Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2018. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T15:47:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_VictorOliveiraFernandes.pdf: 2203164 bytes, checksum: 7ad140f25258e6eb1c8529479d6651b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-06-05T12:54:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_VictorOliveiraFernandes.pdf: 2203164 bytes, checksum: 7ad140f25258e6eb1c8529479d6651b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T12:54:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_VictorOliveiraFernandes.pdf: 2203164 bytes, checksum: 7ad140f25258e6eb1c8529479d6651b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-04 / Esta dissertação trata da regulação de serviços baseados na internet, comumente chamados de serviços over-the-top (OTT). Em especial, o objetivo do estudo é analisar o regime jurídicosetorial aplicável aos serviços OTT de voz definido a partir da atuação das agências reguladoras de telecomunicações norte-americana e brasileira no recorte temporal das últimas duas décadas. Com base em teorias que consubstanciam prescrições normativas sobre como regular serviços de telecomunicações e internet no contexto pós-convergência tecnológica, o trabalho busca responder à seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: as atuações das agências reguladoras nacionais de telecomunicações no período histórico analisado têm resultado na construção de regimes jurídicos estáveis e horizontais em mercados funcionalmente equivalentes? De início, apontase uma hipótese negativa, tendo em vista as assimetrias regulatórias a que estão submetidos os serviços de telecomunicações e de internet potencialmente substitutivos nas jurisdições analisadas. O expediente investigativo se desenvolve em quatro capítulos. No Capítulo 1, é feita uma breve revisão da ainda incipiente literatura sobre serviços OTT, destacando-se os seus principais aspectos regulatórios controversos e a importância da atuação das agências reguladoras de telecomunicações, no limite da sua competência, para a definição do regime jurídico setorial aplicável àqueles serviços. No Capítulo 2, é realizada uma explicação pormenorizada das teorias de regulação utilizadas neste estudo, destacando-se três prescrições que delas derivam e que são fixadas como variáveis de análise do objeto de pesquisa delimitado. No Capítulo 3, são examinados o enquadramento jurídico dos serviços OTT no âmbito do Telecommunications Act de 1996 e o processo histórico de conformação dos direitos e das obrigações regulatórias aplicáveis aos serviços OTT de voz nessa jurisdição pela Federal Communications Commision (FCC). No Capítulo 4, analisa-se o enquadramento dos serviços OTT na Lei Geral de Telecomunicações (LGT), bem como as possibilidades de regulação desses serviços na interface entre a LGT e o Marco Civil da Internet (MCI). Investiga-se de que forma a Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL) tem definido o regime jurídico setorial dos serviços OTT de voz nos últimos anos e quais são os principais desafios atuais envolvidos na superação das assimetrias regulatórias existentes entre serviços de telecomunicações e os Serviços de Valor Adicionado (SVA). Por fim, a conclusão do trabalho consolida os resultados da análise das experiências nacionais comparadas, apontando em relação a elas (i) uma coincidência quanto ao diagnóstico de insuficiência da bipolaridade normativa entre serviços de telecomunicações e serviços de internet; (ii) uma divergência, ainda que parcial, quanto ao manejo de políticas regulatórias incrementais na definição das obrigações econômicas e sociais aplicáveis os serviços OTT de voz; e (iii) uma ausência comum de perspectivas de reformas estruturais voltadas ao estabelecimento de regimes jurídicos estáveis e horizontais em mercados funcionalmente equivalentes. / This dissertation analyses the regulation of internet-based services, commonly known as overthe-top services (OTT). The study examines the regulatory framework applicable to OTT voice services in light of decisions and procedures implemented by the telecommunications regulatory agencies in USA and Brazil over the last two decades. It addresses the following research question: have the decisions and procedures implemented by the telecommunications regulatory agencies constructed a regulatory framework that apply the same rules to substitutes services? The initial hypothesis is negative, due to distinct regulatory rules applicable to telecommunications operators and internet firms in both jurisdictions. The analysis is undertaken in four chapters. In Chapter One, the dissertation engages in a short review of the currently scarce literature related to OTT regulation. In Chapter Two, it explores legal theories that offer normative prescriptions for regulating telecommunications and internet-based services in the so-called post-technological convergence era. In Chapter Three, it analyses the classification of services established by the North American Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the regulatory procedures related to OTT voice services which were implemented by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over the last two decades. In Chapter Four, the dissertation analyses the legal framework of OTT in Brazil, under the General Telecommunications Law and the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet. It examines how the Brazilian telecommunications agency (Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações – ANATEL) has treated OTT voice services during the analyzed period. It also addresses the current challenges for overcoming regulatory asymmetries between telecommunications services and value-added services in Brazil. In its conclusion, the comparative regulatory analysis indicates (i) an undisputed insufficiency of the legal dichotomy between telecommunications and value-added services; (ii) a partial difference in the implementation of incremental regulatory strategies applicable to OTT voice services and (iii) a common lack of perspective of structural reforms that could establish convergent regulatory policies in functional equivalent markets.

Les services de distribution de contenus évoluent rapidement. Un axe majeur d’évolution concerne la fédération de distributeurs de contenus distincts mettant ensemble leurs ressources respectives et agissant en tant qu’entité unique par rapport aux fournisseurs de contenus (Content Providers). En particulier, nous proposons une solution technique basée sur une architecture centralisée qui permet de prendre des décisions statiques d’établissement et de provisionnement de fédérations ainsi que des décisions de contrôle dynamique de fédérations établies. Nous adressons les aspects statiques de prise de décision en introduisant un modèle d’optimisation que nous appliquons à différents scénarios de fédération d’intérêt pour le marché. Nous démontrons que, quand la demande sur le marché de distribution de contenu est élevée, les distributeurs de contenus ont intérêt, d’un point de vue économique, à fédérer. Dans le contexte de contrôle dynamique de fédérations, nous nous focalisons sur le contrôle d’événements de pointe (peak events) dans une fédération de distributeurs de contenus. Différentes approches de contrôle sont valables à ce niveau. Nous effectuons des simulations basées sur des traces de trafic réelles dans le but de comparer les différentes approches. Nous démontrons que, quand une approche jointe de contrôle d’événements de pointe est adoptée au sein d’une fédération, la fédération réagit mieux à ces événements. Ceci se traduit en un moindre volume de sessions rejetées et en une meilleure résolution vidéo ressentie par les internautes. Notre travail sur la fédération nous conduit à se focaliser sur le rôle d’un Telco dans un contexte fédéré. / Content Distribution Services are evolving fast in various directions. One of them is the federation of CDNs, referring to a number of CDN providers putting together their assets and acting as a single entity with regards to content providers. We introduce a technical solution based on a centralized architecture that allows taking static decisions of federation establishment and provisioning and dynamic decisions of federation control. Static decision-making is enabled through an optimization model that we apply to concrete use cases of federation. We demonstrate that, in case of high market demand, CDN providers always have an interest in federating. In particular, some CDN providers can double their economic gains through federating. In the context of federation dynamic control, we focus on the control of peak events within a federation of CDNs and we introduce different control frameworks at this level. We conduct trace-driven simulations in order to assess different frameworks. We demonstrate that, when a joint approach for events control is adopted within a federation of CDNs, the federation is better resilient to peak events. This translates into a higher hit ratio of the federation and a better video resolution witnessed by end users. Our work on CDN federation leads us to focus on the role of a Telco in this context. In particular, we identify three added-value services that can be proposed by a Telco to a federation of CDNs or to individual Over the Tops (OTTs).We suggest enhancements of the Telco control infrastructure and new Telco APIs in order to enable the proposed services.

As digital technologies rapidly evolve, traditional television is being disrupted by the development of more devices, screens, and content. Over-the-top television [OTT TV] is replacing linear TV at a growing rate. A majority of consumers of over-the-top content are found in the generational cohort, Generation Z. As true digital natives, this generation is comfortable navigating a variety of online TV platforms and devices, while also being more susceptible to short attention-span and information overload. It is therefore necessary to understand how this emerging cohort makes choices in a TV landscape that is becoming increasingly overloaded with new content. The purpose of this study is to understand which user interface components Generation Z takes into consideration when selecting content in OTT TV. Multiple methodologies were selected to investigate these media habits. Think-aloud usability testing and interview determined Generation Z’s natural media behavior while browsing OTT content. Online survey data was collected from a broader sample, comparing Generation Z and Generation Y. It was discovered that both generations have similar behaviors in which user interface components influence content choice. The research also revealed trends in which components are important to Generation Z and why. This research is the first step to making informed and data-driven decisions in the design and implementation of OTT TV platforms for Generation Z, thus lessening cognitive overload and creating optimal user experiences. / Med den digitala teknologins snabba utveckling, förändras traditionell tv i och med inverkan av flera enheter, skärmar och innehåll. Over-the-top-tv [OTT-tv] ersätter linjär tv i en växande takt. Majoriteten av konsumenterna av over-the-top-innehåll finns inom en specifik generation, Generation Z. Som äkta digitala infödingar kan den här generationen lätt navigera ett flertal online-tv-plattformar och enheter, samtidigt som den har kort koncentrationsförmåga och är mer mottaglig för informationsöverbelastning. Det är därför nödvändigt att förstå hur denna växande grupp gör val i ett tv-landskap som blir alltmer överbelastat med nytt innehåll. Syftet med denna studie är att förstå vilka användargränssnitts-komponenter Generation Z tar hänsyn till när de väljer innehåll på OTT-tv. Flera metoder användes för att undersöka gruppens medievanor. Användbarhetstest och intervjuer avslöjade Generation Z: s naturliga beteende när de letar efter OTT-innehåll. Enkätundersökningsdata från en större grupp jämförde Generation Z och Generation Y. Det upptäcktes att båda generationerna har liknande beteenden där användargränssnitts-komponenter påverkar valet av innehåll. Forskningen visade också trender för vilka komponenter som är viktiga för Generation Z och varför. Den här forskningen är det första steget i att göra informerade och datadrivna beslut i design och implementering av OTT-tv-plattformar för Generation Z, vilket minskar den kognitiva överbelastningen och skapar optimala användarupplevelser.

行動通訊網路之國際漫遊(以下簡稱：漫遊)的信令傳遞方式，從早期的通信衛星發展至目前的海底纜線，都屬於高維護成本的電信基礎設施，導致漫遊通話費用成本居高不下。隨著行動通訊網路技術發展，無形中促使OTT（Over The Top）的應用逐漸廣泛，甚至取代原本漫遊通話模式。即便如此，漫遊通話節費產品依然盛行，其主要原因是OTT服務無法提供優於目前行動通訊網路所擁有的特性：高通話品質、高移動性以及通話雙方不受應用軟體或終端裝置型號之限制（如Line無法與微信互通）。 由於漫遊的話務必須透過本地端服務網路或國際合作營運商的協議路由，才能順利將信令送達受話方，如此的程序卻造成Tromboning和Triangular等路由問題，對營運商而言，無形中衍生國際營運商合作的路由接續費用等相關成本。為改善上述問題，本論文的研究方法在不增加電信核心網路元件的基礎架構上使用漫遊閘道，分流處理目前行動通訊網路之漫遊的信令傳遞。採用動態更新漫遊用戶資料機制，降低各電信核心網路元件的運算資源，使漫遊的話務能採用更直接的路徑方式進行路由。 本研究所提出的方法，根據數學理論推導驗證可以發現，漫遊路由成本，不論是路由所需經過的國家數、網路元件數以及營運商連結數等，都能有效降低。模擬實驗結果也顯示，本研究方法能有效降低漫遊呼叫接通的時間，並能提升行動通訊網路前端網路元件的運算效能。在避免Tromboning和Triangular等路由問題的同時，降低營運商的話務路由成本，進而降低漫遊通話費用，提升用戶對漫遊通話使用率，達成雙贏局面。 / The ways of transferring signaling of international roaming, abbreviated to roaming in the following, in mobile communication network evolve from satellite communications, submarine cable communications, etc. The huge maintenance cost of telecommunication infrastructure results in high charge of a roaming call. Through the advancement of mobile communication network technologies, the emergent Over The Top (OTT) applications had been widely spread and began to replace the ways of legacy roaming calls. However, the saving call products still popular is due to OTT services are inferior to those of mobile communication in terms of voice quality and mobility. Apart from this, both parties of OTT services are subject to the same application software, e.g. LINE cannot communicate with WeChat. Since roaming traffic should be delivered through the routing protocol between local service network and international cooperative operators, it may cause Tromboning and Triangular problems. Operators, should thus increase the cost of interconnection due to the corporation among international operators. To resolve the problems, we propose to use roaming gateways based on the underlying infrastructure without adding components to the existing telecommunication core network. Roaming gateways can assist in separate processing of roaming signals delivery of the current mobile communication networks. The proposed method adopts the current registration model when roaming users visit a service network. Aside from this, the method dynamically updates users’ data in order to reduce the use of computing resources of core network components. The method is proved to be able to choose more direct paths in making roaming calls. The proposed method is verified by both mathematical analysis and simulations. The mathematical analysis proves that the proposed method is able to reduce roaming routing cost in terms of numbers of countries, network components and interconnected operators. The simulations show that the proposed method is able to shorten the answering time of roaming calls and enhance the computation efficiency of the front-end components of mobile communication network. In summary, the proposed method is able to solve the routing problems of Tromboning and Triangular as well as reduce the traffic routing cost of operators. As the result, the operators will be able to offer better tariff to users.

In today’s overloaded media landscape, television viewers are constantly confronted with the problem of what media content to select. This media overload speaks directly to the theory of bounded rationality when viewers work to understand all available choices. This thesis presents and evaluates an Internet of Things driven media recommendation concept (IoT TV) which could ease decision making for viewers by providing more personalized media content recommendations. This study evaluates the concept using three focus groups to understand what aspects of IoT TV are important for viewers. IoT TV concept addresses factors such as timing and emotions which influence a media choice extensively. The conducted thematic analysis identifies the four themes: time saving and passing, monitoring people and devices, media choice, and privacy. These themes are treated as the results of this study because the themes describe the important aspects which have to be considered before launching IoT TV. IoT TV will make media content selection easier by saving time and matching content according to emotions. Consequently, IoT TV connection with smart devices which share data about viewers’ time and emotions would solve the problem of media overload. / I dagens överbelastade medielandskap stöter tv-tittare ständigt på frågan om vilket medieinnehåll de ska välja. Denna medieöverbelastning väcker teorier om begränsad rationalitet när tittarna kämpar för att förstå alla tillgängliga valmöjligheter. Denna uppsats presenterar ett rekommendationskoncept för medier drivna av sakernas internet (IoT-tv), som skulle kunna underlätta tittarnas beslutsfattande genom att ge mer personaliserade medieinnehållsrekommendationer. Studien utvärderar konceptet genom tre fokusgrupper för att förstå vilka aspekter av IoT-tv som är viktiga för tittare. Konceptet IoT-tv tar i beaktande sådana faktorer som tajmning och känslor som kan påverka medievalet betydligt. Den utförda tematiska analysen pekar ut följande fyra teman: tidsbesparing och -passning, människo- och enhetsövervakning, medieval samt integritet. Dessa teman behandlas som studiens resultat eftersom de beskriver viktiga aspekter som bör beaktas innan IoT-tv lanseras. IoT-tv kommer att underlätta val av medieinnehåll genom att spara tid och synkronisera innehållet med aktuella känslor hos tittaren. Således skulle smarta tv-enheter med IoT-anslutning som delar data om tittarens tid och känslor, lösa problemet med medieöverbelastning.

Submitted by Luis Claudio Yukio Vatari (luis.vatari@veirano.com.br) on 2016-10-14T14:59:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Minuta Final.pdf: 1135201 bytes, checksum: 6f88a3f86e02bcba1ba93af6db583ca5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2016-10-14T15:21:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Minuta Final.pdf: 1135201 bytes, checksum: 6f88a3f86e02bcba1ba93af6db583ca5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T15:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Minuta Final.pdf: 1135201 bytes, checksum: 6f88a3f86e02bcba1ba93af6db583ca5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-12 / It intends to analyze with the present thesis the conflict of tax jurisdiction between the States and Municipalities, particularly in regard to the rendering of new digital services and services that evolved with the IT (Over The Topo – OTT), therefore, indirectly and intentional limited, the taxation of the new telecommunication services will be analyzed. Because of the theme definition, it has the ambition to exhaust it to bring a solution to the conflict, however it is not intended that the lessons and conclusions remain restricted to the cases only, it is expected that the whole inference arising from this can be transferred to similar cases, which will increase in number due to the tax structure adopted in the Constitution of 1988, in this regards it will be analyze the constitutional foundation of ICMS and ISSQN and its complementary legislation, by passing throughout the examination of federalism and tax competence. / Pretende-se com a presente dissertação analisar o conflito de competência entre as Unidades da Federação Brasileira, especificamente os Estados e as Municipalidades, no que tange às prestações de novos serviços e de serviços que evoluíram com a utilização de tecnologia de informação e comunicação (Over The Top – OTT). Assim, de maneira indireta e propositalmente limitada, examina-se a tributação de novos serviços e tecnologias, pretendendo-se, diferenciar do conflito efetivo de competências de mera subsunção das novas prestações às normas vigentes no sistema constitucional e tributário brasileiro. Em razão da delimitação do tema, tem-se a ambição de tangenciá-lo à exaustão, no entanto não se pretende que as lições e conclusões fiquem adstritas poucos casos selecionados, pelo contrário, espera-se que todas as questões e conclusões decorrentes do presente estudo possam ser transplantadas para casos similares que deverão ser mais comuns nos próximos anos. Para tanto, analisar-se-á a matriz constitucional do ICMS e do ISSQN, bem como a respectiva legislação complementar, passando-se pelo exame dos institutos do federalismo e competência tributária.

The user experience offered by a video streaming service plays a fundamental role in customer satisfaction. This experience can be degraded by poor playback quality and buffering issues. These problems can be caused by a user demand that is higher than the video streaming service capacity. Resource scaling methods can increase the available resources to cover the need. However, most resource scaling systems are reactive and scale up in an automated fashion when a certain demand threshold is exceeded. During popular live streaming content, the demand can be so high that even by scaling up at the last minute, the system might still be momentarily under-provisioned, resulting in a bad user experience. The solution to this problem is proactive scaling which is event-based, using content-related information to scale up or down, according to knowledge from past events. As a result, proactive resource scaling is a key factor in providing reliable video streaming services. Users viewing habits heavily affect demand. To provide an accurate model for proactive resource scaling tools, these habits need to be modelled. This thesis provides such a forecasting model for user views that can be used by a proactive resource scaling mechanism. This model is created by applying machine learning algorithms to data from both live TV and over-the-top streaming services. To produce a model with satisfactory accuracy, numerous data attributes were considered relating to users, content and content providers. The findings of this thesis show that user viewing demand can be modelled with high accuracy, without heavily relying on user-related attributes but instead by analysing past event logs and with knowledge of the schedule of the content provider, whether it is live tv or a video streaming service. / Användarupplevelsen som erbjuds av en videostreamingtjänst spelar en grundläggande roll för kundnöjdheten. Denna upplevelse kan försämras av dålig uppspelningskvalitet och buffertproblem. Dessa problem kan orsakas av en efterfrågan från användare som är högre än videostreamingtjänstens kapacitet. Resursskalningsmetoder kan öka tillgängliga resurser för att täcka behovet. De flesta resursskalningssystem är dock reaktiva och uppskalas automatiskt när en viss behovströskel överskrids. Under populärt livestreaminginnehåll kan efterfrågan vara så hög att även genom att skala upp i sista minuten kan systemet fortfarande vara underutnyttjat tillfälligt, vilket resulterar i en dålig användarupplevelse. Lösningen på detta problem är proaktiv skalning som är händelsebaserad och använder innehållsrelaterad information för att skala upp eller ner, enligt kunskap från tidigare händelser. Som ett resultat är proaktiv resursskalning en nyckelfaktor för att tillhandahålla tillförlitliga videostreamingtjänster. Användares visningsvanor påverkar efterfrågan kraftigt. För att ge en exakt modell för proaktiva resursskalningsverktyg måste dessa vanor modelleras. Denna avhandling ger en sådan prognosmodell för användarvyer som kan användas av en proaktiv resursskalningsmekanism. Denna modell är skapad genom att använda maskininlärningsalgoritmer på data från både live-TV och streamingtjänster. För att producera en modell med tillfredsställande noggrannhet ansågs ett flertal dataattribut relaterade till användare, innehåll och innehållsleverantörer. Resultaten av den här avhandlingen visar att efterfrågan på användare kan modelleras med hög noggrannhet utan att starkt förlita sig på användarrelaterade attribut utan istället genom att analysera tidigare händelseloggar och med kunskap om innehållsleverantörens schema, vare sig det är live-tv eller tjänster för videostreaming.