Yes / Previous research has theorised that the link between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and performance is mediated by environmental sustainability orientation (ESO). However, firm- level factors that may moderate this relationship are lacking. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining how and when EO enhances new venture performance by considering ESO as mediator and stakeholder integration as an important contingent factor. Using primary data obtained from 242 chief executive officers (CEOs)/entrepreneurs, we found that the indirect relationship between EO and new venture performance is strengthened at high levels of stakeholder integration. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Life Orientation is one the learning areas which was introduced by Curriculum 2005 in the General Education and Training band. Its inclusion in the Further Education and training curriculum from 2005 is indicative of its unsurpassed importance to learners. However, these changes have brought about challenges and uncertainty among educators. A literature study was done to discuss the concepts of Life Orientation content, the role of educators, the skills Life Orientation educators should possess and adolescence. The different approaches in relation to the teaching of Life Orientation were also explained. A survey study, using a quantitative research design, was done to investigate educators' response on their knowledge of Life Orientation content, Life Orientation skills and adolescent development. The results of the study indicate that Life Orientation educators lack confidence in these three areas. Therefore, educators require training to equip them to cope with the challenges of the learning area, Life Orientation. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Specialisations in Guidance and Counselling)

Life Orientation is one the learning areas which was introduced by Curriculum 2005 in the General Education and Training band. Its inclusion in the Further Education and training curriculum from 2005 is indicative of its unsurpassed importance to learners. However, these changes have brought about challenges and uncertainty among educators. A literature study was done to discuss the concepts of Life Orientation content, the role of educators, the skills Life Orientation educators should possess and adolescence. The different approaches in relation to the teaching of Life Orientation were also explained. A survey study, using a quantitative research design, was done to investigate educators' response on their knowledge of Life Orientation content, Life Orientation skills and adolescent development. The results of the study indicate that Life Orientation educators lack confidence in these three areas. Therefore, educators require training to equip them to cope with the challenges of the learning area, Life Orientation. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Specialisations in Guidance and Counselling)

The Apartheid Philosophy resulted in creating a heterogenous society in South Africa, with each group having its own distinctive culture and value-orientation. Organizational values, influenced by personal value-orientation employed by White managers, could be challenged by appointing members of this heterogenous society into positions previously held by White managers, thereby emphasizing the need for congruence between organizational and personal value-orientation. The literature study revealed not only the existence of both Individualism and Collectivism, but the co-existence thereof in individual value-orientation and the existence of Ubuntuism as another form of collectivism - the latter being analogous to humanism. Through this empirical study the value-orientations of managers from either Black or White cultural backgrounds, were assessed, using a value-orientation questionnaire. The findings of the present study, although inconclusive, demonstrated that Black and White managers do not differ significantly in terms of their value-orientation at work. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Cette thèse de doctorat introduit un modèle et un algorithme six-dimensions pour la reconstruction des orientations cristallines locales dans les matériaux polycristallins. Le modèle s’applique actuellement aux données obtenues avec un rayonnement synchrotron (faisceau parallèle et monochromatique), mais il est également possible d’envisager des extensions aux instruments et sources de laboratoire (polychromatique et divergent). Le travail présenté est principalement une extension de la technique connue sous le nom de “Diffraction Contrast Tomography” (DCT) qui permet la reconstruction de la forme et de l’orientation cristalline des grains dans des matériaux polycristallins (avec certaines restrictions concernant la taille et le nombre total de grains ainsi que la mosaicité intragranulaire). / This Ph.D. thesis is about the development and formalization of a six-dimensional tomography method, for the reconstruction of local orientation in poly-crystalline materials. This method is based on a technique known as diffraction contract tomography (DCT), mainly used in synchrotrons, with a monochromatic and parallel high energy X-ray beam. DCT exists since over a decade now, but it was always employed to analyze undeformed or nearly undeformed materials, described by “grains” with a certain average orientation. Because an orientation can be parametrized by the used of only three num- bers, the local orientation in the grains is modelled by a six-dimensional space X6 = R3 ⊗ O3, that is the outer product between a three-dimensional real- space and another three-dimensional orientation-space. This means that for each point of the real-space, there could be a full three-dimensional orientation- space, which however in practice is restricted to a smaller region of interest called “local orientation-space”. The reconstruction problem is then formulated as a global minimisation prob- lem, where the reconstruction of a single grain is the solution that minimizes a functional. There can be different choices for the functionals to use, and they depend on the type of reconstructions one is looking for, and on the type of a priori knowledge is available. All the functionals used include a data fidelity term which ensures that the reconstruction is consistent with the measured diffraction data, and then an additional regularization term is added, like the l1-norm minimization of the solution vector, that tries to limit the number of orientations per real-space voxel, or a Total Variation operator over the sum of the orientation part of the six-dimensional voxels, in order to enforce the homogeneity of the grain volume. When first published, the results on synthetic data from the third chapter high- lighted some key features of the proposed framework, and showed that it was in principle possible to extend DCT to the reconstruction of moderately de- formed materials, but it was unclear whether it could work in practice. The following chapters instead confirm that the proposed framework is viable for reconstructing moderately deformed materials, and that in conjunction with other techniques, it could also overcome the limitations imposed by the grain indexing, and be applied to more challenging textured materials.

The Apartheid Philosophy resulted in creating a heterogenous society in South Africa, with each group having its own distinctive culture and value-orientation. Organizational values, influenced by personal value-orientation employed by White managers, could be challenged by appointing members of this heterogenous society into positions previously held by White managers, thereby emphasizing the need for congruence between organizational and personal value-orientation. The literature study revealed not only the existence of both Individualism and Collectivism, but the co-existence thereof in individual value-orientation and the existence of Ubuntuism as another form of collectivism - the latter being analogous to humanism. Through this empirical study the value-orientations of managers from either Black or White cultural backgrounds, were assessed, using a value-orientation questionnaire. The findings of the present study, although inconclusive, demonstrated that Black and White managers do not differ significantly in terms of their value-orientation at work. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Ila été démontré que l’expression d’attentes envers l’élève en difficulté d’apprentissage joue un rôle important dans la perception de soi et la prise de décision de l’élève (Wigfield et Eccles, 2000, 2002). L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment la perception des attentes sociales et institutionnelles peut intervenir dans le développement du concept de soi et lors des choix scolaires et professionnels des élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage (DA). Lors d’entrevues individuelles, nous avons recueilli les discours de 15 participants âgés entre 18 et 26 ans. Rapporter la perception et le vécu de jeunes adultes à la suite de leur formation primaire et secondaire a permis de dresser un portrait descriptif et évolutif de la réalité des élèves DA et de proposer des pistes d’intervention dans le domaine de l’orientation. L’analyse a notamment révélé la sensibilité de l’élève DA aux attentes des agents de socialisation et, plus particulièrement, à celles de ses pairs. Diminuer la comparaison entre les pairs à l’école parait nécessaire à l’épanouissement de ces élèves, autant en classe spéciale qu’en classe ordinaire. En outre, les résultats révèlent que les encouragements et la reconnaissance des efforts par des adultes significatifs reflétent des attentes positives envers l’élève DA et peuvent contribuer à l’émergence d’expériences de succès. Par le fait même, ces succès favorisent un concept de soi positif et ils facilitent la prise de décision concernant les choix scolaires et professionnels. Les résultats rappellent l’importance de l’implication de chaque agent de socialisation dans l’expérience scolaire de l’élève DA.

Résumé : Les orientations de valeur (OV) désignent « l’ensemble des principes du vrai ou du faux qui sont acceptés par un individu ou un groupe social » (Jewett et Bain, 1985, p. 14). Dans le domaine de l’éducation, elles guident les enseignants dans leurs choix didactiques et pédagogiques. En éducation physique et sportive (ÉPS), cinq OV ont été identifiées dans la littérature: la maîtrise de la discipline, le processus d’apprentissage, l’auto-actualisation, la responsabilisation sociale et l’intégration écologique. Notre analyse des travaux sur la mise en oeuvre des OV a permis de souligner le peu de connaissances produites sur le rôle des OV dans la pratique d’enseignement. Pour saisir la dynamique qui s’opère entre OV et pratique d’enseignement, nous avons élaboré un modèle d’action mobilisant à la fois le concept des OV et celui de pratique d’enseignement. Ce modèle part de la pratique d’enseignement dans le but d’identifier les OV sous-jacentes privilégiées par les enseignants à partir des caractéristiques de cette pratique. L'objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier les dimensions de la pratique d’enseignement d’un enseignant d’ÉPS susceptibles d’être influencées par ses OV privilégiées. Pour cela, nous cherchons à caractériser son modèle d’action. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons conduit une recherche qualitative s’inscrivant dans une approche inductive. Elle se décline sous la forme de deux études de cas. La collecte des données a été conduite auprès de deux enseignantes d’ÉPS du secondaire sur un cycle d’enseignement à l’aide d’un questionnaire, d’entretiens et d’observations. Les données collectées ont été analysées à l’aide de statistiques descriptives et d’analyses de contenu thématique. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’illustrer la mise en oeuvre singulière des OV de la maîtrise de la discipline (Coline) et de l’auto-actualisation (Sandrine). À partir de ces illustrations, nous avons dégagé la manière dont chacune des deux OV influençait les étapes pré-active, interactive et post-active de la pratique d’enseignement. Nous avons également montré que le profil d’OV de chacun de nos cas agissait comme une grille de lecture pour lire et interpréter leur environnement éducatif mais aussi pour orienter leur pratique effective d’enseignement en cohérence avec leurs OV privilégiées. Cette recherche alimente les travaux menés sur la mise en oeuvre des OV. Notre contribution a des retombées aux plans de la formation initiale et de la formation continue des enseignants d’ÉPS. // Abstract : Value orientations (VO) represent teachers’ educational beliefs. They are implemented through curricular decisions made by physical education (PE) teachers. In PE research literature, five VO have been identified: mastery of the discipline, learning process, self-actualization, social responsibility and ecological integration. We know little about how teachers’ VO influence their teaching process. Although teachers’ VO can be described, it’s still a challenge to explain how they play out in their daily decision-making and practices. In order to understand the influence of teachers’ VO in the teaching process, we designed a teaching model. This model integrates those perspectives on VO and teaching practices. It focuses on teaching practices in order to understand underneath teachers’ VO and how these VO affect teaching practices in return. The goal of this research is to underlined features of teaching practices influenced by teachers’ VO through a deep description of teaching model. We used a qualitative research design with inductive approach. This research was conducted with two experienced female high school PE teachers: Coline and Sandrine. Data were collected with the help of a questionnaire, repeated interviews and deferred video observations. Informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (questionnaire and video) and thematic content analysis (interviews). The analysis revealed that Coline’s mastery of the discipline and Sandrine’s selfactualization value orientations influence their teaching practices in pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention phases. We showed they used their own value orientation to select and understand their educational environment and also to define their teaching process. These results contribute to develop knowledge about the influence of value orientations in professional practices in PE teaching and PE teachers development.

A survey of the field revealed a need for a Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). The two major objectives were to understand the concept of selfactualization and the use of the POI as a measuring instrument. The POI correlation coefficients were used as input data for the computer program, Linear Structural Relations (LISREL), to perform a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A sample of 495 individuals was used in this research. This sample consisted of both male and female second-year Industrial Psychology students from various race groups. The research concluded that the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) indicated a poor fit between the empirical model and the empirical reality. This determined that the POI's factor structure could not confirm the theoretical model of selfactualization. It is acknowledged that more research needs to be conducted, taking due consideration of bias variables and cultural diversity. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial Psychology)

A survey of literature has revealed that there is a need for a reliability and validity study of the Personal Orientation Inventory in South Africa. The two major objectives of this research where therefore to determine firstly, the test-retest reliability of the Personal Orientation Inventory and secondly, to establish the construct validity, in other words, how well the Personal Orientation Inventory correlates with other measures purporting to measure similar traits. The total sample of 317 individuals used in this research, consisted of both male and female school leavers such as students and national servicemen, ranging in age from 17 to 22 years. The results of this introductory study regarding reliability and validity of the Personal Orientation Inventory in South Africa demonstrated clear support for similar research done overseas and showed to be compatible with the humanistic psychology movement's original concept of self-actualization. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)