O bócio multinodular (BMN) é definido como aumento da glândula tireóide devido a proliferação de tireócitos e caracteriza-se pela heterogeneidade no crescimento e função das células foliculares. É uma patologia comum, com aumento da prevalência em áreas com deficiência de iodo, sendo este o principal fator etiológico do BMN. O BMN é considerado uma neoplasia benigna da tireóide. A patogênese desta disfunção ainda não foi inteiramente elucidada. Nesta revisão serão abordados os mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese e os principais aspectos etiológicos e clínicos do BMN. / Multinodular goiter (MNG) is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is characterized by heterogeneity in growth and function of thyroid follicular cells. It is a common pathology, with higher prevalence in iodine deficiency areas. Iodine deficiency is the main etiologic factor for MNG. MNG have been considered a true thyroid neoplasm. The pathogenesis of multinodular goiter is not yet clarified. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of MNG with respect to the pathology, etiologic and clinical characteristics.

O bócio multinodular (BMN) é definido como aumento da glândula tireóide devido a proliferação de tireócitos e caracteriza-se pela heterogeneidade no crescimento e função das células foliculares. É uma patologia comum, com aumento da prevalência em áreas com deficiência de iodo, sendo este o principal fator etiológico do BMN. O BMN é considerado uma neoplasia benigna da tireóide. A patogênese desta disfunção ainda não foi inteiramente elucidada. Nesta revisão serão abordados os mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese e os principais aspectos etiológicos e clínicos do BMN. / Multinodular goiter (MNG) is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is characterized by heterogeneity in growth and function of thyroid follicular cells. It is a common pathology, with higher prevalence in iodine deficiency areas. Iodine deficiency is the main etiologic factor for MNG. MNG have been considered a true thyroid neoplasm. The pathogenesis of multinodular goiter is not yet clarified. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of MNG with respect to the pathology, etiologic and clinical characteristics.

O bócio multinodular (BMN) é definido como aumento da glândula tireóide devido a proliferação de tireócitos e caracteriza-se pela heterogeneidade no crescimento e função das células foliculares. É uma patologia comum, com aumento da prevalência em áreas com deficiência de iodo, sendo este o principal fator etiológico do BMN. O BMN é considerado uma neoplasia benigna da tireóide. A patogênese desta disfunção ainda não foi inteiramente elucidada. Nesta revisão serão abordados os mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese e os principais aspectos etiológicos e clínicos do BMN. / Multinodular goiter (MNG) is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is characterized by heterogeneity in growth and function of thyroid follicular cells. It is a common pathology, with higher prevalence in iodine deficiency areas. Iodine deficiency is the main etiologic factor for MNG. MNG have been considered a true thyroid neoplasm. The pathogenesis of multinodular goiter is not yet clarified. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of MNG with respect to the pathology, etiologic and clinical characteristics.

Ce travail de thèse a porté sur l'étude de l'équilibre entre la prolifération et la différenciation dans le cadre de la myogenèse embryonaire et postnatale. Chez l'embryon, le sortie du cycle cellulaire est contrôlé par p57 et p21 pendant la myogenèse. Nous avons montré que la voie de signalisation Notch ainsi que les facteurs de régulation myogéniques (MRFs) régulent l'expression de p57 dans les cellules progénitrices et les myoblastes en différentiation. Chez l'adulte, p21 et p57 ne sont pas exriés dans la population quiescente de cellules souches du muscle (cellules satellites - SCs). p21 et p57 sont rapidement induits après activation et durant la différentiation des SCs. Ex vivo, les myoblastes déficients pour le gène p21 présentent des défauts de prolifération et de différenciation. In vivo, l'étude de la régénération musculaire chez les mutants p21 a montré une réduction précoce des SCs, avec un retard de reconstitution du tissu musculaire. Afin de pouvoir étudier le rôle de p57 après la naissance (les mutants p57 meurent à la naissance) nous avons généré un modèle murin permettant de muter le gène p57 de manière spatio-temporelle avec le système de recombinaison Cre/LoxP. Nous avons combiner notre allèle p57 conditionnel avec une Cre exprimée de manière ubiquitaire, et observé des phénotypes identiques aux phénotypes décrits précédemment chez les souris présentant une perte du p57. L'ablation conditionnelle de p57 dans les SCs adultes, a conduit à une diminution de la différenciation myogénique in vitro. Notre travail suggère que p21 et p57 jouent un rôle important dans la régulation de la différenciation et le cycle cellulaire dans le muscle adulte. / This thesis focuses on the coordination of proliferation and differentiation in embryonic and adult myogenesis. During development, we demonstrated that skeletal muscle progenitors interact with the differentiating myoblasts via the Notch pathway to maintain their pool. It has previously been established that p57 and p21 redundantly promote cell cycle exit in developing muscle and we showed that Notch and Myogenic Regulatory Factors act through muscle-specific regulation of p57. We then examined p21 and p57 in adult skeletal muscle stem cells, called satellite cells (SCs). Although absent from quiescent SCs, p21 and p57 are expressed upon activation (including proliferating myoblasts) and differentiation. p21-null myoblasts exhibited proliferation and differentiation defects in myofiber cultures, implicating p21 at the early activation phase. In vivo muscle regeneration studies with p21 mutants showed an early impact on the SC pool, while SCs and muscle structure were re-established by the end of regeneration. Since p57-deficient mice die at birth, we generated a conditional knock-out (KO) allele for postnatal studies using the loxP/Cre recombination system. With a ubiquitous Cre we observed developmental and perinatal phenotypes similar to previously described KO embryos. The new p57 allele also includes a β-galactosidase reporter and we showed that it recapitulates p57 expression profile in embryonic and adult tissues. Conditional ablation of p57 in adult SCs reduced myogenic differentiation in primary myoblast culture. Our work suggests that p21 and p57 are involved in adult myogenesis and cell cycle exit, working at the early steps of satellite cell activation.

A atividade dos receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissoma (PPAR) e receptor X hepático (LXR) são regulados por ácidos graxos. Entretanto, o papel do LNO2, um produto endógeno da nitração do ácido linoléico por espécies reativas derivadas de óxido nítrico (•NO), na via de sinalização que regula a ativação destes receptores ainda não está elucidada. Assim, considerando a propriedade do LNO2 como doador de •NO, nós investigamos a participação da via de sinalização p21Ras/Raf/ERK na ativação de PPAR e LXR por LNO2. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que LNO2, na concentração de 0.01µM, foi um potente ativador de PPAR quando comparado ao ligante natural ácido linoléico, o qual apresentou ativação equivalente do PPAR na concentração de 10µM. O LNO2, contudo não teve efeito na ativação de LXR. LNO2 foi um potente ativador de p21Ras quando comparado ao ácido linoléico. A ativação de Ras ocorreu após 5 minutos de incubação com LNO2 em células parentais. Entretanto, em células transfectadas com p21RasC118S, o LNO2 não foi capaz de ativar Ras. A ativação de Ras e PPAR foi dependente da liberação de •NO a partir de LNO2, o que foi evidenciado na presença de C-PTIO, um seqüestrador de •NO. LNO2 ativou ERK, mas não demonstrou efeito relevante na ativação de p38 MAP kinase. A utilização de um inibidor específico de MEK, PD09895, inibiu a ativação de ERK induzida por LNO2, sugerindo que existe uma conexão entre ERK e a ativação de PPAR. Nós concluímos que a ativação do receptor nuclear PPAR por LNO2 é dependente de •NO e da via de sinalização p21Ras/Raf/ERK, a qual é capaz de ativar os subtipos α, &$946; e γ do PPAR, modulando, desse modo, a expressão de genes responsivos a este fator de transcrição. / Fatty acids bind to and regulate the activity of peroxissome proliferator-activated (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR). However, the role of LNO2, an endogenous product of the nitration of linoleic acid by nitric oxide (•NO)-derived reactive species, on signalling pathways regulating these nuclear receptors is poorly understood. Thus, considering the properties of LNO2 as •NO donor, we investigated the role of p21RasMAP kinases signaling pathway in the activation of PPARs and LXR by LNO2. LNO2 at physiologically relevant concentrations (0.01 µM) activates PPAR. By contrast, linoleic acid, a natural ligand for PPAR, only activated the receptor at much higher concentrations (10µM). However, it did not affect LXR activation. LNO2 is a more potent activator of p21 Ras than linoleic acid at the same conditions. Ras activation occurred within the first 5 minutes after LNO2 addition to parental cells. However, in p21RasC118s transfected cells, were unable to detect activation of Ras. Ras and PPAR activation depends on •NO released from LNO2 as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of C-PTIO, a •NO scavenger. LNO2 activated ERK but displayed no effects relevant on p38 MAP kinase. In addition, the use of specific inhibitors to MEK, PD09895, blocked PPAR activation and ERK phosphorylation by LNO2, suggesting a connection between ERK and the activation of PPAR. We conclude that LNO2 induced THP-1 cells activating Ras by S-nitrosation and recruiting the MAP kinase ERK, a downstream element of this signalling cascade and activated PPAR (α, β and γ).

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of death in humans. The high mortality of cardiac diseases is associated with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Recent studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in cell apoptosis. However, it is not known yet whether miR-141-3p contributes to the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. It has been well established that in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model can follow in vivo myocardial I/R injury. This study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-141-3p and CHD8 on cardiomyocyte apoptosis following H/R. Results: We found that H/R remarkably reduces the expression of miR-141-3p but enhances CHD8 expression both in mRNA and protein in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. We also found either overexpression of miR-141-3p by transfection of miR-141-3p mimics or inhibition of CHD8 by transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H/R. Moreover, miR-141-3p interacts with CHD8. Furthermore, miR-141-3p and CHD8 reduce the expression of p21. Conclusion: MiR-141-3p and CHD8 play critical roles in cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H/R. These studies suggest that miR-141-3p and CHD8 mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis may offer a novel therapeutic strategy against myocardial I/R injury-induced cardiovascular diseases.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine how dietary levels of α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and iron influence oxidative stress and ras-p21 levels in the colon. Rats were fed diets deficient in tocopherols (-E) or supplemented with either 0.156 mmol of α-tocopherol (AE)/kg diet or 0.156 mmol of γ-tocopherol (GE)/kg of diet. Half the rats in each of these three groups received dietary iron at a level of 35 mg/kg diet and the other half at eight times this level (280 mg/kg diet). Rats fed the AE diets had higher levels of Vitamin E in feces, colonocytes, plasma and liver than did rats fed the GE diets. Dietary iron levels did not influence tocopherol levels in plasma, liver or feces. For colonocytes, high dietary iron decreased tocopherol levels. The ratio of γ-tocopherol (in the GE groups) to α-tocopherol (in the AE groups) was 0.13 for plasma, 0.11 for liver, 0.28 for colonocytes and 0.51 for feces. The plasma ratio is not, therefore, predictive of the ratio in colonocytes and feces. High levels of dietary iron increased levels of fecal lipid hydroperoxides. Moreover, rats fed the GE diets had lower levels of fecal lipid hydroperoxides than rats fed the AE diets. The levels of ras-p21 were significantly lower in rats fed the GE diets compared with rats fed the AE diets. The γ-tocopherol may, therefore, play a significant role in preventing colon cancer. High levels of dietary iron were found to promote oxidative stress in feces and colonocytes.

CYP2A5 is a major enzyme responsible for nicotine and cotinine metabolism in mice. Nicotine and cotinine enhance alcoholic fatty liver in wild type (WT) mice but not in CYP2A5 knockout (KO) mice, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the CYP2A5-mediated metabolism contributes to the enhancing effect. In combination with ethanol, nicotine and cotinine increased lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in WT mice but not in KO mice. In ethanol-fed KO mice, only 5 and 10 genes were regulated by nicotine and cotinine, respectively. However, in ethanol-fed WT mice, 59 and 104 genes were regulated by nicotine and cotinine, respectively, and 7 genes were up-regulated by both nicotine and cotinine. Plin 2 and Cdkn1a are among the 7 genes. Plin2 encodes adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet-associated protein, which was confirmed to be increased by nicotine and cotinine in WT mice but not in KO mice. Cdkn1a encodes P21 and elevated P21 in nuclei was also confirmed. HNE can increase P21 and P21 inhibit cell proliferation. Consistently, hepatocyte proliferation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 were decreased in WT mice but not in KO mice by nicotine/ethanol and cotinine/ethanol, respectively. These results suggest that inhibition of liver proliferation via a ROS-HNE-P21 pathway is involved in nicotine- and cotinine-enhanced alcoholic fatty liver.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24511号 / 医博第4953号 / 新制||医||1064(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 貴浩, 教授 岩田 想, 教授 河本 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM