Darbo tikslas - ištirti, kokiais būdais konstruojama “sava erdvė” Lietuvos ekogyvenvietėse (atvejo analizė). Tikslo keliami probleminiai klausimai: Kaip vyksta ekogyvenvietėje gyvenančių žmonių „savos erdvės“ konstravimas? Kokie veiksniai lemia naujos erdvės konstravimą? Kokios reikšmės sukuriamos konstruojant „savą erdvę“? Tyrimo objektas - „savos erdvės“ konstravimo ypatumai tyrinėjamoje ekogyvenvietėje. Baigiamojo darbo teorinis pagrindas paremtas antropologijos teorijos aspektu. Baigiamojo darbo metodologinį pagrindą sudaro antropologinio tyrimo metodai: neformalūs pokalbiai, pusiau struktūruoti interviu, dalyvaujantis stebėjimas ir stebėjimas, dienoraščio pildymas. Pagal oficialius Lietuvos ekologinių gyvenviečių tinklaraščio duomenis, šiuo metu Lietuvoje yra apie penkiolika ekogyvenviečių. Tokias vietas gyvenimui žmonės renkasi labai atidžiai, nes tokios vietos virsta erdve, kurią patys gyventojai gali užpildyti įvairiausiomis kultūrinėmis reikšmėmis – sukurti ją sau, sukonstruoti “savą erdvę”. „Savoje erdvėje“ ekogyvenvietės gyventojai siekia sukurti utopišką gyvenimo modelį pagal savo įsivaizduojamas taisykles ir patirtis. Priežastys, kurios skatina rinktis tokį gyvenimo būdą yra įtakojamos daugybės veiksnių. Nors stengiamasi atitolti nuo civilizacijos ir visuomenės, tačiau konstruojant “savą erdvę” savotiškai atkartojamas tas pats socialinis modelis. Antroje darbo dalyje, apibrėžiant „savos erdvės“ sąvoką, aptariami du svarbūs aspektai: pirmiausiai tai, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Purpose of the project: to research what are methods of construction of own space in the Lithuanian ecovillages (case study). The issues which have been raised referring to the purpose: What is the process of construction of own space of the people residing in ecovillages? What factors causes contruction of new space? What values are developed during construction of own space? Subject of the research: peculiarities of construction of own space in the ecovillages under research. Theoretical ground of the final project is an aspect of anthropology theory. The methodological basis of the final project consists of the anthropological research methods: participant observation, unstructured interviews, informal conversations, fieldnotes. Data from the official website of the Lithuanian ecological settlements reveal that Lithuania currently has approximately fifteen ecovillages. Such places are selected by people very carefully because the places become the spaces to be filled with different cultural values by the residents, i.e. the residents develop and form their own space. Residents of the settlement strive to develop in their own space the utopian residence model in compliance with the imagined rules and experiences. Reasons to choose such lifestyle are influenced by many factors. Though the people strive to make distance from civilization and society, but construction of own space oddly repeat the same social model. Two important aspects are described in the second part... [to full text]

Indigenous women who are single parents and who have had involvement with social services such as child welfare or social assistance have had to be strong and courageous to maneuver through these large institutions. Over the course of this research, I examined the concept of strength by asking the question “how do Indigenous women perceive their own strengths". This research is grounded in Indigenous methodologies through the worldview that all things are interconnected, all people and things have a soul, and that we have a physical effect on our surroundings as our surroundings affect us. The focus of my research interest is to gain a better understanding of Indigenous women’s strengths through their own lived knowledge and by contextualizing it within the experiences of oppression that they have had as a result of colonization. I undertake a literature review as well as field research to address my research question. For my field research I ask one simple question with probes to better understand their view of the strengths they possess: “Tell me your life story beginning with your earliest memories”. I use the research methodology of storytelling. Storytelling is another form of narrative methodology. Storytelling is about sharing stories from the past and present. To hear stories from the past is vital to our understanding of who we are as Indigenous people as this is how we learn where we come from and who we are. Storytelling is essential to re-claiming our histories. Data was collected from three Indigenous women who I interviewed twice. Two themes emerged from analyzing the data. One theme was oppressions and within the theme of oppressions emerged: assimilation, loss of traditional gender roles in the family, financial systemic oppression, physical and sexual abuses, and addictions. The second theme was strengths. The themes that emerged within strengths were: women being active and having agency, women as protectors of family and community, reconnecting with Spirit – Soul work, and women as keepers of tradition. Indigenous women’s voices and their experiences must continue to be researched and included in today’s education. / Graduate / 0452 / 0453 / 0740 / dfklaws@gmail.com

During the past two decades something fundamental has happened to the relationship between manufacturers and distributor organisations in many European countries. Within a number of product markets, distributors have launched their own products, forcing manufacturing companies to compete with shelf space owners in addition to the "traditional" competition with other manufacturers. Theoretical and empirical findings regarding Distributor Own Brands (DOB’S) offer us a number of explanations of the differences between national markets and product categories in terms of DOB penetration. However, much of this literature is deterministic in its approach: DOB penetration is often seen as a direct consequence of different market conditions, rather than as the result of strategy processes involving a number of decision-makers and their perceptions of market-related and organisational factors.This study investigates how an array of organisational and market related factors are perceived by distributor organisations, and how this is expressed in the organisations’ own brand strategies. To investigate this research problem, a theoretical framework that explicitly takes distributor own brand strategy into consideration when examining proposed determinants of DOB penetration is presented. The empirical study is mainly based on interviews with decision-makers within the central organisations of the two largest distributors within Swedish fmcg distribution: the ICA federation and the consumer co-operation KF. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

Mental health services in Australia (and in most western countries) have undergone considerable changes in the past 20 years. These changes have included the closing or downsizing of the old tertiary institutions and a move towards community treatment of people with a mental illness (consumers). Consumers no longer live in hospitals; as a consequence housing has become an important aspect of their lives. Research has demonstrated that when consumers live in good quality housing of their own choosing they report improved quality of life, more satisfying supportive social relationships, and have fewer admissions. People with schizophrenia are the largest psychiatric diagnostic group treated by the public health system in Australia. As a result of their illness people with schizophrenia often have difficulty in maintaining reasonable quality accommodation and supportive social relationships. A review of the available literature on housing options indicates that, for people with a mental illness, boarding houses are the least desirable type of community housing and that living in their own home is the most desirable. These were the two types of housing chosen for the study. Aims of the study This study aimed to explore the impact of housing on the mental health of people with schizophrenia. Study Design Stage 1 For the initial stage of the project archival data was used to investigate the relationship between types of accommodation and illness patterns of people with schizophrenia. The hypotheses for stage 1 of the project were: 1. Admission rates will be significantly different for people with schizophrenia who are discharged to a private home when compared to those discharged to a boarding house. 2. Length of stay in hospital will not be significantly different for people with schizophrenia discharged to a private home when compared to those discharged to a boarding house. 3. Symptoms, as measured by scores on HoNOS scale, will be significantly different for people with schizophrenia living in a private home when compared to those living in a boarding house. 4. The level of functioning, measured using an LSP 16, will be significantly different for people with schizophrenia living in a private home when compared to those living in a boarding house. Inclusion Criteria The subjects included were between 18 and 65 years of age and had a principal diagnosis of schizophrenia. Findings Findings indicate that people with schizophrenia are more likely to be admitted to hospital if discharged to a boarding house. Surprisingly, results also indicated that while there were no differences in the level of psychiatric symptoms experienced, people with schizophrenia living in boarding houses had less access to social support, meaningful activities and work and had lower levels of global functioning. These findings contradict the conventional wisdom that people with schizophrenia resort to living in boarding houses because of their level of disability. Stage 2 Stage 2 of the study further explored the impact of housing type on the mental health of people with schizophrenia by examining the experience of thirteen people living independently in private homes or in a boarding house. The study aimed to use the experiences of the participants to develop a grounded theory explanation of the impact of housing on people with schizophrenia. Findings from Stage 2 indicated a strong desire amongst all participants to live in their own home. Participants living in their own home had access to more opportunities and resources for staying well than participants living in boarding houses. Those participants who lived in their own home felt they belonged, they felt safe and most importantly they had greater opportunities to make and maintain supportive social relationships with friends and family. Participants reported that stable housing and supportive relationships helped them to stay well.

Sammanfattning   Studiens syfte var att bidra till framtidens kvalitetsarbete i byggbranschen och att utveckla arbetet med kvalitet. I studien kartläggs om det finns faktorer som påverkar kvaliteten i större utsträckning än andra faktorer. Kartläggningen görs genom granskning av ett byggprojekt och Peabs interna kvalitetsarbete i Region Bygg Mellersta, där granskningen sker utifrån Totalkvalitetsbegreppet(Sandholm 2008).   Granskningen utfördes på dokumentation, värdegrundsdokument, egenkontroller och intervjuer för att kartlägga det interna arbetet. Intervjuerna utfördes med samma frågeställningar till alla informanter, dock skiljer sig formuleringar åt mellan hantverkare och ledare inom Peab, se bilaga 1 och 2. I byggprojektet granskades dokumentationen där intervjuerna användes för att säkerställa vad olika yrkeskategorier, inblandade i projektet ansåg om byggprojektet som helhet.   Syfte: Det är att bidra med analys av kvalitetsarbete i byggbranschen och därmed bidra till kvalitetsarbetets fortsatta utveckling. Studien görs för att kunna visa var det ger störst effekt att sätta in resurser för kvalitetsutveckling. Granskningen sker genom en fallstudie av Peabs interna kvalitetsarbete med fokus på Totalkvalitet. Mål: Övergripande mål är att utvärdera Peabs interna kvalitetsarbete för att se om det finns tydliga faktorer som påverkar kvaliteten i större omfattning än andra faktorer och föreslå Peab möjliga förbättringar. Delmål:         Granska egenkontroller och dokumentation på Hasselbols förskola byggd 2013-2014, för att jämföra med Peabs uppsatta mål på byggnaden och om den egna målsättningen i byggnaden uppfylls. Granska kvalitet på egenkontroller och dokumentation på Hasselbols förskola. Intervjua informanterna. Granskning av intervjuerna. Alla granskningar som görs jämförs mot Peabs offentliga värdedokument i form av mål, visioner, policy, strategier & krav och begreppet Totalkvalitet.   Metod: Inläsning på avhandlingar och information om Totalkvalitetsbegreppet. Kartläggning av byggprojektets totala dokumentation gjordes i början av studien tillsammans med arbetsledaren för byggprojektet Hasselbolsförskola. Granskningen sker på byggkontroller och annan dokumentation i projektet knutet till konstruktionen och på det interna arbetet som görs för att säkerställa kvalitén i byggnationen. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utförs med Peabs personal.     Resultat för studien blev att Region Bygg Mellersta Peab uppfyller sina uppsatta mål i byggnaden Hasselbolsförskola. Kontroller och dokumentation på byggprojektet håller hög kvalitet och är genomarbetade där inga brister har funnits vid granskningen. Intervjuerna gav att de anställda i Peab lever upp till företagets värdedokument och två av fyra av företagets kärnvärden är klart dokumenterade under intervjuerna. Intervjuerna gav att platsledningen sticker ut i projektet som exceptionellt bra från platsledningar som vanligtvis är bra. Intervjuerna gav att hantverkarna inte fullt ut känner sig nöjda i sin arbetssituation på företaget. Hantverkarna har en gemensam upplevelse av sin arbetssituation där de upplever att det är svårt att få till kontinuerliga förbättringar som märks ändå ut i produktionen. Den faktor som visar sig vara särskilt viktig för kvalitén i byggprocessen och byggnaden är att ha engagerade och kompetenta ledare i arbetsledningen. Detta innebär att ska företaget satsa någonstans i organisationen, då är det ledarna man ska investera i och utbilda för att uppnå högre kvalitét. I begreppet Totalkvalitet(Sandholm 2008) är det ledarskapet man trycker på för att få till kontinuerliga förbättringar i verksamheten. Denna studie har visat att Totalkvalitetsbegreppet stämmer, att det viktigaste för att lyckas med förändringsarbete är att ha engagerade ledare som driver förändringen i företagen.   Övergripande resultatet: Det håller hög kvalitet i förhållande till begreppet Totalkvalitet(Sandholm 2008) vad gäller ledarskap, information och analys, verksamhetsplanering, medarbetarnas engagemang & utveckling, verksamhetens processer och verksamhetens resultat. Ledningen för Affärsområde Bygg[1] arbetar aktivt med kvalitetet i olika former, ständiga förbättringar, rutiner, mallar, checklistor, utbildning, internrevison, arbetsmetoder, tekniska lösningar, erfarenhetsåterföring, ledningssystem och arbetsmiljö där detta ingår i VLS-verksamhetsledningssystemet.   Analyser av studien Analysen som görs när det gäller energisnåla och nya bygglösningar är kraven högt satta inom Peab, detta gäller också kundnöjdheten. Det var hög kvalitet på dokumentationen där det finns bara positiva saker att säga om dokumentationen i sin helhet. Utifrån att det är en omfattande dokumentation i projektet och inga fel har hittats vid granskningen. Dokumentationen är genomarbetad och välgjord av platsledningen i projektet. Projektdokumentationen har påverkats redan från uppstart under projekteringstiden av arbetsledningen som har gjort all dokumentation. Kraven som finns på dokumentation i alla projekt är Peabs egna riktlinjer & skallsatser[2], lagkrav och byggherrekrav. Intervjuerna ger olika bilder: Den första bilden ges av ledarna inom Peab, där de ger bilden av den höga kvalitetsambition som företaget har i sina mål. Deras kompetens, engagemang, förändringsvilja, prestigelöshet och ambitioner i sitt arbete med att driva Peab mot framtiden. Den andra bilden ges av hantverkarna där det finns en viss frustration, tolkningen som görs är att de inte känner sig delaktiga fullt ut i byggverksamheten i alla byggprojekt. Hantverkarna upplevde att i Hasselbols förskoleprojekt fungerade allting mycket bra under byggproduktionen och de var nöjda med projektet. Hantverkarna ansåg att byggprojektet höll högre klass än det som de vanligtvis är vana vid ute i de bra byggprojekten. Den tredje bilden ges när det handlar om Peabs framtida utveckling, där alla informanterna är helt överens om att företaget måste utvecklas ständigt för att ligga med i framkant i byggbranschen.   Övergripande analys: Peab har god styrning och därmed goda förutsättningar att vidareutveckla verksamheten mot de egna målen, i de delar där man ännu inte har nått fram dit regionen vill vara. Tolkningen är att Peab kontinuerligt arbetar med ständiga förbättringar i verksamheten på alla nivåer och bedömningen är att man i Region Bygg Mellersta helt arbetar efter Totalkvalitetsmodellen SIQsmodell (Sandholm 2008, s.64) av de intervjuer som har gjorts och av dokumentation från projektet Hasselbols förskola som har granskats. Peab har bestämt att det ska göras arbetsberedningar med personalen i byggprocessen under byggnationen, vilket alla arbetsledningar ska göra på ett tydligt sätt för hantverkarna. Kan detta göra att missar i kommunikationen undviks och att byggfel minskar i produktionen, samt att det blir ett bättre flyt i byggproduktionens alla delar? Peab bör se över hur man tar in information för att säkerställa att arbetsberedning skett. I Region Karlstad under Division Väst[3] genomfördes en riktad insats mot arbetsberedningar och dess redovisning. Då lyfte sig hela organisationen när det gäller redovisningen av arbetsberedning på Aktivitetskorten i byggprojekten. Har alla ledare inom Peab fått ta del av den interna kvalitetssatsning, ”Rätt Från Mig”[4]? Ja, enligt Berg[5] har alla ledare inom regionen tagit del av denna satsning där arbetsberedningar ska användas i byggproduktionen. Peab började använda sig av arbetsberedningar redan under 70-talet. Trots det upplever hantverkarna fortfarande ibland att det i vissa byggprojekt inte alltid genomförs arbetsberedningar kontinuerligt i alla projekt ute i byggproduktionen. Enligt Berg använder alla platsledningar sig av arbetsberedningar, vilket redovisas i Aktivitetskorten. Varje arbetsberedning har ett Aktivitetskort[6] knutet till sig. Enligt Berg skiljer det sig mellan olika platsledningar hur duktig man är på att redovisa på sina Aktivitetskort. Alla platsledningar är inte lika noggranna med att föra in gjorda återkopplingar på utförda arbetsmoment i sina Aktiviteskort.   Synpunkter från hantverkarna är också att när det görs arbetsberedningar att platsledningen inte alltid följer upp arbetet med en utvärdering av hur byggmomenten har fungerat ute på bygget. Hantverkarna efterlyser att arbetsberedningar och utvärderingar som har gjorts, ska börja märkas mer i byggproduktionen ute på byggarbetsplatsen. Framförallt då hantverkarna kommer in i nästa byggprojekt, men här upplever hantverkarna att ofta stöter de på samma problem som var i föregående byggprojekt.   Uppfattningen är i studien att den kritik hantverkarna har generellt inte gäller arbetsledningen för det granskade projektet. I det granskade projektet har alla som blivit intervjuade och arbetade i projektet, tyckt att detta projekt har fungerat mycket bra. Bedömningen är att platsledningen i projektet Hasselsbols förskola har varit bra på att lyssna och att få alla engagerade i byggprojektet. Hantverkarna bekräftar att platsledningen i projektet har varit noga med att göra arbetsberedningar och sedan göra uppföljning av hur det gick under arbetsmomenten. Detta syns också i studiens granskning av deras Aktivitetskort att de har en välgjord dokumentation av sina arbetsberedningar. När hantverkarna tillfrågades om projektet ställdes frågan om de tyckte att det blev för mycket information, när det blev regelbundna arbetsberedningar. Ingen av hantverkarna ville säga att det blev för mycket information men känslan som fås är att de i början av projektet tyckte det. Det var först när hantverkarna kände vilket bra flyt i arbetet det gav på byggarbetsplatsen som de uppskattade att platsledningen använde sig av kontinuerliga arbetsberedningar med uppföljningar. En hantverkare säger: - ”I Sunne var det bra med arbetsberedningen där platsledningen körde väldigt mycket med detta faktiskt. Det är nog nästan första bygget som det har varit genomgående med detta.” Tolkningen som har gjorts i studien är att hantverkarna inte är vana vid detta sätt som platsledningen bedrev sitt ledningsarbete på byggarbetsplatsen men att de uppskattade det och att de skulle vilja ha det arbetssättet i alla byggprojekt. Hantverkarna vill ha ett jämnt flyt i sitt arbete när de bygger och detta fick de i projektet Hasselbolsförskola.   Förändringsförslag till Region Bygg Mellersta Peab ska: Lyfta upp arbetsberedningsmöten i organisationen till platsledningar igen där man beskriver ekonomiska vinster och nyttan med att använda sig av arbetsberedningsmöten. I det arbetet ute på byggarbetsplatserna är det viktigt att arbetsberedningar genomförs på ett tydligt sätt i verksamheten. Vikten av att använda arbetsberedning som metod i byggproduktionen för att förenkla och klargöra samtliga pågående byggmoment i och utanför byggnaden, av alla inblandade parter som är delaktiga i uppförandet av konstruktionen. Det finns i det granskade projektet ett gott exempel på en platsledning som kan användas för att belysa detta ur ett arbetsperspektiv, inom Region Bygg Mellersta för platsledningar i Peab. Då denna platsledning har fått väldigt bra kritik av de hantverkare som har deltagit i projektet Hasselbolsförskola.   Internt ta reda på hur många platsledningar eller projekt det finns där hantverkarna upplever att det inte förekommer kontinuerliga gemensamma möten/arbetsberedningar för genomgång av byggprojektet och dess fortskridande. Peab har ju sin medarbetarenkät Handslaget en gång om året, där skulle man kunna rikta frågor till hantverkarna för att få frågan kartlagd. Här skulle man även kunna få svar på om det är något de saknar på arbetsberedningen, hur man upplever att uppföljning sker av arbetsberedningen och hur man tycker att platsledningarna sköter det här ute i sina projekt. Kanske skulle man även rikta frågan till de som jobbar i platsledning för att få deras bild av hur det fungerar. Skattningen som görs är att mycket skulle vara vunnet om hantverkare och platsledning börjar se samma bild av vad arbetsberedningen ska göra och hur man får ut det mesta av den. Kartläggningen av arbetsberedningen kan användas för att lyfta fram, goda exempel som redan finns inom Peab.   Säkerställa internt att erfarenhetsåterföringen som görs används på ett sådant sätt att det börjar märkas även ute i byggverksamheten.   Företaget bör se över möjligheten att ge hantverkarna återkoppling på erfarenhetsåterföring på ett tydligare sätt än vad som görs idag. Ett förslag kunde vara om det sker någon form av slutrapportering från varje projekt att man skriver ner den informationen i en kort resumé och skickar ut till alla egna hantverkare som deltagit i projektet. Då alla hantverkare inte är kvar på byggarbetsplatsen till sista arbetsveckan och när byggprojektets sammanställning görs är det oftast bara en av hantverkarna som deltar vid byggprojektets utvärdering. Då skulle en kortresumé leda till att alla får ta del av samma information om byggprojektet och känna sig delaktiga. Förslagsvis tar man i kortresumén med dels hur utfallet av produktionen blev men också omständigheter som påverkade projektet i större omfattning, samt nyckelfaktorer till att projektet blev framgångsrikt.   Internt ta reda på vad det är för faktorer som gör att man inte har alla byggritningar klara innan start av ett byggprojekt. Kan man förändra något i förprojekteringsfasen för att hjälpa beställaren att snabbare komma till insikt med vad det är man önskar sig i den tilltänkta byggnationen.   Säkerställa att hantverkarna får en bättre och tydligare återkoppling på det de gör. Detta för att personalen ska känna att de är värdefulla och en viktig del i företaget. Det är önskvärt att återkopplingen sker kontinuerligt i hantverkarnas dagliga arbete. Detta är kanske något som också skulle kunna lyftas in när återkoppling görs på tidigare gjorda arbetsberedning och dess arbetsmoment.   Se över hur platsledningarna driver byggprojekten ute på byggarbetsplatsen. Det upplevda är att man med små förändringar i sitt sätt att leda projekt skulle kunna underlätta för hantverkarna i deras dagliga arbete. Hur man som ledare agerar i sin yrkesroll ute i byggproduktionen. Det är viktigt att bygga upp en teamkänsla där alla som deltar i uppförandet av konstruktionen, ska kunna vara del av ett gemensamt lag på väg mot samma mål.   Förväntade resultat innan studien Skattningen som gjordes innan Region Bygg Mellersta granskades var att om det fanns brister skulle det hittas i dokumentationen och att alla tidigare studier skulle vara implementerade på Peab.   Resultatet av det förväntade efter studien Dokumentationen som gjordes i projektet visade sig vara i mycket hög klass med sitt innehåll och det fanns inget att anmärka på. Studier som gjorts tidigare på Peab Sverige var inte helt implementerade i verksamheten på Region Bygg Mellersta. Det ger ändå ett bra resultat för Peab då det som inte är implementerat, är på väg att föras in på företaget. Endast en punkt fanns inte med alls och det gäller en viss modell för hur Peab hanterar ordning & reda enligt 5S-principen, då regionen inte använder sig av denna arbetsmetod alls.   Nyckelord: Totalkvalitet, Peab, internverksamhet, egenkontroller. [1] Förkortas: AO Bygg och innehåller all byggverksamhet för företaget i Sverige. Se kap. 3.3 för att ta del av hela Peabs organisation. [2] Skallsats är rödmarkerad på Peabs Produktionsprocesskarta från 2013-09-16. [3] Innan september 2013 hörde man till Region Karlstad under Division Väst, Peab Sverige AB. [4] Handlar om projektering, planering & beredning, logistik och laganda. [5] Jonas Berg, chef produktionsstöd, Region Bygg Mellersta, Peab Sverige AB, intervju den 30 april 2014. [6] Aktivitetskort: Görs i tre steg- Planeringsprocessen, Under arbetsberedning, Återkoppling efter att arbetsmomenten utförts ska dokumenteras inklusive eventuella egenkontroller som finns med i aktivitetskortet ska signeras med namn och datum. / Abstract   The intent of this study was to contribute to the future quality work in building construction line of business. By making a survey over potential factor that contribute to quality and to evaluate if there are some factors that contribute more than others to achieve quality. The study was done by reviewing a building project and Peab´s internal quality work in Middle Region of Building. There this study is based upon the concept of “Total quality”(Sandholm 2008), when analysing all facts that was confirmed in this survey. The research is based on documentation, company values, own building controls of quality and to do interviews with nine staff members to evalute the internal work at the company. All interview´s is based on the same questions, where some of the questions have different wording between leaders and craftsmen to get all staff to fully participate when answering each question, look at appendix 1 and 2. The documents and interviews where used to investigate what had happened in the construction process at the building site in this project. Where the interviews also contributed to get a clearer picture of what different professions felt during the whole process when building up Hasselbols kindergarten to a finished building.   Purpose: To contribute with analysis to future perspective of quality in the building branch of construction companies. The intention is to establish where it is more important to put in resources to gain a good quality process in the construction process out at building site. This case study is based on the company Peab and their internal work with quality, the research work has been done with the perspective of Total quality. Goal: To establish if there are factors that in a higher level influence quality then other factors at Peab in their internal quality work. Overlapping goal is to examine the internal quality work and to give the company suitable improvements to introduce in there working process.   Sub targer: It is to evaluate own controls of quality done by the company and documentation in the building project Hasselbols kindergarten built under the years 2013 to 2014. This is then compared with own demands made by Peab in the building and to evaluate if they succeed with their goals in this building project. It is to examine the quality level in own controls and in documentation that has been done in the project. It is to do the interviews with staff members at the company in this region. It is to analysis the interviews. All analysis is based on and compared with company values and goals, visions, policy, strategy & demands of the company and the concept of Total quality.   Method: Studies of Total quality as a concept was done by reading earlier done studies and other documents, to understand how it has been used in different line of business, companies and countries. The projects all documentation was overviewed together with foreman of Hasselbols kindergarten project. Further investigation was done in building controls of the construction, other documentation done in the project tied to quality in construction and documentation of the internal work to establish quality in all steps of the progress in the building project. Staff to Peab was interviewed with semi structured method.   Result of the case study at Middle Region of Building The company managed to fulfill their own demands of quality in the project Hasselbols kindergarten. All internal controls and documentation in the project holds high quality. There were no remarks to be done by the cause of information missing in the project documents. The interview indicates that the employees in Peab stand for the company values in high extent. Two out of four key values is clearly visible in the interview´s that has been done. Interview shows that management for the examined project is better than average in the company for a management which is normal at good standard. Interview gave that the tradespeople are not fully satisfied in there working day at the company. They all share the same feeling of that it is tough to get continual improvements to make a difference in the next building production; it means that the same problems appear at the next building site again and again. The factor that showed up as crucially to gain quality in the building process and in the building is to have committed and skilled leaders in the management of the building project in the company´s organization. This means that if a company is to put in an effort to upgrade quality in the organization even more, the company must invest in their leaders with extension courses to gain higher quality. In the concept of “Total quality”(Sandholm 2008), it is the leadership that holds forward to succeed with continual improvements in the organization. This study shows that the concept of “Total quality” is accurate when pointing out that engaged leaders that drives improvements forward are the best way to drive the organization forward. This is the key factor to succeed with reorganizing the work functions at a company.   Survey over the result at the company: It do holds high quality in relation to Total quality(Sandholm 2008) as a concept in leadership, information and analysis, production planning, the employed show a great interest in the company´s working methods and communicate the importance about their personally progress in the company, working process and the end result of the product. The leading management in the production line of building in Peab is actively working with quality in different ways, works on improvements on a day to day basis, routines, several of templates, different check list´s, internal education, internal revision, working methods, solutions of technical methods, collection of experience to improve building process, management system and the working environment. These things are all part in the concept that together is called the managements leading system (in Swedish VLS-VerksamhetsLedningsSystem). Analysis of the study The analysis show that the building company Peab has in all building projects, high owns demands that should be achieved in every project. When it comes to sustainable environment, energy saving, new building solutions and customers satisfaction. It was high quality in the documentation there it is only positive things to say about the documentation in the project. It was made a considerable amount of documentation in the project and not a single mistake was found in review. The documentation is of good workmanship and utterly done of the management in the project. The project documentation has been influenced from the management leaders in this project already from the very beginning of the projecting time of this project. The management of this project has made all documentation by them self’s in this project. The demands for documentation in Peab are guidelines & must do demands[1], law demands and customer demands.   The pictured image that appear after the interviews are not all the same: The first picture is from leading staff to Peab. They improve even more the picture that the company has made up in their own goals. The staff adequacy, engagement, will of variability, no need for prestige and in their work they have ambitions to lead the company Peab into the future. The second picture is from the craftsmen, that they feel a frustration in their working environment on every day basis. The interpretation is that the craftsmen do not feel that they fully get the opportunity to participate, in the working process at the building site in all building project. The craftsmen felt that everything worked out very well in Hasselbols kindergarten project and there were all satisfied with the construction process at this build. The craftsmen considered this project was made in a higher level of the management then they are used to out at building sites, where the management usually holds a good standard when leading building projects. The third picture is given from all staff members about the company Peab and it is development towards the future. They all have the same opinion about the company that it must develop on an everyday basis, to still be in a key position into the future. Overlapping analysis: Peab has good control and there by good opportunities to develop the function and enterprise goals within the company, in those parts there the company has not succeeded in yet. After studying both the documentation and the interviews is the interpretation, that Peab continually works with improvements in the organization of every level in the organization. Middle Region of Building fully works by Total quality model SIQ-model(Sandholm 2008, s. 64). Peab has decided that all project leaders should use procurement of work in the production line out of the building site with the staff. If that was done by every project management in production line in a more visible way to the craftsmen. Could this lead to that misunderstanding in communication can be avoided and even defects in the building under construction time reduces, would this also create a better flow in all parts of the building production? Peab as a company should acquire how the information can be secured, that a procurement of work out at the building site has been done. Peab has already done a guided activity against this procurement of work before 2014 in earlier Region Karlstad in Division West[2], with improved the whole organization when it comes to accounting “Activities cards” of the projects activities. Have all leaders within Middle Region of Building been educated in this quality improvement “Things Done Right by Me”[3]? Yes, through Berg[4] it has been confirmed that all leaders have participated in this material of quality education in the region, there all management shall use the method of procurement of work out in the building production. Peab Sweden AB started to use the method with procurement of work in the 1970´s. The craftsman experience is, that not all leaders of management use the method in such a way that the craftsmen always notice that it has been done.   According to Berg all management of building projects are using the method of procurement of work, it is clear when inspecting each projects documentation that has been done when looking in to if they have done all demands by Peab guidelines that has to be done in all building project. In all procurement of work there is an Activity card tied to each and every one, which has to be accounted for. All managements do not use the same accuracy, when writing down in their Activity cards after that they have done the procurement of work. The craftsmen also think that it is important when the management have done the procurement of work, that they after wards must also do the project control too see how the actives went on during installation time. The craftsmen also ask for that all the procurement of work and project control that have been done, must become more visible and noticeable out in the building production line at the building site for the craftsmen. In particular when the craftsmen come into new building projects, but here they feels that the same problem occur again and again in the following building project that they come into.   Improvements to be done in Middle Region of Building They should at Peab: To lift up the procurement of work again in the production line of building, display the benefits and the good use to gain from using the procurement of work. It is important that management use the working method in a clear and visible way during construction time of the building. The crucial is to in an easy way present all coming steps in the construction production that is going to be made by all involved in the project. The essential of having procurement of work shall be mediated out to management in building line of production. There is one suitable example located within this region of the company with leaders of management, that already use this method under construction time there all staff members is satisfied. They can show this procurement of work from a working perspective of opportunities in the construction work.   Internal search for how many leaders of management in production line there the craftsman do not conceives that procurement of work has been done out in building site, with joined meetings to go through the building project and construction progress with it. Peab has an annual staff question form “Handslaget”, there Peab could put up questions to answer only for the craftsmen for Peab to get a survey over procurement of work. Here could Peab get some answers if the staff are missing something in the procurement of work, how the staff feels about the project control in procurement of work and how the craftsmen thinks about how managements drives this at building sites. It could be used for bringing forward good examples in the organization. Maybe could the question about procurement of work even be asked to staff in management, to get their image of how it works out in the fields of operation? The estimation that is done here is that if all personnel did have the same point of view of the work load of how the procurement of work should be done to get the most out of it for all staff at building site. The company would there by gain efficient and flow in the working process when building.   To secure that knowledge of experience that has been done is going to be used, in a way that it starts to show at the next building site as well.   The company should overview the possibility to give the craftsmen the knowledge of experience/feedback in a clearer way then today. This could eventually be done of the project management by making a short summary over the building project and then send it out to all staff member that have been engaged in the building project. All craftsmen are not left in the building project until it is ended, this should make that they all get to take part in the project by getting the same information when it is finally done. Peab has usually only one craftsman together with management that is taking part in making up the final summery of the project. A short summery that is send out to all craftsman involved in the building process, would lead to that all staff will get the same information of the building project. The information should include the outcome of the project building line but also circumstances that influenced the project in a larger perspective, knowledge that has come out of the building project and even key factors to the project success shall be a part of the summary.   Search for internal factors to what cause there is that makes building project start before all drawings at the building is finished. Is it possible in any way to change something in the planning process of the building project, which could help the client to easier make deliberations of what they want to establish in the new desired building? By doing some changes it could make it easier to achieve drawings in an earlier stage then today.   Insure that the craftsman get better and clearer feedback on what they done in their work. That the craftsmen can feel that they are valuable for the company and an important part in production line of building. It is desirable that the feed-back is given in a continuous way in the craftsman daily work. It even might be fitted into the procurement of work when feed-back is done over earlier done work stages of installation.     To examine how management leads the process of the project out at the building site under construction. It seems as small changes in management leading would improve the craftsman working day at the building site. How the leading management act in their leading profession out in the production line at site. It is important to create team-spirits where all committed to the project are a part of and includes in the process of construction work, towards the same goal of the project as one unit of a team.   Expected result                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     The estimated result before reviewing Middle Region of Building was that if there were going to be some absence in information it should have been in the documents of the project and that all earlier surveys should be implemented in Peab.   After done review the expected results turned out to be The documentation had high quality in it is contents and there was nothing to remark on. All studies done at Peab Sweden AB where almost but not entirely implemented in the function at Middle Region of Building. It turned out to be a good result for Peab those things that not were implemented fully is going to be implemented soon at Peab. Only one thing was not implemented it was a working method that Middle Region of Building did not use in the construction work of tool handling in the company.   Keywords:     Total quality, Peab, internal function, own controls. [1]Must do demands is marked in red on the map of productions line at Peab, made on the 16th of September 2013. [2]In 2014 changed Karlstad Region, West Division to Middle Region of Building (there Central Sweden is the new region). [3]The material is about projecting, planning & procurement of work, logistics and team-spirit. [4] Jonas Berg Manager of production support, Middle Region of Building, Peab Sweden AB, the interview was made on the 30th of April 2014.

Os valores e a cultura dos designers fazem parte do processo projetual e podem ser considerados de extrema relevância, visto que a cultura do designer pode ser uma fonte de inovação e de criatividade no decorrer do processo projetual do design. Este trabalho aborda o papel das referências culturais do designer gráfico no seu processo de trabalho. Busca descrever como os designers gráficos atuantes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, mais precisamente na cidade de Porto Alegre, percebem o efeito de suas atividades culturais e de seu ambiente cultural em seu repertório e na sua prática projetual. O estudo busca caracterizar a relação entre a cultura do designer e a prática de design gráfico, identificar a presença do repertório cultural no discurso dos designers gráficos e identificar os fatores que emergem como relevantes no discurso dos designers gráficos. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas com seis designers gráficos atuantes em Porto Alegre. A análise das entrevistas sugere que, em todos os casos, o desenvolvimento profissional está relacionado com o repertório cultural, ficando claro o quanto esses designers reconhecem que sua atividade profissional é afetada por seu repertório e ambiente cultural. Foram identificados sete fatores que emergem como relevantes no discurso dos designers gráficos e que podem explicar suas trajetórias profissionais: formação orientada a uma profissão criativa desde a infância; busca por uma atividade criativa; influência das artes plásticas; conhecimento de outras culturas (viagens, história); aprendizagem por meio de troca com colegas experientes; ampliação constante do repertório (eventos culturais, cursos); e relacionamento com clientes. / Values and culture of designers are part of design process and can be considered extremely relevant, since a culture of designer can be a source of innovation and creativity during design process of design. This study approaches the role of cultural references of graphic designer in their work process. Search describe how graphic designers actants in Rio Grande do Sul state, more precisely in the city of Porto Alegre, perceived the effect of their cultural activities and their cultural environment in their repertoire and their design practice. This study aims to characterize the relationship between culture of design and graphic design practice, identify presence of cultural repertoire in graphic designers' discourse and identify factors that emerge as relevant in the discourse of graphic designers. For that interviews with six graphic designers actants in Porto Alegre. Analysis of interviews showed that, in all cases, the professional development is related with cultural repertoire, becoming clear how much these designers recognize that their professional activity is affected by your repertoire and cultural environment. Seven factors were identified that emerge as relevant in the graphic designers’ discourse and may explain their professional trajectories: formation oriented to creative profession since childhood; search for creative activity; influence of visual arts; knowledge of other cultures (travel, history); learning through exchanges with experienced colleagues; constantly expanding repertoire (cultural events, courses); and customer relationships.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims at examining the possibility of an ethical interpretation of the Fifth Cartesian Meditation from a phenomenology of the own and the alien. The methodology used articulates some historic topics in a systematic reconstruction of fundamental concepts of the Husserlian text based on the Cartesian Meditations and also with the help of specialized bibliography. The following steps were taken to achieve that aim. First, the examination and explicitation of the theoretical solipsism problem, the notion of transcedental Ego in Husserl´s work and the constitution of the transcendental Intersubjectivity. The importance that such notion has will be taken into account referring to our conceptual construction on the possibility of consciences communication, that is, of the transcendental Intersubjectivity constitution and, consequently, the constitution of the objective world. The second step will start from the results of the investigation about the constitution of intersubjectivity to examine the category of alterity under the possibility of elaborating a phenomenological ethics based on the concept of responsibility described from inter-human relationships. Contemporary phenomenologists works, like Ricoeur, Lévinas e Waldenfels, will be used as mediators so that we can investigate whether the description of the experience with the alien (not-own) can be read in Husserl as an ethical problem. From those results we will investigate the possible ethical implications contained in the intersubjectivity category. The hypothesis we will be working with is that Husserl would have left open, from the Fifth Meditation, the possibility to think the beginning of a conscience of responsibility from the relation of an own sphere and a alien sphere, as thought of by some of his disciples, which would allow us to think of ethics from Husserl and not the contrary. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho consiste em examinar a possibilidade de uma interpretação ética da Quinta Meditação cartesiana a partir de uma fenomenologia do próprio e do estrangeiro. A metodologia utilizada articula alguns tópicos históricos em uma reconstrução sistemática de conceitos fundamentais do texto husserliano, com base na obra Meditações Cartesianas, utilizando o auxílio de bibliografia especializada. Os passos do processo são os seguintes: Primeira etapa. Exame e explicitação do problema do solipsismo teórico e da noção de Ego transcendental na obra de Husserl, e a constituição da Intersubjetividade transcendental. Aqui, será levada em conta a importância que tal noção ocupa no que diz respeito à nossa construção conceitual acerca da possibilidade da comunicação das consciências, ou seja, da constituição da Intersubjetividade transcendental, e, por conseguinte, a constituição do mundo objetivo. Segunda etapa. A partir dos resultados da investigação acerca da constituição da intersubjetividade, iremos examinar a categoria da alteridade sob a possibilidade de elaboração de uma ética fenomenológica. Esta baseada no conceito de responsabilidade, descrito a partir das relações inter-humanas. Utilizaremos como interlocutores fenomenólogos contemporâneos tais como Ricoeur, Lévinas e Waldenfels de modo a investigar se a descrição da experiência com o estrangeiro (não-próprio) pode ou não ser lida, já em Husserl, como um problema ético. Partindo desses resultados, investigaremos as possíveis implicações éticas contidas na categoria da intersubjetividade. A hipótese com a qual iremos trabalhar é a de que Husserl teria deixado em aberto, a partir da Quinta Meditação, a possibilidade de pensarmos o início de uma consciência de responsabilidade a partir da relação entre uma esfera própria com uma esfera estrangeira, como pensado por alguns de seus discípulos, o que nos permitiria pensarmos a ética a partir de Husserl e não o contrário.

A diminuição do custo do capital das empresas por meio de um maior nível de transparência na divulgação de informações é apoiada pela literatura em duas correntes teóricas. A primeira afirma que um maior disclousure aumenta a liquidez das ações no mercado e, assim, reduz o custo de capital da organização pela redução dos custos de transação ou pelo aumento na demanda por títulos da empresa. A segunda corrente de pensamento sugere que maior transparência pode reduzir o custo de capital pela redução do risco não diversificável de estimativa. Com base nisso, o objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar a existência de relação entre o nível de transparência das empresas que compunham o índice BOVESPA na data base de 29 de dezembro de 2005 e o custo de capital próprio dessas empresas. Além das variáveis custo de capital próprio e transparência, foram usadas como variáveis de controle, o tamanho da empresa, o grau de endividamento e a relação entre o preço da ação e o valor patrimonial da empresa. Para testar a relação entre transparência e custo de capital próprio no mercado brasileiro, foi utilizada uma regressão múltipla do tipo seção transversal entre a variável dependente custo de capital e a variável independente transparência. O R-múltiplo foi de 0,3969, indicando que as variáveis do modelo são positivamente correlacionadas. No entanto, a análise do R-Quadrado mostra que apenas 15,75% da variação do custo do capital deve-se às variações das variáveis independentes utilizadas no modelo de regressão. Em linhas gerais, os resultados desse trabalho não permitem afirmar que um maior grau de transparência implica em uma redução significativa do custo de capital das empresas brasileiras no período estudado, corroborando o resultado de algumas pesquisas nacionais e internacionais levantadas na revisão bibliográfica. / The reduction of the costs of the companies´ capital by means of a bigger level of transparency in the spreading of information is supported by literature in two theoretical chains. The first one affirms that a greater disclosure increases the liquidity of stocks in the market and, thus, reduces the cost of the organization´s capital by the transaction costs reduction or by the increase in the demand for equities of the company. The second theoretical chain suggests that bigger transparency can reduce the cost of capital by the reduction of the estimated not diversifiable risk. Based on this, the objective of this research is to verify the relation between the level of transparency of the companies of which were part of the index of the São Paulo stock exchange (BOVESPA) more specifically on December 29th of 2005 and the cost of these companies´ capital. Other control variables were used; besides the cost of the companies own capital and transparency, the size of the company, the degree of liabilities and the relation between the price of shares and the equity value of the company. To test the relation between transparency and cost of the companies own capital in the Brazilian market, capital cost was used in a multiple transversal section regression between a variable dependable capital cost and the variable independent transparency. The R-multiple was of 0,3969, indicating that the model´s variable are positively correlated. However, the analysis of R-Square shows that only 15.75% of the variation of the cost of the capital was a result of variations of the used independent variables in the regression model. As a whole, the results of this research do not enable to affirm that a bigger degree of transparency implies in a significant reduction of the cost of capital of the Brazilian companies in the studied period, confirming the result of some national and international research in the bibliographical revision.

Meu objetivo nesta pesquisa é entender a noção de \"corpo próprio\" pensada por Merleau-Ponty nas suas primeiras obras. Trata-se de uma noção \"cara\" ao filósofo, levando-o a questionar e a dialogar tanto com a filosofia quanto com a psicologia, fisiologia e a psicanálise de sua época. De qualquer modo, é a partir da descrição deste conceito que veremos como o filósofo pôde sugerir uma subjetividade sem plena determinação de si, que nos remete a um sujeito corporal em relação com o mundo, com o outro e consigo mesmo. Desta descrição, irei seguir um desdobramento específico deste conceito: a \"imagem corporal\". Pretendo mostrar como a interpretação merleau-pontyana, nos cursos de Sorbonne, do \"estádio do espelho\" (proposto por Lacan), pode \"ampliar\" o questionamento em torno da problemática da relação com o outro. / My purpose on this research is the understanding of the notion of the \"own-body\" thought by Merleau-Ponty on his first papers. It deals with a costly notion for the philosopher, leading him to question and to dialog both with philosophy and psychology as well as with physiology and psychoanalysis of his time. Neverthless, from the description of this concept, we will understand how the philosopher could sugest a subjectivity without a broad determination of itself, that guides us towards a bodily subject in relation with the world, the other and itself. From this description, I will follow a particular development of this concept: the \"bodily image\". I intend to show how Merleau-Ponty\'s interpretation, in Sorbonne\'s courses, of the \"mirror stage\" (suggested by Lacan), could \"amplify\" the question around the matter of the relationship with the other.

Os valores e a cultura dos designers fazem parte do processo projetual e podem ser considerados de extrema relevância, visto que a cultura do designer pode ser uma fonte de inovação e de criatividade no decorrer do processo projetual do design. Este trabalho aborda o papel das referências culturais do designer gráfico no seu processo de trabalho. Busca descrever como os designers gráficos atuantes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, mais precisamente na cidade de Porto Alegre, percebem o efeito de suas atividades culturais e de seu ambiente cultural em seu repertório e na sua prática projetual. O estudo busca caracterizar a relação entre a cultura do designer e a prática de design gráfico, identificar a presença do repertório cultural no discurso dos designers gráficos e identificar os fatores que emergem como relevantes no discurso dos designers gráficos. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas com seis designers gráficos atuantes em Porto Alegre. A análise das entrevistas sugere que, em todos os casos, o desenvolvimento profissional está relacionado com o repertório cultural, ficando claro o quanto esses designers reconhecem que sua atividade profissional é afetada por seu repertório e ambiente cultural. Foram identificados sete fatores que emergem como relevantes no discurso dos designers gráficos e que podem explicar suas trajetórias profissionais: formação orientada a uma profissão criativa desde a infância; busca por uma atividade criativa; influência das artes plásticas; conhecimento de outras culturas (viagens, história); aprendizagem por meio de troca com colegas experientes; ampliação constante do repertório (eventos culturais, cursos); e relacionamento com clientes. / Values and culture of designers are part of design process and can be considered extremely relevant, since a culture of designer can be a source of innovation and creativity during design process of design. This study approaches the role of cultural references of graphic designer in their work process. Search describe how graphic designers actants in Rio Grande do Sul state, more precisely in the city of Porto Alegre, perceived the effect of their cultural activities and their cultural environment in their repertoire and their design practice. This study aims to characterize the relationship between culture of design and graphic design practice, identify presence of cultural repertoire in graphic designers' discourse and identify factors that emerge as relevant in the discourse of graphic designers. For that interviews with six graphic designers actants in Porto Alegre. Analysis of interviews showed that, in all cases, the professional development is related with cultural repertoire, becoming clear how much these designers recognize that their professional activity is affected by your repertoire and cultural environment. Seven factors were identified that emerge as relevant in the graphic designers’ discourse and may explain their professional trajectories: formation oriented to creative profession since childhood; search for creative activity; influence of visual arts; knowledge of other cultures (travel, history); learning through exchanges with experienced colleagues; constantly expanding repertoire (cultural events, courses); and customer relationships.