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My thesis presents a comparison of English and Turkish Early Years/Kindergarten teachers’ understandings and practices of outdoor activities. Comparative research provides a wider understanding of the two different cultures’ current circumstances in outdoor activities. Such research provides in-depth understanding of educational aspects in different cultures, and produces enhancement opportunities for educational pedagogies (Alexander, 2001). I had been conscious of possible differences in cultural perception of childhood and its temporal effects on historical developments as well as on the way children play and engage in outdoor activities and this informed my approach. This thesis was based on ethnographic research involving two sets of observations and interviews exploring English and Turkish teachers’ perceptions and practices of outdoor activities. The observations and interviews were held both before and after an intervention that I introduced. This intervention used social media to allow teachers to exchange photographs and comments about their outdoor learning practices and share ideas across the two countries. Four main themes emerged from the research: professional learning in the early years, barriers, freedom and pedagogic roles. The interaction that allowed them to see different practices had a notable impact on the teachers; enhancing their approach to outdoor activities and contributing to their professional development. Therefore, this research reveals the importance of cross-cultural research as well as the practicality of the new model: The Online Interactive Professional Learning Model based on the Experiential Learning Theory (ELT).

Throughout relevant literature and through the discourses attached to it outdoor education is often described in terms of its purposes. Among other things it is often said to be education out of doors, personal and social education, or education about self, others and the environment. While this reflects concerns among practitioners it has led to a relative scarcity of critical reviews of the field’s practice. The research reported in this thesis brings a new perspective to the study of outdoor education. A Practice Model is proposed from research that takes a social constructionist epistemology and an interpretive perspective in a study of outdoor education. Using ideas of a community of practice the research examined the literature and interviewed outdoor education practitioners in residential outdoor centres. The residential context served to provide access to discrete communities of practice in outdoor centres and to focus the research on general outdoor adventure education. Through this an understanding of the practice of outdoor education was developed. Three dimensions of outdoor education practice were identified as ‘adventure’, ‘learning from experience’ and ‘new space’. These three dimensions of the Practice Model are proposed as a tool for analysis and critique of current practice and for re-thinking and developing practice.

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY Title of Thesis: Outdoor Activities in Finland as Offered by Czech Travel Agencies (case study of chosen travel agency) Author: Bc. Klára Hrbková Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Jan Neuman, CSc. Year of Presentation: 2016 Abstract: Aims: This thesis is about the winter sport activities available in Scandinavian countries. It presents an analysis of travel agency Periscope Skandinávie, s.r.o. and examines Finnish travel agency Lapland Safaris' range of winter sport activities. This thesis also describes the outdoor activities available in Finland. Methods: The data presented in this thesis has been acquired by analysing documents produced by travel agencies (reports, figures, catalogues sold). The questionnaire method of research has been used to assess the level of interest future clients show in the offers promoted by the travel agencies. Details about working in travel agencies have been acquired through structured interviews with the general managers of the travel agencies. Conclusions: Finland is a promising country for Czech travel agencies (please see: Great Prospects for Outdoor Activities in Terms of Nature Conditions and Organisation). The travel agency being examined for the purposes of this thesis, Periscope Skandinávie, is successfully widening its range of winter tours in Finland. The...

Tittle: The attitude changes of 5th and 6th grade pupils of primary school towards the physical education while involving outdoor activities during the physical education classes. Aim: The aim of the thesis is to find out if there is a possibility to change the pupil attitude towards the physical education at the primary school while involving the outdoor activities. Methods: All the data have been gained by the non-standardized questionnaire made for this purpose. It contains closed, opened and semi-closed questions. The questionnaire has been targeted at pupils of 5th and 6th grades of the primary school. Moreover the interviews have been taken to evaluate the classes. The data have been analyzed and evaluated in graphical and written form. Outcomes: The gained results have been compared with the assumptions formed before. The results show that part of the girl's experimental group reached the change in terms of the negative intensification. On the contrary in case of the boy's groups it came to the change in terms of the positive intensification of the attitude to physical education classes. Keywords attitudes, middle pupil-age, Physical training, outdoor activities

1 TITLE: Summer sports courses at secondary schools AUTHOR: Bc. Tereza Bobačíková DEPARTMENT: Department of Physical Education Faculty of Education of Charles University SUPERVISOR: Ph.Dr. PaedDr. Ladislav Kašpar, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The thesis deals with the issue of summer sports courses at secondary schools. I find that high schools offer summer sports courses, what is the diversity of their offerings, material and personnel support and interest from students, respectively. the reasons for their lack of interest or dissatisfaction with the offer. The theoretical part deals with activities and education in nature and their importance for children and youth. Zooming important concepts and trends associated with this area. In the next chapter I focus on the content of the summer sports courses with a range of sporting activities. Acquainted with the guidelines and safety principles for the successful conduct of the event. The research part describes the objectives and results of the research survey. The main aim of the thesis was to compare the offer with sports courses at various secondary schools in Prague 10. The research was used questionnaire for principals of secondary schools students and seniors. The questionnaire explored the current offer summer sports courses at secondary schools and students'...

Samtidigt som barn blir allt mer stillasittande är inte heller förskolläraresundervisningsuppdrag tydligt i den naturbaserade närmiljön. Trots kunskap omutevistelsens positiva aspekter på barns utveckling saknas det en bild av hur svenskaförskollärare applicerar denna kunskap i praktiken. Med syftet att undersöka hurförskollärare nyttjar sin naturbaserade närmiljö genomfördes en enkätstudie där hundrasvenska förskollärare besvarade frågor om hur ofta och hur länge de nyttjade närmiljön,samt varför, vad de gjorde och vilka hinder de såg. Även de didaktiska frågorna när ochvar berördes i enkäten samt hur lång yrkeserfarenhet förskollärarna hade. Resultatetvisade att förskollärare skulle vilja lämna förskolan för att bedriva utomhusundervisningmer frekvent än de gör och att de använder sig av den naturbaserade närmiljön för att fåen varierad lärmiljö. Det framkom en bild av en bred variation på ämnesområden därförskollärare bedriver utomhusundervisning och naturkunskap var det högst frekventasvaret. Det framkom också att personalbrist var en vanlig barriär för att bedrivautomhusundervisning. Studiens slutsats är att det ges uttryck för en didaktisk tankebakom den undervisning förskollärarna bedriver i den naturbaserade närmiljön.Förskollärare tycks ha intresse och kunskap för att bedriva utomhusundervisning menförutsättningarna tillåter inte alltid det, inte minst som följd av den brist på förskollärareoch annan förskolepersonal som finns i Sverige idag. Vidare forskning som fokuserar påatt upptäcka och motverka hinder för att vistas i förskolans naturbaserade närmiljöskulle vara en intressant utveckling.

Den här studien belyser hur fritidslärare definierar, uppfattar och arbetar med utomhuspedagogik. Vi upplever en viss otydlighet vad gäller utomhuspedagogiken - handlar det om styrda eller ostyrda aktiviteter eller kanske både ock? Syftet med studien är att nå en förståelse för hur fritidslärare arbetar med utomhuspedagogik och därigenom synliggöra deras uppfattningar om lärandet både vad gäller styrd och ostyrd verksamhet ute. Vi har intervjuat sex fritidslärare. Studiens resultat visar att fritidslärarna har liknande arbetsmetoder och definitioner av utomhuspedagogik. Detta tror vi beror på att de alla gått samma utbildning på universitet, vid olika år, och ett kollegialt samarbete där samma metoder används. Fritidslärarnas uppfattningar är att både i de styrda och ostyrda aktiviteterna utomhus finns ett lärande. I de styrda aktiviteterna finns planerade mål med verksamheten som eleverna ska uppnå medans de ostyrda aktiviteterna ger måluppfyllelse och utveckling utan att det är planerat. Genom den oplanerade utomhusvistelsen gäller det att fritidslärare fångar upp de tillfällen som ges till lärande utan att detta planerats i förväg. / This study illustrates how teachers define, perceive and work with outdoor education. We are experiencing some uncertainty regarding outdoor education - is it about planned or unplanned activities or a combination of both? The purpose of the study is to clarify the understanding of how teachers work with outdoor education and thereby visualize there opinion about learning by planned or unplanned activities. We have interviewed six teachers. The study's results show that teachers have similar working methods and definitions of outdoor education. This we believe is due to the fact that they all have had the same education at universities, at different years, and collegial cooperation using the same methods. Teachers' perceptions are that both planned and unplanned outdoor activities are positive for learning. In the planned activities there are certained goals wich the students will achieve while the unplanned activities also provide goal fulfillment and development although not being planned. Through the unplanned outdoor activity, it is important that the teachers capture the upcoming opportunities and guide the student without this being planned in advance.

Ce travail s'intéresse à la construction et à la reconfiguration des territoires ruraux. Pour cela, il propose une analyse des dynamiques sportives de nature observées autour du territoire dit des « Grands Causses ». Au départ de ce travail, nous retenons l'expression de « dynamique territoriale » pour qualifier l'objet de notre observation car elle permet de ne pas porter de regard a priori. Les Grands Causses sont parcourus, appropriés et marqués par les sportifs au travers de nombreux lieux de pratique, évènements ou prestations touristiques. Les sports de nature y sont aussi l'objet de politiques publiques et donnent lieux localement à différents projets, débats et conflits. La première partie de ce travail propose une lecture s'inscrivant dans une géographie sociale. Un premier terrain s'intéressant aux accords entre prestataires d'activités sportives et à leurs ancrages au territoire nous conduit à reformuler nos questionnements. Les relations partenariales, concurrentielles ou conflictuelles entre les différents entrepreneurs et les autres acteurs du territoire, ainsi que leurs ancrages locaux, se construisent avec des objets techniques, matériels ou immatériels. La seconde partie de la thèse s'intéresse à la construction collective des accords. La théorie de l'acteur réseau (ou sociologie de la traduction) est mobilisée pour détailler le processus d'intéressement. Trois situations sont observées. Elles concernent les débats autour de la gestion de sites de pratique et la fabrication d'un évènementiel innovant. Les résultats montrent que des réseaux sociotechniques se mettent en place autour de ces situations. Ceux-ci permettent l'enrôlement d'acteurs variés (collectivités, services de l'Etat, professionnels, associations…), endogènes et exogènes au territoire. Le processus d'intéressement donne lieu à la production de solutions collectives, lesquelles engagent souvent l'enrôlement de nouveaux artefacts. Ces instruments de l'action collective agissent lorsqu'ils sont mis en œuvre et débordent parfois des missions qui leur ont été confiées. Ces mouvements locaux mettent en jeu l'identité et la territorialité des acteurs engagés. Ils participent aussi à la production de repères territoriaux. Ainsi, nous observons que le territoire se construit avec ces débats localisés. La synthèse générale propose d'observer les dynamiques territoriales comme un écosystème d'acteurs territoriaux. Cette proposition souligne les relations d'interdépendance entre acteurs (humains et non-humains), endogènes et exogènes au territoire ainsi que la variété des modes de gouvernance associés. Ce travail enrichit l'approche classique de la géographie sociale en proposant une lecture de la composition progressive et toujours en cours des territoires. / This work proposes to identify the processes witch makes change in the rural territories, via innovations of the outdoor recreation activities field. A long period of expansion, diversification and space diffusion, gives to the outdoor recreation activities a biggest dimension, more social, touristic or economic, and makes them taking part in the rural areas recombination. This research object is to understand how the territorial dynamics are builded on various mobilizable local resources, (social, cultural or identity). The territorial innovation implies power plays, cultural representations, an heritage, strategies of development, a project design for example, from which results a territorial co-construction. Indeed, all the territories do not have the same changing capacity. Understand the way in which the innovating process is built appears important to evaluate the territories capacity to engage a durable and relevant transformation, with the local and territorial development point of view.

The main object of this work was suggesting new product packages inclusive outdoor activities in tourism region Šumava. Next objects were making analysis of this region, questionnaire research and suggesting optimal structure of summer and winter outdoor activities in particular packages. In this diploma is suggesting 3 packages. All packages are intended for selling travel agency or other sellers.