N.meningitidis é diplococcus gram-negativo, patógeno estritamente humano que similarmente a outras bactérias é circundado por membrana externa, com lipídios, proteínas (OMP) e lipopolissacárides. Ela tem sido uma das principais causas da meningite e de outras infecções invasoras no mundo. Este trabalho buscou usar o toxóide STX2 de E.coli como adjuvante para um possível e futuro modelo vacinal e como estimulante antigênico, proteínas da membrana externa do meningococo (OMP) transportados em lipossomas. Observaram-se diferenças na produção de anticorpos IgG obtidas entre os camundongos após cada uma das 3 sangrias mas, não quanto ao índice de avidez. A nova preparação antigênica desencadeou um alto título, mesmo após um ano da 1ª imunização, estimulou a produção de anticorpos para outros sítios de ligação e serviu como proteção ao LPS residual dos processos com deoxicolato da OMP, diminuindo toxicidade da preparação IM reduzindo os riscos para idosos e crianças muito pequenas e também, em imunizações de longo termo, com grande vantagem aos sistemas tradicionais. / N.meningitidis is diplococcus gram-negative strict human patogen that similarly to other bacteria are surrounded by external membrane with lipids, proteins (OMP) and LPS. It has been one of the main causes of the meningitidis and other invading infections in the world. This work searched to use STX2 toxoid of E.coli as adjuvant for a possible and future vaccine model and as antigenic stimulant proteins of the external membrane of meningococci (OMP) carried in liposomes. Differences in the production of IgG antibodies gotten between the mice each one of the 3 bleedings had been observed after but not how much to the avidity index. The new antigenic preparation unchained one high heading exactly after one year of 1st immunization stimulated the production of antibodies for other sites of linking and served as protection to the residual LPS of the processes with deoxicolate of the OMP diminishing toxicity of IM preparation reducing the aged risks for and very small children e also, in immunizations of long term with great advantage to the traditional systems.

Neisseria meningitidis é um diplococo Gramnegativo, aeróbio e encapsulado, causador mais comum de meningite e septicemia. Este agente é o principal causador de infecções bacterianas invasivas no mundo. Apesar de existirem 13 sorogrupos de N. meningitidis, apenas 6 são capazes de causar infecção: A, B, C, W135, X e Y. O sorogrupo B difere dos outros sorogrupos patogênicos por sua cápsula polissacáride ter composição idêntica ao ácido policiálico, presente em muitas glicoproteínas humanas, particularmente encontrados no tecido cerebral fetal, e bioquimicamente homóloga com a estrutura molecular de adesão do neurônio. Sendo assim, a cápsula polissacáride não pode ser usada em vacinas conjugadas, pois pode causar autoimunidade, sendo pouco imunogênica. Doenças meningocócicas causadas pelos sorogrupos A, C, Y e W135 podem ser prevenidas pelas vacinas que contêm polissacarídeos capsulares específicos conjugados. Para que uma vacina seja eficaz contra o sorogrupo B, é importante que esta abranja todos os sorotipos e seja capaz de promover imunidade duradoura, principalmente em crianças abaixo de dois anos, as mais acometidas. Vacinas baseadas em vesículas de membrana externa (OMVs, do inglês Outer Membrane Vesicles) de N. meningitidis B são amplamente estudadas. No presente estudo, OMVs de meningococo B (B:4:P1.9) foram associadas a um lipídio catiônico, o dioctadecildimetilamônio (DDA-BF) em preparação antigênica testada em camundongos fêmeas não isogênicos, e comparamos os títulos de anticorpos IgG, IgG1, IgG2a e IgG2b com os anticorpos produzidos por camundongos imunizados com a mesma OMVS associada ao hidróxido de alumínio, por ELISA. As análises foram realizadas com soros de cada animal colhidos individualmente, após 60 dias de imunização. A avidez dos anticorpos também foi analisada por ELISA. Immunoblot e Dot-ELISA avaliaram a reação específica entre a cepa homóloga usada na imunização e a reação a antígenos cruzados com outras cepas de meningococo. A hipersensibilidade tardia (HTT) foi comparada entre os dois grupos experimentais, após o desafio com cepa homóloga em uma das patas, depois de 24 horas da injeção, após 14 dias da primeira dose de imunização. / Neisseria meningitidis is an encapsulated Gram-negative aerobic diplococcus, the most commom meningitidis and sepsis agent , and the major bacterial invasive disease agent worldwide. Infections are caused by only 6 of 13 pathogenic serogroups: A,B,C, W135 and Y. Meningococcal serogroup B differs from the other pathogenic serogroups because it has a capsular polysaccharide identical to the polysialic acid present in many human glycoproteins, in particular, it is similar to carbohydrates found in fetal brain tissue. This is the reason that it does not allow the use of polysaccharide protein in conjugate vaccine, and for its low immunogenic. An effective meningococcal B vaccine development should cover all serotypes and be able to promote long term immunity, mainly in children under 2 years, the most affected age. Meningococcal outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) vaccines are widely studied. In this present study, meningococcal serogroup B OMVs (B:4:P1.9) was associated with a cationic lipid, dioctadecyldimetylammonium (DDA-BF) in an antigenic preparation tested in female outbred mice. Individual serum was collected, and antibodies titles IgG, IgG1, IgG2a were compared with animals immunized with OMVs and aluminium hydroxide, analyzed by ELISA. Analyses were carried out 60 days after first immunization. Antibodies avidity index were also analyzed by ELISA. Immunoblot and Dot-ELISA were carried out to evaluate specific reaction for homologous stranis and cross-reactive antigens present in other meningococcal strains. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was compared between two experimental groups, 24 hours before injection of homologous strain challenge.

Na primeira parte do estudo camundongos Swiss foram imunizados por diferentes vias de imunização com OMVs de Neissera meningitidis com DDA-BF ou HA como adjuvantes . Os adjuvantes e diferentes vias foram comparados quanto às respostas imunes por meio de ELISA ,Immunoblot ,HTT e análise histopatológica. Os animais imunizados apenas com adjuvantes não produziram títulos de anticorpos. Após única dose e decorridos 15 dias, a imunização com HA e antígeno apresentou títulos de IgG mais altos em relação ao DDA-BF nas vias subcutânea, intraperitoneal e intramuscular. Após 2 doses e 66 dias, todas as vias exibiram títulos de IgG, sendo as que receberam o HA com OMVs produziram títulos discretamente mais altos e ainda altos índices de avidez. O perfil da resposta imune quanto ao padrão Th1/Th2 foi avaliado. Ambos adjuvantes promoveram a produção de IgG2a, as respostas variaram de acordo com as vias de imunização utilizada. Enquanto as vias subcutânea e intramuscular induziram títulos semelhantes de IgG2a para ambos adjuvantes, a via intraperitoneal com DDA teve título mais alto. A produção de IgG1 foi modulada apenas por HA, sendo mais robusta na via subcutânea, seguida pela intramuscular com valores muito próximos aos da intraperitoneal. Camundongos isogênicos Balb/c H2d e C57Bl/6J H2b foram imunizados pela via subcutânea. Foram avaliadas as produções de anticorpos do tipo IgG, IgG1 e IgG2a, bem como o índice de avidez de IgG. De modo geral, os grupos de OMVs HA induziram maior produção de anticorpos que OMVs DDA ou apenas OMVs, enquanto os controles HA, DDA e salina não apresentaram níveis de anticorpos. Pelas técnicas utilizadas no estudo não observamos uma diferença significante entre os dois adjuvantes utilizados independente da via e da linhagem de camundongos utilizados. / In the first part of the study Swiss mice were immunized by different routes of immunization with OMVs of Neisseria meningitidis with DDA-BF or HA as adjuvants. Adjuvants and different routes were compared regarding immune responses through ELISA, Immunoblot, HTT and histopathological analysis. Animals immunized with only adjuvants did not produce evidence of antibodies. After single dose and 15 days, of immunization with HA presented antigen specific IgG higher in relation to the DDa-BF in the subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular immunization . After 2 doses and 66 days, all exhibited IgG, and the bonds that received the HA with OMVs produced titles discreetly higher and still high levels of antibodies. The profile of the immune response to Th1/Th2 pattern has been evaluated. Both adjuvants promoted the production of IgG2a, the responses varied according to the immunization routes used. While the subcutaneous and intramuscular routes induced similar titles of IgG2a to both adjuvant intraperitoneal route with had highest title. IgG1 production was modulated only by HA, being more robust in subcutaneous injection, followed by intramuscular with values very close to those of intraperitoneal. Isogenic Balb/c and C57Bl/6J H2d H2b mice were immunized by subcutaneous administration. Been evaluated antibody production of type IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as well as the IgG avidity index. In General, the greater production of OMVs HA induced antibodies that OMVs DDA or just OMVs, while the controls .DDA-BF and controls showed no antibody levels. The techniques used in the study did not observe a significant difference between the two adjuvants used independent of the route and of mice strains used.

Recentemente, o bis-(3\',5\')-di-guanosina monofosfato cíclico (c-di-GMP) surgiu como uma importante molécula sinalizadora nas bactérias. Essa molécula foi identificada como uma das responsáveis pelo controle do comportamento bacteriano e está relacionada com a patogenicidade e a adaptação de diversas bactérias, coordenando a expressão de genes envolvidos com virulência, motilidade e formação de biofilme. O mecanismo pelo qual c-diGMP atua vem sendo motivo de estudo de vários grupos de pesquisa nos últimos anos. Já foi demonstrado o papel dessa molécula em diferentes etapas do controle da expressão gênica. Acredita-se que a manipulação dos níveis de c-di-GMP pode ser uma nova abordagem terapêutica contra bactérias patogênicas. Pseudomonas aeruginosa é uma proteobactéria do grupo gama, que atua como um patógeno oportunista, causando infecções em pacientes imunocomprometidos, sendo o maior causador de infecções crônicas em pacientes portadores de fibrose cística. O genoma de P. aeruginosa PA14 apresenta vários genes que codificam proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo e/ou ligação de c-di-GMP, o que pode indicar um amplo papel regulatório deste nucleotídeo nessa bactéria. Uma associação infundada entre níveis elevados de c-di-GMP e a resistência aos antibióticos é geralmente assumida, já que altos níveis de c-di-GMP levam à formação de biofilme, que é comprovadamente um modo de crescimento mais resistente. Nesse trabalho, utilizando uma abordagem proteômica, mostramos que Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 regula a expressão de cinco porinas em resposta a variações nos níveis de c-di-GMP, independentemente dos níveis de mRNA. Uma dessas porinas, OprD, é responsável pela entrada do antibiótico β-lactâmico imipenem na célula e é menos abundante em condições de alto c-di-GMP. Também demonstramos que linhagens com altos níveis de c-di-GMP apresentam uma vantagem competitiva de crescimento em relação a linhagens com níveis mais baixo de c-di-GMP quando crescidas em meio contendo imipenem. Em contraste, observamos que células planctônicas com elevados níveis c-di-GMP são mais sensíveis a tobramicina. Em conjunto, estes resultados mostram que c-di-GMP pode regular a resistência a antibióticos em sentidos opostos, e independentemente do crescimento em biofilme / Following the genomic era, a large number of genes coding for enzymes predicted to synthesize and degrade 3\'-5\'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) was found in most bacterial genomes and this dinucleotide emerged as an important intracellular signal molecule controlling bacterial behavior. Diverse molecular mechanisms have been described as targets for c-di-GMP, but several questions remain to be addressed. An association between high c-di-GMP levels and antibiotic resistance is largely assumed, since high c-di-GMP upregulates biofilm formation and the biofilm mode of growth leads to enhanced antibiotic resistance; however, a clear understanding of this correlation is missing. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile gamma-proteobacterium that behaves as an opportunistic pathogen to a broad range of hosts. The ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilms contributes to its virulence and adaptation to different environments. The P. aeruginosa PA14 genome presents several genes encoding proteins involved in metabolism or binding to c-di-GMP, which may indicate a wide regulatory role of this nucleotide in this bacterium. Here, using a proteomic approach, we show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 regulates the amount of five porins in response to c-di-GMP levels, irrespective of their mRNA levels. One of these porins is OprD, decreased in high c-di-GMP conditions, which is responsible for the uptake of the β-lactam antibiotic imipenem. We also demonstrate that this difference leads strains with high c-di-GMP to be more resistant to imipenem even when growing as planktonic cells, giving them a competitive advantage over cells with low c-di-GMP. Contrastingly, we found that planktonic cells with high c-di-GMP levels are more sensitive to aminoglycosides antibiotics. Together, these findings show that c-di-GMP levels can regulate the antibiotic resistance to different drugs in opposite ways and irrespective of a biofilm mode of growth.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an attractive host for production of recombinant proteins, since it generally provides a rapid and economical means to achieve high product quantities. In this thesis, the impact of the glucose uptake rate on the production of recombinant proteins was studied, aiming at improving and optimising production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. E. coli can be cultivated to high cell densities in bioreactors by applying the fed-batch technique, which offers a means to control the glucose uptake rate. One objective of this study was to find a method for control of the glucose uptake rate in small-scale cultivation, such as microtitre plates and shake flasks. Strains with mutations in the phosphotransferase system (PTS) where used for this purpose. The mutants had lower uptake rates of glucose, resulting in lower growth rates and lower accumulation of acetic acid in comparison to the wild type. By using the mutants in batch cultivations, the formation of acetic acid to levels detrimental to cell growth could be avoided, and ten times higher cell density was reached. Thus, the use of the mutant strains represent a novel, simple alternative to fed-batch cultures.   The PTS mutants were applied for production of integral membrane proteins in order to investigate if the reduced glucose uptake rate of the mutants was beneficial for their production. The mutants were able to produce three out of five integral membrane proteins that were not possible to produce by the wild-type strain. The expression level of one selected membrane protein was increased when using the mutants and the expression level appeared to be a function of strain, glucose uptake rate and acetic acid accumulation. For production purposes, it is not uncommon that the recombinant proteins are secreted to the E. coli periplasm. However, one drawback with secretion is the undesired leakage of periplasmic products to the medium. The leakage of the product to the medium was studied as a function of the feed rate of glucose in fed-batch cultivations and they were found to correlate. It was also shown that the amount of outer membrane proteins was affected by the feed rate of glucose and by secretion of a recombinant product to the periplasm. The cell surface is another compartment where recombinant proteins can be expressed. Surface display of proteins is a potentially attractive production strategy since it offers a simple purification scheme and possibilities for on-cell protein characterisation, and may in some cases also be the only viable option. The AIDA-autotransporter was applied for surface display of the Z domain of staphylococcal protein A under control of the aidA promoter. Z was expressed in an active form and was accessible to the medium. Expression was favoured by growth in minimal medium and it seemed likely that expression was higher at higher feed rates of glucose during fed-batch cultivation. A repetitive batch process was developed, where relatively high cell densities were achieved whilst maintaining a high expression level of Z. / QC 20110608

Cells sense the properties of the surrounding environment and convert this information into changes in gene expression. Bacteria are, in contrast to many multi-cellular eukaryotes, remarkable in their ability to cope with rapid environmental changes and to endure harsh and extreme milieus. Previously, control of gene expression was thought to be carried out exclusively by proteins. However, it is now clear that small regulatory RNAs (sRNA) also carry out gene regulatory functions. Bacteria such as E. coli harbor a large class of sRNAs that bind to mRNAs to alter translation and/or mRNA stability. By identifying mRNAs that are targeted by sRNAs, my studies have broadened the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie sRNA-dependent gene regulation, and have shed light on the impact that this type of regulation has on bacterial physiology. Control of gene expression often relies on the interplay of many regulators. This interplay is exemplified by our discovery of mutual regulation between the sRNA MicF and the globally acting transcription factor Lrp. Through double negative feedback, these two regulators respond to nutrient availability in the environment which results in reprogramming of downstream gene expression. We have also shown that both the transcription factor CsgD, and the anti-sigma factor FlgM, are repressed by the two sRNAs OmrA and OmrB, suggesting that these sRNAs are important players in the complex regulation that allow bacteria to switch between motility and sessility. Bacterial populations of genetically identical individuals show phenotypic variations when switching to the sessile state due to bistability in gene expression. While bistability has previously been demonstrated to arise from stochastic fluctuations in transcription, our results suggest that bistability possibly may arise from sRNA-dependent regulatory events also on the post-transcriptional level.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-149). Also available on the Internet.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 194-220.