as it used to. Comparative work of this kind, with its focus on past and present cinematic depictions of the Muslim world, is beneficial, for it shows that there is eagerness in the U.S. to explore and reflect more on the characteristics of the Muslim ‘Other’ – an eagerness which will prove in the long run to be in the interests of both the East and the West.

A partir dos escritos do autor português Wenceslau de Moraes (1854- 1929) produzidos durante sua vivência no Japão especialmente suas primeira e última obras, Dai Nippon e Relance da Alma Japonesa, respectivamente a presente pesquisa pretendeu discutir o caráter diversificado de sua prosa e observar o processo de mediação cultural que o autor empreendeu por meio dela, estabelecendo um diálogo entre Oriente e Ocidente. Para a realização deste estudo, consideramos também outros textos do autor pertencentes a outras fases de sua produção bibliográfica, tais como A Vida Japonesa, O Livro do Chá, Os Serões no Japão, O-Yoné e Ko-Haru entre outras. Nosso objetivo foi o de confrontar aspectos culturais e literários presentes na prosa de Moraes com os estereótipos sobre o Oriente vigentes naquele momento, na busca de precisar o imaginário agenciado pelo escritor. / From the writings of Portuguese author Wenceslau de Moraes (1854-1929) produced during his experience in Japan especially their first and last works, Dai Nippon and Relance da Alma Japonesa, respectively this research was intended to discuss the diverse character of his prose and observe the process of cultural mediation that the author undertook through it, establishing a dialogue between East and West. For the accomplishment of this study, we also consider other author texts belonging to other phases of his bibliographic production, such as A Vida Japonesa, O Livro do Chá, Os Serões no Japão, OYoné e Ko-Haru, among others. Our goal was to confront cultural and literary aspects present in the prose de Moraes with stereotypes about the East in force at that time, in search of the imaginary touted by the writer.

In the spring of 2011, major protests broke out against the Syrian leader Bashar Al-Assad. As a result of this, the Syrian Civil War, one that has cost hundreds of thousands of people their lives as well as forced millions from their homes into refuge, was initiated. The war is still today an ongoing conflict. The following study is a narrative analysis of how the Swedish press reported on the war. The main focus of the study will be placed on the actors, actions and motives from the articles. The source material consists of articles from three major Swedish newspapers that were published during three different time periods, ranging from the year of 2011 to the year of 2013. One general conclusion is that there are several similarities to be found between Swedish reports on the Syrian Civil war and the Gulf War, as well as the results from other studies on Swedish crisis communications. The results show that the three newspapers mediate a similar narrative with the same specific actors involved. The narratives are easy to understand, and the various roles assigned to the different actors are definite. Together, the articles tell a story of good versus evil.   Few of the active domestic Syrian groups during the war are named in the articles. The foreign actors from the articles consist primarily of the Western superpowers, Arabic neighbors, the United Nations and the European Union. There is a great difference in relation to the expectations placed upon, as well as authority given to the Western countries and the Arabic ones. This is discussed in relation to the term Orientalism coined by Edward Said. The motives behind the actors actions are rarely named in the article, neither are their rights to make said actions specified. This could be explained through the narratives and the inherent need to press’ to simplify things. It could also be explained with what Kenneth Burke refers to as a transformation, in this case implying that motives can be found in the actors. A didactic discussion is also included.

O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar algumas concepções sobre o Oriente, correntes na primeira metade do século XX, que interferiram diretamente na escrita de Camilo Pessanha (1867-1926) sobre a vida chinesa. Morador de Macau por cerca de 26 anos, escreveu alguns poucos textos em prosa que tematizam a cultura e os costumes da China, além de ter tido contato com sinólogos de destaque. Os pareceres de Pessanha sobre o Oriente, bem como o de outros atores importantes, são relevantes na medida em que revelam influências do orientalismo, do exotismo e da sinologia, de maneira a reproduzir ou desafiar certos aspectos da lógica do discurso colonial instaurado em Portugal e aplicado em Macau. Num primeiro momento, o trabalho pretende refletir sobre a atuação de Camilo Pessanha como estudioso da cultura chinesa, prática na qual é confrontado com o seu contemporâneo e colega de trabalho Silva Mendes (1867-1931), também professor no Liceu de Macau. O discurso autorizado europeu que parte da ideia de domìnio sobre povos ditos inferiores seduziu a intelectualidade ocidental, e teve forte repercussão em grande parte dos pareceres de Camilo Pessanha sobre a cultura chinesa. Mostraremos, além dessa vertente, o cotejo que alguns estudiosos da vida do poeta empreendem em relação a uma suposta aproximação com a estética do exotismo. Desenhado este panorama, propomos um esboço do que seria uma nova visão portuguesa sobre Macau, ao cotejarmos o seu passado colonial, explicitado na prática administrativa portuguesa por autores como Oliveira Martins, com as novas possibilidades de compreensão da idiossincrasia macaense, esboçadas a partir de algumas iniciativas de autores como Camilo Pessanha e Silva Mendes. / This study aims at analyzing some conceptions regarding the East, present in the first half of the 20th century, which interfered directly on Camilo Pessanhas (1867-1926) writing about Chinese life. As a resident of Macao for twenty-six years, he wrote a few prose texts about Chinese life and culture, besides being in touch with some very important sinologists such as Silva Mendes (1867-1931) and José Vicente Jorge. Pessanhas remarks on the East, as well as those of other writers, are relevant for they portrait influences from Orientalism, exoticism and sinology in order to reproduce or challenge certain aspects related to the logic of the colonial discourse established in Portugal and applied in Macao. At first, this paper intends to reflect upon Camilo Pessanhas action as a student of Chinese culture, in which he is confronted by his fellow and co-worker Silva Mendes (who was also a teacher at Macaos Lyceum) as well as his pupil Luís Gonzaga Gomes (1907-1976). The European authorized discourse which derives from the idea of dominance of the so-called inferior peoples seduced the Western intellectuality and had a major impact on many of Pessanhas assessments on Chinese culture. Besides this dimension, we will also analyze a possible connection with exoticism, believed to be true by some researchers who studied the poets life. Having set the scene, we propose an outline of what would be a new Portuguese view on Macao, when comparing its colonial past, clarified in the Portuguese administrative practice by authors such as Oliveira Martins, with new possibilities for understanding Macaos idiosyncrasy, derived from some initiatives of writers like Camilo Pessanha and Silva Mendes.

O presente trabalho discorre sobre as imagens e ideias que as emissoras difundiram sobre o Iraque durante a cobertura das invasões do país, especialmente em 2003. Além de um estudo sobre as ramificações do processo de comunicação, como estão distribuídos os conglomerados que detêm os canais de informação, o material usado no Brasil e como as emissoras aberta, pública e por cabo abordaram o tema. / This research discuss about the images and ideas diffused by news networks about Iraq during covering invasions in the country, especially in 2003. Besides a study about the ramifications of the communication process, how are distributed the conglomerates that owns the information channels, the material used in Brazil and how networks open, public and cable broached the subject.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons d’abord aux origines du cadre arabo-espagnol en montrant comment la société du XIXe siècle est tournée vers l’Orient et comment l’art est pénétré par ce nouveau monde, notamment grâce à l’orientalisme et au romantisme. Nous abordons l’iconographie orientale hugolienne par le biais de ses souvenirs personnels, des traces laissées par ses voyages, en tenant compte de sa biographie mais aussi de la peinture et de la littérature arabo-espagnoles pour étudier des figures et mouvements emblématiques de l’Orient hugolien. Ensuite nous approchons l’univers arabo-espagnol et ses motifs récurrents. Nous voyons comment la culture arabo-espagnole a influencé les écrits de Hugo. Enfin, nous plongeons dans l’âme espagnole de Hugo avec son caractère fantasmatique et ésotérique. Toutes les passions humaines sont enfermées dans ce monde arabo-espagnol et permettent à Hugo de se livrer tel qu’il est réellement. / In this thesis, firstly we investigate the origins of the Moorish Spanish context by showing how XIXth century society is turned towards the Orient and how Art is permeated by this new world in particular due to the influences of orientalism and romanticism. We discuss Hugo’s oriental iconography through his personal memoirs, notes from his travel journals, taking into account his biography but also by studying figures and movements symbolic of Hugo’s orient as depicted in Moorish Spanish painting and literature. Secondly, we look into the Moorish Spanish world and its recurrent themes. We illustrate how Moorish Spanish culture influenced Hugo’s writings. Lastly, we delve into Hugo’s Spanish soul with all its phantasmagorical and esoteric elements. Every human passion can be found in this Moorish Spanish world which allows Hugo to reveal his true inner character.

Through an examination of the letters, reports and published writings of the missionaries of two distinctive Protestant missions active in the Kurdish region during the nineteenth century, this thesis explores the Orientalist and imperialist qualities of missionary knowledge production. It demonstrates the diversity of Protestant missionary thought on the subject of the Orient and the individual nature of missionary knowledge production during this period. Equally importantly the study allows for a critical examination of the Orientalist critique in the context of missionary activity and a contextualised assessment of missionary complicity with imperialism. The findings of the study show that the Orientalism of the Anglican ‘Assyrian Mission’ and that of the American Presbyterian ‘West Persia Mission’ share common characteristics but, importantly, diverge diametrically in the meanings ascribed to the differences perceived to separate ‘Oriental’ from ‘Occidental’. This diversity in the representative style of the two missions can be linked to their opposed objectives in relation to proselytisation and thus suggests that their knowledge production was not solely determined by Orientalist discourse but also influenced by other discursive factors. Given Edward Said’s recognition of the diversity of the phenomenon of Orientalism it is therefore of great value to attempt to map some of this vast and divergent terrain of ideas. My thesis thus suggests that a meaningful division can be made within the Orientalist discourse between expressions of an Orientalism of essential difference and that of an Orientalism of circumstantial difference. Concerning imperialism, the study argues that, although these missionaries can be considered imperialists in an unwitting and indirect sense, care needs to be taken in the application of this label. My argument is that association with and contribution to textual attitudes which promote ideas of ontological or cultural superiority are a very different activity to conscious engagement in projects of imperial expansion; and that this needs to be recognised. Furthermore the standard model of a political metropolitan center determining the fate of its activities in the periphery is reversed in the case of these missionaries, where religious concerns drove engagement against political interests.