Nuestro trabajo de investigación se centra en una necesidad real existente en Lima y en el Perú en general, reordenar el transporte público de la ciudad para darles calidad de vida a sus habitantes. Sabemos que Lima y muchas ciudades en el Perú desde que nacieron, no lo hicieron de manera ordenada ni planificada, ahora que la ciudad está poblada y construida en su mayor parte, es prácticamente imposible pensar en un rediseño de la ciudad o de sus vías. Es verdad que se puede trabajar en algunos corredores viales y líneas de transporte dedicadas y exclusivas que no compitan con el tráfico de la ciudad, que permita un transporte rápido y ordenado. Al hacer uso de la tecnología, se permitirá utilizar mejor los recursos existentes, ordenar el sistema en general, integrarlo y dar ese servicio diferenciado que tanto necesita nuestra ciudad y país en este momento. Somos creyentes que este trabajo puede ser una importante fuente de consulta para que las autoridades y personas que están trabajando en el mejoramiento del sistema de transporte, revisen todas las aristas y diferentes puntos de vista para hacer un trabajo de calidad y a largo plazo. Esperamos que este trabajo logre su cometido en un corto plazo. / Our research work focus in real needs in Peru, principally in Lima the Capital city. to reorganize the public transport to give quality of life to citizens. We know that Lima and many cities in Peru, since they built, did not organized in a correct way, so now they are habituated and structured without the planning they need now, it´s practically impossible to redesign the city. The authorities can work to built on some dedicated and exclusive roads and transport lines that do not compete with city traffic, which allows fast and orderly transportation. But, if the city use technology, it will be possible to use better of existing resources, order the system in general, integrate it and provide that differentiated service that our city and country needs at this time. We are believers that this research work can be an important source of consultation so that the authorities and people who works on the improvement of the transport system, review all the tips and different points of view to do a quality and long-time work. We hope this work helps to apport solutions to improve this chaotic problem in a short-médium time. / Trabajo de investigación

Bank account Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the valid legal regulation of the bank account according to the legislation of the Czech Republic. However, the legislation of the Czech Republic is greatly influenced by the legal acts of the European Union, which are binding for the Czech Republic because this obligation is given by the country's membership in this organization. Therefore, for a more comprehensive understanding of the issue of legal regulation of the bank account, certain sections of this thesis mention several relevant provisions of legal regulations issued by the European Union. The main aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse the legal regulation of the bank account contained predominantly in the Civil Code as well as in the Payment System Act. The introductory section of this thesis focuses on the bank account as such - its characteristics and nature, and gives a brief history of its development. Furthermore, this chapter defines the term deposit and analyses the issue of the ownership of funds in the account in connection with the Czech case law. The second segment deals with the legal sources of the bank account both in the context of the Czech legislation and the legislation of the European Union. The introduction of the second segment is followed by an analysis of the previous...

1 Abstract Legal regulation of payments The thesis deals with the topic of legal regulation of the payment transactions, which is an indispensable part of the economic life of each of us today. The right setting of the operation of the payment system ensures and directly influences the efficiency of economic exchange, whether at the national or international level, in cash or non-cash forms. Not only because of the importance of economic exchange, the thesis pays the main attention to the regulation of funds, i.e. of banknotes and coins, scriptural money as well as electronic money. The thesis aims to introduce the legal regulation of funds and the related use of modern electronic payment instruments, such as payment cards, internet banking, mobile banking and electronic wallets. In order to achieve the defined objective, the thesis discusses the amendment to Act No. 370/2017 Coll., On Payments, and the PSD2 Directive in the context of other legal regulations and financial market rules. The thesis is divided into four chapters that present the issues in question and whose subsequent outputs are summarized in the conclusion. The first chapter acquaints the reader with the definition of the payments, its historical development in the Czech Republic and its typology according to the basic distinguishing...

The aim of this study was to examine the handling process within financial assistance from a gender equality perspective, in order to problematize and create a deeper understanding of notions of gender in the social services. The different working methods of the social services were compared with the politically based gender equality goals. The study was based on eight individual qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers in financial assistance from different municipalities in Sweden. The main subjects of the interviews were how the authority works on the basis of gender equality in their payments of financial assistance, their guidelines and future change from a gender equality aspect. To analyze the data, theories of gender perspectives were used from the social theorists Yvonne Hirdman and Raewyn Connell. This study showed that the social services were using four different payment methods. To conclude, the study indicated that the different municipalities fulfilled the requirements of the gender equality goals to varying degrees and reproduced or challenged notions of gender. Despite these varying results, our study showed that, in relation to previous research, there has been a development in the financial assistance services in terms of gender equality.

Abstract. Foreign aid's effectiveness on eradicating corruption is a fragile yet complex topic to research in International Relations. Some scholars argue that economic aid should not be given without specific conditions, while some argue that aid should be given with strict or specific rules to recipient countries.  Par contra my research is aimed at examining one recipient country: Nigeria, as a case study which is considered amongst the most corrupt countries in the world yet are highly enriched in natural resources, such as being the major oil-producing country in Africa that boosts the country's GDP per capita through the export trade with foreign countries. And most foreign donor countries allocate economic aid to Nigeria because they are dependent on the country's trade on natural resources. In this research, I used two conceptualised variables of corruption; bribery and facilitate payment, which is considered the most common corruption trends in the Nigerian society, with the aim of analysing the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's (UNODC) twelve-month survey report conducted in December 2019 in Nigeria. Alongside with the London 2016 Anti-Corruption Summit report, the current agenda agreed by forty countries with over six hundred commitments, which Nigeria participated in—hence creating the national anti-corruption programmes that the current President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari implemented as a commitment to the Summit. Consequently using legitimacy and governance perspectives to analyse the efficacy of aid in Nigeria's institution, and evaluating the country's alliance of economic aid in combating corruption, whilst identifying the state's level of governance towards anti-corruption policies to eradicate corruption. The findings show that the level of corruption in Nigeria is still very much high within the public sectors and shows that three in four citizens encounter a form of corruption such as bribery, daily with a civilian who demands a bribe in exchange for their services. And facilitation payment is considered a common activity of Nigerian citizens to speed up legal procedures with the governmental institutions. Even though the Nigerian government claims that the national anti-corruption policies are effective, the survey still shows that there less amount of reported official persons in the conduct of corruption and also the policies doesn't show a trend that the official persons do abide by the policies because the rate of transparency within the institutions is very much low. Yet these official persons intend to be in denial of collecting bribes or participating in any form of corruption.

Die Erstellung und Versendung von Rechnungen in Papierform ist bei vielen Rechnungsstellern ein ebenso größer Kostenfaktor wie die Verfolgung von Zahlungseingängen und die Durchführung von Mahnungen. Aber auch Rechnungsempfänger müssen diese Papierrechnungen bearbeiten und verwalten. Gerade Unternehmen (Telekommunikationsunternehmen, Internetprovider, Kabelnetz-betreiber, GEZ), die monatlich eine Vielzahl von Rechnungen erstellen und versenden, versuchen schon heute durch den Einsatz von E-Mail beim Versenden von Rechnungen Aufwand und Kosten zu reduzieren. Jedoch wird hierdurch nicht die komplette finanzielle Transaktionskette – von der Rechnungsstellung bis zur Rechnungsbegleichung – abgedeckt, so dass immer noch ein Medienbruch stattfindet. Erst durch den Einsatz eines Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment-Systems (EBPP) kann die vollständige Unterstützung der finanzielle Transaktionskette erfolgen, wobei elektronische Zahlungssysteme, die auf der Seite der Rechnungsempfänger verwendet werden, integriert werden können. Darüber hinaus können EBPP-Systeme von Rechnungsstellern zu Marketing- und Vertriebszwecken verwendet werden. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Realisierungsmodelle für EBPP-Systeme beschrieben und nach der Auswahl eines Modells, die Konzeption und Realisierung des EBPP-Systems Com42Bill vorgestellt. Durch das System Com42Bill ist der Zugriff auf Rechnungen über verschiedene mobile Endgeräte (z.B. PDA, Handy) möglich, da aufbauend auf einer Client/Server-Architektur ein „Thin Client“ realisiert wurde. Rechnungsempfänger können die Dienste des Systems Com42Bill daher zeitnah und standortunabhängig nutzen.

Background: Electronic commerce has recently been seen as a very auspicious service of technology witnessed in the last decade. Several types of e-commerce initiatives include very modernized and upgraded facilities such as smart cards, online retailing, and remote payments that help make the payment process faster and more consistent. Therefore, there is a need to explore the factors from payment methods that influence a change in the purchasing behavior of a customer, due to the fact that constant development in technology is occurring. Furthermore, due to the ability to access and control digital technology, millennials are believed to be destined for a current business and have a significant impact on the corporate world. Therefore, this thesis contributes to the research on the effect of payment methods on millennials’ purchase behavior by exploring millennials in the context of clothing e-commerce in Sweden.   Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to understand how electronic payment methods influence purchase behavior of millennials in Sweden in the clothing e-commerce.    Method: The study follows interpretivism philosophy due to integrating human interest and meaning. For a more in-depth understanding, the research used qualitative methods by conducting individual in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data was collected by fifteen millennials in Sweden and analyzed within the thematic analysis.   Conclusion: The results show that payment methods tend to influence millennials in Sweden differently depending on several factors such as trust, ease of use, and time consumption. The findings showed that the easier it is to use the payment method, the faster and smoother it is for millennials to complete the purchase. Moreover, when the website is organized and well-designed, there is a higher demand for purchasing from it, which leads to trust in the website and the operated payment methods in it to a higher extent. Hence, establishing the trust and credibility of the selected payment method was one of the essential points of the purchasing process. Additionally, certainty, reliability, and suspiciousness were highly taken into consideration when purchasing products from countries other than Sweden, as their operating payment methods vary significantly.

Distribution and payment of profit in joint stock company and advance payment Abstract Although the theme of this diploma thesis may seem traditional, its topicality results from the ongoing expert debate of legal doctrine and the recent legislative activity, resulting into the adoption of Act No. 33/2020 Coll. that will change the legal environment in which the distribution, payment of profits and advances on it occur. This thesis aims to map selected problematic issues and to analyze them, considering expert opinions of legal doctrine, domestic jurisprudence and to some extent as well the foreign legal regulation. To achieve this goal, the legislation on which ground problematic questions arise is also considered. This thesis is divided into five chapters, the last three of which can be described as crucial. The first chapter lays out the conceptual definition of profit, dividends, and royalties, as well as the comparison between the right to profit and the right to a share in profit while not leaving aside equity and other own resources. The following chapter deals with the different types of profit-related shares in relation to their classification as preferred shares, shares with a different share of profit, a fixed share or shares with a subordinate share of profit. This chapter also comments on...

and keywords Causal objections to a bill of exchange and a promissory note, their types and proceedings related to them The subject of this thesis are causal objections to bill of exchange and promissory note, their types and proceedings related to them. The aim of the thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of causal objections as a defense against produced bill of exchange (promissory note) based on an analysis of prosessional literature on the topic and the relevant case law. Thus, the thesis deals both with causal objections as substantive law institute and their practical application through procedural law institute of objections against bill of exchange (promissory note) payment order. The thesis consists of the preface, three chaptes and the conclusion. The first chapter deals with basic aspects of the term of "bill of exchange" (or the "promissory note"). The chapter is devided into four subchapters. The first subchapter analyses different definitions of the bill of exchange (promissory note) as they can be found in the professional literature and the case law and these definitons are compared to one another. The second subchapter deals with typical signs of bills of exchange (promissory notes) as a security. The essentials of such a security are described in the third subchapter. The...

Kontanter har använts i flera århundranden och är ett sedvanligt betalningsmedel mellan privatpersoner och på inköpsstället. I takt med teknikens framfart har alltfler betalningsmedel utvecklats och anpassats till marknaden. Idag sker cirka 70 procent av alla köp i butik med kort. Detta gör att kontanternas användning plötsligt ifrågasätts och därmed väljer majoriteten av Sveriges storbanker att succesivt avveckla den manuella kontanthanteringen. Tanken är att försöka lära konsumenter och företag att använda alternativa lösningar som utgör substitut till kontanter. Dock beror efterfrågan på kontanter utav en demografisk utveckling. Kontantanvändningen är högre bland äldre och de har också format sina vanor under längre tid. För andra grupper såsom landsbygdsföretag, funktionshindrade, papperslösa och turister är kontanter essentiella, vilket gör att de hamnat i kläm vid avvecklandet. Andra har personliga preferenser till kontanters nytta såsom integritet, förtroende, tid, vana eller andra värderingar. Problemet blir således en demokratisk fråga där alla skall ha rätt till grundläggande betaltjänster. Studiens syfte är därför att förstå denna process och vilka effekter som uppstår när de flesta storbanker väljer att avveckla den manuella kontanthanteringen. Syftet har delats in i tre huvudproblem:      Vems ansvar är det när en av de grundläggande betaltjänsterna försvinner i samhället?      Vilka blir konsekvenserna med en minskad kontanthantering?      Vilka alternativa lösningar finns det för problemen? Sammanfattningsvis kom studien fram till att bankernas avveckling av kontanthantering har skett snabbare än nya lösningar har introducerats i samhället. Effekterna av denna avveckling har medfört problem för flera grupper. Resultaten visar även att bankerna kunde ha effektiviserat och avgiftsbelagt kontanter innan avvecklingen skedde. / Cash has been used for centuries and is a customary mean of payment between individuals and on the place of purchase. As technology progresses, a growing number of different payment services has developed and been adapted to the market. Today, approximately 70 percentages of all purchases in the stores is made by card. This has suddenly challenged the use of cash and therefore the majority of Sweden’s major banks have chosen to gradually phase out the manual cash management. The idea is to try to get consumers and businesses to use alternative solutions, which are substitutes for cash. However, the demand for cash depends on demographical conditions. The use of cash is more frequent among eldest and they have also shaped their habits over a longer time. For other groups, such as small firms on the countryside, disabled, undocumented migrants and tourists, cash is essential, so they are left in a jam. Others have personal preferences related to the use of cash such as integrity, trust, time, habits, or other values. Everyone is entitled to basic payment services, thus becomes the problem a question of democracy. The purpose of the study is to understand this process and to be aware of the effects that arise when most of the major banks will interrupt their manual cash management. The purpose has been divided into three main parts:  Whose responsibility is it when one of the basic payment services disappears in the society?  What are the consequences when there is a reduction of cash?  What are the alternative solutions? Overall, the study concluded that the banks' reduction of cash has been faster than the introductions of new solutions have been introduced into society. The effect of this decision has caused problems for several groups. The results of the study show that the banks could have improved the efficiency and they could also have introduced a fee on cash before the settlement was made.