English composer and musician John Wilson (1595-1674) collaborated with poet Thomas Stanley in publishing Psalterium Carolinum (London, 1657). The musical settings in the collection commemorate the legacy of King Charles I who was executed for treason in January 1649. The Psalterium was part of a Royalist propaganda effort aimed at positively refashioning the dead king’s reputation. The present essay is a critical musical edition and commentary on this work. The edition is based upon microfilm copies of the 1657 edition of the Psalterium housed in the British Library in London. The edition includes an editorial policy explaining the decisions made in creating the edition, and a critical report that records particular corrections to the original in terms of pitch, rhythm and text treatment. The accompanying commentary provides a biographical sketch of John Wilson, explains his importance as performer and composer, and compares the style and scoring of the Psalterium to other contemporary genres. Most significantly, the commentary identifies the Psalterium as a collection of psalm-like pieces and connects it directly to the ongoing propaganda campaign that sought to restore Charles I’s legacy and prompt a national initiative for the restoration of the English crown.

A la fin du Moyen Âge, un nombre croissant de Gallois s'est rendu à l'université d'Oxford. En effet, de la conquête de la principauté galloise en 1282 par Édouard Ier à l'arrivée des Tudors sur le trône d'Angleterre en 1485, 304 étudiants gallois peuvent être repérés. Après avoir expliqué la méthode prosopographique utilisée pour ce travail, cette étude analyse leurs origines sociales et géographiques. Si seul un petit nombre d'informations peut être recueilli concernant leurs origines, il est possible de découvrir un peu plus quant aux lieux de provenance de ces individus. Ils viennent principalement du diocèse de Saint David's. Cet examen met également en lumière les diplômes obtenus. Ils ont étudié en majorité le droit, plus particulièrement le droit civil, bien que le droit canon soit loin d'être négligé. L'étude s'attache ensuite aux types d'emplois qu'ils ont trouvés au service de l'Église ou celui du roi d'Angleterre. À bien des égards, leurs carrières sont similaires à celles des clercs anglais. Tandis que 16,4 % des diplômés gallois ont travaillé dans l'administration ecclésiastique, 6,4 % apparaissent dans différents postes de l'administration royale. Les étudiants les plus talentueux, et qui ont réussi à sécuriser de solides patronages, jouent même un rôle relativement important dans les affaires de la monarchie. Enfin, cette thèse de doctorat dépeint la vie universitaire d'une minorité visible à Oxford. La présence des Gallois à l'université d'Oxford reflète sans aucun doute l'intégration de la principauté galloise au "regnum Anglorum". / In the Later Middle Ages, an increasing number of Welshmen made their way to Oxford University. From the Conquest of the Principality of Wales by Edward I in 1282, to the arrival of the Tudors on the throne of England in 1485, 304 Welsh students can be identified. After explaining the prosopographical method used in this work, this study analyses their social and geographical origins. If only few pieces of information can be collected about their social backgrounds, it is possible to find out a little bit more about the parts of Wales these individuals came from. The diocese of Saint David's was their main place of origin. This examination also highlights the qualifications gained. They studied mainly law, particularly civil law. However, canon law was not neglected. The study then focuses on the types of employment that they found in the service of the Church, or of the King of England. In many respects, their careers are similar to those of many English clerks. While 16.4 % of the Welsh graduates worked in Church administration, 6.5 % of them appear in various positions in the King's administration. The most talented scholars, and those who managed to secure strong patronages, even played a relatively important role in the affairs of state. Finally, this Ph.D. thesis depicts the University life of a visible minority in Oxford. The presence of Welshmen in the University of Oxford undoubtedly reflects the integration of the Principality of Wales within the "regnum Anglorum".

This thesis is concerned with the institutional, intellectual and socio-cultural history of the emergence and evolution of three academic subject areas at the University of Oxford, UK: industrial economics, economic theories of the firm and management studies. It charts and evaluates the gradual and, at times, conflictual process of their institutionalisation at Oxford, from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th century, through the analysis of the evolution of teaching and research in economics and management fuelled by struggles for intellectual ascendency and power in these disciplinary developments. This research aims to answer two main questions asked in the Oxford context: How have the practical concerns of the organisation of industries, firms and business come to attract academic attention and gained access to academic institutions? How has the nature of the institution influenced the theoretical and methodological orientation of these new academic subject areas? The institutionalisation of the economics of the firm and of industries, as well as of management studies was obstructed by hostility within universities towards these new subject areas, which were seen as being either too applied or too vocational. The rise of these subject areas is a result of a combination of external factors such as the need for universities to tackle real world problems, constraints in external funding and the need to attract private financial backing. These subject areas emerged through a series of power struggles and personality clashes. Whereas management studies have become ever more applied, the economics of the firm has become a triumph of formalism, with mathematical models favoured over empirical studies. In particular, the theory of the firm has taken a unique orientation in Oxford due to the Oxford Economists Research Group and the empirical approach to the firm as a reaction against the theory of imperfect competition popularised at Cambridge in the 1930s. The methodology (the use of questionnaires sent to businessmen) was at the time specific to Oxford. The Oxford theory of the firm was also strongly influenced by George Richardson and Harald Malmgren who focused on information and knowledge inside a firm and unwittingly contributed to a deeper understanding of the concrete organization of firms. Industrial economics was also shaped by Oxford institutions. The B.Phil. seminar on the economics of industries and the Journal of Industrial Economics, both introduced by Philip Andrews in the 1950s, exemplify the applied orientation of the discipline based on an empirical methodology. Andrews' influence later waned with the rise of industrial organization exported from the United States and based on the use of game theory as its main tool of analysis. Finally, management studies in Oxford emerged from a combination of confusion, personal antagonism, vested interests and Oxford's way of building new disciplines on existing ones. To a large extent, its current multidisciplinary orientation has not been consciously constructed, but arose from a shortage of suitable resources, as well as the ambivalence of the university about management education.

The syllabus in natural philosophy and mathematics was radically changed in the course of the sixteenth century with new subjects, textbooks and methods introduced. Education became more practical and less dependent on medieval antecedents. Printing technology improved textbooks and made it possible to replace them with newer versions. Following sweeping syllabus reform around 1500, the Cambridge Master of Arts course was heavily slanted towards humanism. The old scholastic textbooks were rejected and replaced with modern authors. The purpose of natural philosophy was explicitly to illuminate the providential work of the creator, especially through natural history (a newly developing subject in the sixteenth century thanks to newly translated and promulgated Greek texts) where examples of God's work were there for all to see. Oxford remained wedded to scholastic texts although the trivium was reformed along humanistic lines. Cromwell's visitors in 1535 outlawed scholasticism by decree but gave little indication of the alternative (their white list stipulating only Aristotle). The solution adopted by the Oxford masters was to import the Cambridge syllabus and textbooks wholesale. When the evangelical regime of Edward VI reformed the universities in 1549, the humanist natural philosophy syllabus was adjudged appropriate, especially those parts promoted by Philip Melanchthon at the University of Wittenberg. However, the visitors' background at court meant they valued ethics and politics more highly. The Reformation itself left natural philosophy largely unaffected although the barrier preventing Catholics from entering clerical careers after 1558 appears to have encouraged some to remain philosophers. In mathematics, the 1549 visitation was highly significant. Cambridge University's initiative in 1500 in employing a university lecturer in the subject was in danger of stagnating due to inappropriate appointments. However, John Cheke's statutes in 1549 promoted the use of modern textbooks of practical arithmetic, finance and surveying useful to the centralised Tudor state. He also introduced the new subject of geography as a result of his contacts at court with merchants and explorers. The thesis concludes that during the second half of the sixteenth century,English students could expect a mathematical and philosophical education comparable to that of their Italian peers. This was sufficient to provide graduates with the knowledge they needed to carry these subjects forward in the seventeenth century.

This thesis explores the history of botany as a global collection-based science by tracing parallels between utopian traditions and botanical collecting, from their sixteenth-century beginnings to the present. A range of botanical collections, such as gardens, herbaria and classification systems, have played a central role in the struggle to discover a global or universal scientific order for the chaotic, diverse and locally shaped kingdom of plants. These collections and utopia intersect historically, and are characterised by the same epistemology of collecting: the creation of order through confined collecting spaces or “no-place.” They are manipulations of space and time. Between chaos and order, both seek to make a whole from – often unruly – parts.   The long history of botanical collecting is characterised by a degree of continuity of practice that is unusual in the sciences.  For instance, the basic technology of the herbarium – preserving plants by mounting and labelling dried specimens on paper – has been in use for almost five centuries, from sixteenth-century Italy to ongoing digitisation projects. The format of the compilation thesis is well-suited to handling the historiographical challenge of tracing continuity and discontinuity with such a long chronological scope.   The thesis is structured as a walled quadripartite garden, with the Kappa enclosing four research papers and an epilogue. The papers take a diachronic approach to explore different perspectives on botanical collections: botanical collecting in seventeenth-century Oxford, pressed plants in books that are not formally collections; and the digitisation of botanical collections. These accounts are all shaped by the world of books, text and publication, historically a male-dominated sphere. In order to acknowledge marginalisation of other groups and other ways of knowing plants, the epilogue is an explanation of an embroidered patchwork of plant-dyed fabric, which forms the cover of the thesis. / Denna avhandling behandlar historien om botanik som en global samlingsbaserad vetenskap genom att följa paralleller mellan utopiska traditioner och botaniskt samlande från dess början på femtonhundratalet till idag. Olika sorters botaniska samlingar, till exempel trädgårdar, herbarier och klassifikationssystem, har historiskt spelat en central roll i sökandet efter en global eller universell vetenskaplig ordning i växtrikets lokalt rotade och till synes kaotiska mångfald. Det finns historiska kopplingar mellan dessa botaniska samlingar och utopi, som båda även präglas av vad man kan kalla samlandets epistemologi: skapandet av ordning genom avgränsade samlingsutrymmen eller ”icke-platser”. De är manipulationer av tid och rum.   Det botaniska samlandets långa historia utmärks av en praktisk kontinuitet som är ovanlig inom naturvetenskapen. Herbariets grundläggande teknik att bevara växter genom att pressa, identifiera och montera dem på pappersark har varit i bruk i nästan fem sekel. Avhandlingen utnyttjar sammanläggningsformatet för att hantera den historiografiska utmaning det innebär att studera en så lång tidsperiod, genom att de ingående artiklarna behandlar skilda tidsepoker och disciplinära perspektiv samtidigt som de alla delar avhandlingens centrala tematik: ordnande genom avgränsade samlingsutrymmen.     Avhandlingens struktur är baserad på den muromgärdade fyrdelade trädgården, med kappan som inneslutande fyra artiklar och en epilog. Artiklarna är diakrona analyser av botaniska samlingar: om samlande i Oxford på sextonhundratalet, om pressade växter i böcker som inte formellt utgör del av samlingar, och om digitaliseringen av botaniska samlingar. Dessa sammanhang är alla formade i en värld av böcker, text och publicering – en värld som historiskt har dominerats av män. Epilogen belyser den marginalisering av andra grupper och deras kunskaper om växter som detta har inneburit, genom att förklara avhandlingens omslag, ett lapptäcksbroderi av växtfärgade tyger. / <p>QC 20171115</p> / Saving Nature: Conservation Technologies from the Biblical Ark to the Digital Archive