Being excluded should motivate pro-social behaviors. Yet, exclusion can incite aggressive and anti-social responses. Two studies were conducted to examine how frequent experiences of exclusion impact self-esteem, perceptions that exclusion is typical of social experiences, and anti-social behaviors. In Study 1, participants completed pre and post-measures of exclusion typicality and self-esteem and reported, over eight weeks, feelings of exclusion and state self-esteem. Results supported the hypotheses in that experiences feeling excluded have direct and indirect effects on state and trait self-esteem as well as on exclusion typicality. In Study 2, participants were exposed to an exclusion manipulation and subsequent aggressive and anti-social behaviors were assessed. Results were inconsistent with hypotheses that exclusion typicality and self-esteem would moderate responses to exclusion. Discussion focuses on the implications for a model of exclusion elicited anti-social behaviors.

The current project investigates exclusion in terms of racial/ethnic identity and group behavioral norms. Research concerning the "black sheep effect" evidences the tendency for group members to derogate a fellow in-group member who has violated an important social norm (Marques, Yzerbyt, & Leyens, 1988). Similarly, Oyserman's (2007) model of identity-based motivation argues that any group identity can shape behavior through a process of identity infusion such that group members are motivated to behave in ways that are in-group identity-infused and equally avoid behaviors that are out-group identity-infused. Finally, identity misclassification research provides evidence that individuals feel threatened by the notion that they may have behaved in ways that are congruent with an out-group (e.g., Bosson, Prewitt-Freillino, & Taylor, 2005). Therefore, when a behavior is infused with the identity of an out-group, avoiding such behaviors is seen as an expression of belonging to one's in-group. The current project assesses the consequences of group identity-infusion specifically in the area of academics and racial/ethnic identity. In Study 1, identity-threatened participants who were excluded by an in-group member attributed their exclusion to their out-group identity-infused behavior, but they did not expect exclusion, nor experience heightened negative emotions or anxiety as a result of exclusion. In Study 2, though strongly identified participants were more likely to choose an identity-affirmed partner regardless of task condition, no differences were found for ratings of potential partners. Future research should address ecological validity issues and attempt to make more naturalistic observations of these behavioral patterns. Additionally, a younger sample should be used in order to assess exclusion for "acting White" among students who are legally required to be in school, rather than those who have chosen to pursue higher education.

Ostracism is among vastly researched and discussed psychological phenomena that have been discussed in the workplace context vastly for three decades. As the severity of the issue, employees usually let the discrimination go unnoticed and therefore the cases are not reported. To understand the underlying factors that can result in its initiation, the study examines the factors that cause ostracism. The study explores the contextual environment and the factors that influence or stop the effects of ostracism in the working environment. Moreover, the study argues on the personal outcomes factors which can be the result of stressful working culture and additional workload. The study also explores how different working environment, such as employment opportunity and power distance have a role to play in this scenario. To test the study, the data was collected from the employees and supervisors of the departmental stores in Pakistan and Sweden. The number of respondents for the data was 480 (in total after data screening). As the study had multi structural model, therefore the data was testes with Confirmatory factor analysis and Structural Equation Modelling to measure the effect of different variables on the respondents. The study reveals that the factors reveal the significant effect on the employees of service industries and it results in having negative effects on psychological and health factors of an employee. It also reveals that when these issues are not resolved, employees often intend to leave the organization voluntarily not to be ostracised. Furthermore, the study also discovered insignificant results within the context of employment opportunity due to the spread of the Corona Virus Pandemic (COVID-19). The employees could not be certain about the employment opportunity in the service industry. The study suggests that it is important for services firms especially departmental stores to develop a supportive environment for the employees and allow them to fulfil their need for belongingness by performing better at the workplace.

Avec cette recherche, nous étudions l’impact de l’ostracisme (sentiment d’exclusion sociale)sur la performance à plusieurs tâches stéréotypées selon si celui-ci provient de personnes demême sexe ou de personnes de sexe opposé. Plusieurs travaux ont pu montrer quel’ostracisme pouvait altérer la performance cognitive (Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002).Des recherches ont pu également montrer que le fait de réaliser une tâche en même temps queplusieurs personnes de sexe opposé pouvait entraîner une diminution de performance si cettetâche était négativement stéréotypée pour le sexe de la personne c ible (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev,2000). En référence à ces travaux, nous nous attendions à ce que l’ostracisme entraîne unediminution de performance et à ce que cet effet, pour une tâche négativement stéréotypée, soitd’autant plus fort que celui-ci provient de personnes de sexe opposé plutôt que de personnesde même sexe. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse à partir de 4 expériences : trois réalisées surdes échantillons féminin (avec une tâche numérique) et une sur un échantillon masculin (avecune tâche affective). Une analyse cumulée des expériences réalisées sur un échantillonféminin a également été proposée. Nous ne sommes finalement pas parvenus à valider notrehypothèse. Au contraire, nous avons pu constater que seul l’ostracisme de la part depersonnes de même sexe que soi entraînait une diminution de performances sur une tâchenégativement stéréotypée. Plusieurs pistes sont proposées pour interpréter ce résultat que nousavons pu mettre en évidence à plusieurs reprises. / With this research, we study the impact of ostracism (the feeling of social exclusion) onperformance on several stereotyped tasks, depending on the sex of the ostracism's source.Many researches showed that ostracism could lead to cognitive performance decrease(Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002). Some studies also pointed out that executing a task atthe same time as members of the opposite sex may cause a decrease in performance, if thetask is negatively stereotyped toward the targeted person (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000).According to those studies, we were expecting ostracism would lead to performance decrease,and also that this effect (for a negatively stereotyped task) would be more pronounced,coming from members of the opposite sex. We tested this hypothesis with 4 experiments: 3 onfemale samples (using numeric task) and one on male sample (using an affective task). Wealso proposed a cumulated analysis of experiments conducted on female samples. Eventually,we didn't validate our hypothesis. On the contrary, we observed that only ostracism fromsame-sex persons led to performance decrease on a negatively stereotyped task. We proposeda number of leads to interpret the result we repeatedly highlighted.

<div>Invisibility is an abstract concept captured in film, literature, and social science. It is often desired as a superpower and in fiction portrayed as something that allows self-serving behaviors otherwise prevented by visibility. However, as a social construct used to describe marginalized individuals, it is regarded as largely distressing and disadvantageous. Key to these two opposing conceptualizations is the temporariness or permanence of the invisibility—if temporary and under the control of the individual, it serves the individual’s needs and desires; if permanent, it strips the individual of a sense of meaning and worthiness. The present studies examine invisibility from both perspectives. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate the desirable aspects of temporary invisibility, but also show that people are less enamored with possessing invisibility when its occurrence is permanent or not under the control of the individual. In Study 3, employing a 3-person video telephony paradigm, I test the impact of ostracism—being ignored and excluded—for one of two motives: role prescribed, in which individuals’ roles encourage their social invisibility, and oblivious, in which status differentials render those with lower status invisible. The results show that whereas obliviously ostracized individuals take advantage of their invisibility to prematurely begin a questionnaire, they also show higher levels of personal distress. These results indicate that being unnoticed may have negative psychological impact on individuals while also affording them the opportunity to engage in self-serving, yet possibly socially undesirable, behaviors. </div>

Cancelkultur kan beskrivas som kulturell ostracism och har kommit att bli ett omdebatterat Ämne i Sverige och övriga västvärlden, detta till följd av människors skilda åsikter om dess innebörd och betydelse. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur fenomenet cancelkultur skildras och diskuteras i svenska opinionsartiklar. Studien tar sin ansats i Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys för att synliggöra på vilket sätt opinionsjournalister konstruerar bilden av cancelkultur och vilka diskurser som är närvarande. Med hjälp av Faircloughs tredimensionella modell har tre artiklar djupare analyserats för att undersöka om dessa reproducerar eller utmanar den rådande diskursordningen. Resultatet visar att det pågår en diskursiv kamp om hur begreppet cancelkultur framställs och får sin betydelse. Utöver den pågående kampen visar resultatet att journalisterna åberopar, i en svensk kontext, förgivettagen kunskap för att visa på textens legitimitet.

For several decades, the dominant perspective on the mental health of veterans has focused primarily on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considerable research has shown recently, however, that only a relatively small portion of veterans suffers from PTSD. The stress of transitioning from being a soldier back into civilian life appears to better account for the myriad mental health problems and broader levels of distress veterans may report or develop. Unfortunately, research on this problem has been limited almost exclusively to self-report, survey studies. In the current research, we tested for this experimentally using an online Cyberball task. The anticipated and supported finding that veterans experience greater levels of loneliness when excluded or ostracized by non-veterans suggests an imperative need for broader research frameworks and increased dedication towards educating veterans on the necessity of meaningful social connectivity post-transition.

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