This thesis examines two topics related to the prevalence of unequal developmental outcomes among children of different socioeconomic backgrounds in Peru. The first topic focuses on the origins of these inequalities by measuring the relative importance of school and early childhood influences for the emergence of cognitive development gaps between urban and rural children. I use rich longitudinal information on cognitive achievement, household and school characteristics, and a novel decomposition strategy. Results reveal that observable school influences occurring between ages 6 and 8, account for a significant share (around 35% and no less than 28%) of the difference in cognitive skill. The share attributable to differences in the early childhood environment is important but no larger than 50%. I also discuss how the proposed decomposition strategy compares to other linear decomposition methods and why it is less prone to biases than those employed so far in the literature. The second topic is related to the effects and mechanisms behind early childhood development interventions that seek to improve the home environment through a change in parental behaviour. I use data on parenting practices and caregiver beliefs regarding the importance of parent-child interactions collected from the control and treatment groups of families randomized for the evaluation of a home-visiting programme recently launched at scale in rural Peru. I find that this intervention produced a positive effect on the quality of the home environment (d = 0.5; p < 0.01) and shifted caregiver behaviour increasing their participation in educational play activities with the child (d = 0.3; p < 0.01). I also explore the constraints that limit caregivers' behavioural change. I find that treatment effects are not significant among the poorest caregivers and that they exhibit a positive wealth gradient. Further, I find evidence suggesting that caregiver beliefs condition their responses to treatment.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Florianópolis, 2012 / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-25T23:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 315067.pdf: 1081510 bytes, checksum: 8d68ba866ba6c865d24bc5a70e49b145 (MD5) / Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, que teve como objetivo: identificar a percepção de mulheres HIV-positivo acerca do cuidado recebido no pré-natal, parto e puerpério, à luz das políticas públicas de saúde peruanas. O referencial teórico-filosófico que deu sustentação ao estudo foi baseado nas políticas públicas de saúde peruanas. O estudo foi desenvolvido no cenário da maternidade de um hospital público, em Iquitos, Peru, sendo a escolha do local justificada por este ser referência para tratamento de HIV/Aids. As participantes foram 13 mulheres HIV-positivo, que tiveram seus partos na maternidade selecionada para o estudo, e encontravam-se internadas na unidade de alojamento conjunto. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada e prontuários. O número de participantes se definiu mediante a saturação das informações. Os dados foram coletados no período de janeiro a março de 2012. A técnica analítica selecionada foi a análise de conteúdo temático proposta por Minayo, e ocorreu através de três fases: a pré-análise, exploração do material e tratamento dos resultados obtidos, e interpretação. O estudo resultou em quatro manuscritos. O manuscrito 1, que consiste em um estudo de revisão integrativa e teve como objetivo: identificar a contribuição dos estudos desenvolvidos em âmbito nacional e internacional, sobre a percepção de mulheres HIV-positivo acerca do cuidado recebido no pré-natal, parto e puerpério. Nesse estudo, os dados foram obtidos através de busca de artigos nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF e CINAHL, sendo selecionados e analisados 20 artigos. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam percepções positivas e negativas do cuidado recebido no pré-natal, parto e puerpério. O manuscrito 2 que teve como objetivo: identificar as características sociodemográficas de mulheres HIV-positivo e de seus companheiros, que receberam cuidados no pré-natal, parto e puerpério na rede pública de Iquitos, Peru, no período de janeiro a março de 2012. Realizou-se análise descritiva do perfil obtido, onde os resultados revelam que a maioria dos casais possui ensino médio incompleto, relacionamento estável, rentabilidade econômica baixa e reside na cidade de Iquitos. A maioria das mulheres era multípara com gestação não planejada. O manuscrito 3 teve como objetivo: identificar a percepção de mulheres HIV-positivo acerca do cuidado recebido no pré-natal. Nesse manuscrito, os resultados são apresentados sob forma de três categorias: A categoria 1 # Oferta e realização do teste sorológico anti-HIV como parte do cuidado pré-natal; categoria 2 # Aconselhamento pré e pós-teste no pré-natal; categoria 3 # O cuidado professional para superar dificultades no pré-natal . Os resultados evidenciam identificação tardia do diagnóstico de HIV por falta de disponibilidade do teste no estabelecimento, resultando no início tardio da terapia, aumentando a possibilidade de transmissão vertical do HIV ao filho, e deficiências no aconselhamento pré e pós-teste. O manuscrito 4 teve como objetivo: identificar a percepção de mulheres HIV-positivo acerca do cuidado recebido no parto e puerpério. Nesse manuscrito os resultados também são apresentados em quatro categorias: A categoria 1 # Emoção e apreensão no momento do parto; categoria 2 # Insegurança e falta de sigilo no puerpério; categoria 3 # Amamentar ou não: orientações às mulheres HIV-positivo no puerpério; e categoria 4 # Estratégias e orientações quanto aos cuidados com as mamas da mulher HIV-positivo. Os resultados evidenciam acolhimento insatisfatório e dificuldades do pessoal de saúde para cuidar das mulheres HIV-positivo no parto e puerpério. Diante desses resultados, percebe-se que é necessário maior envolvimento dos profissionais de saúde no cuidado à mulher HIV-positivo, para promover maior qualidade de vida e de saúde para essas mulheres. Acredita-se que os resultados deste estudo possam contribuir para redirecionar o olhar dos profissionais de saúde que prestam cuidados às mulheres HIV-positivo nos serviços de saúde. Recomenda-se avaliar como estão sendo seguidos os protocolos recomendados pelas políticas públicas de saúde peruanas, para garantir às mulheres HIV-positivo seu direito ao acesso à saúde de qualidade, humanizado e eficaz, no pré-natal, parto e puerpério, e assim dar mais um passo em frente na redução da transmissão vertical de HIV a crianças.<br> / Abstract : This is a qualitative research that aimed identify the perception of women with positive HIV/about the care received in prenatal, partum and puerperium in light of public policies peruvian. The analytical-framework was those Policies, developed in a public maternity in Iquitos, Perú. The place was selected in reason of its experience in the HIV treatment. The participants were 13 HIV-positive women who had their deliveries in the maternity selected for the study, and were hospitalized in rooming unit. The number of participants reached its limit when the information were plenty fulfilled (saturation). The data were collected during january to march of 2012. The analytical technique selected fue análisis of contenido thematic propuesta by Minayo y if produjo through different phases three : the pre-analysis, the exploration of the sources, treatment of the data collected and interpretation. The study resulted in four manuscripsts. The The manuscript number 1 consist in a integrative review stydy that aimed to identify the contribuition of foreigner and national studies about the perception of women with positive HIVabout the care received in prenatal, partum and puerperium. In this study, the data were produced by searching articles in MEDLINE; LILACS; BDENEF and CINAHL data base 20 studies were selected and analized. The second manuscript aimed to identify sociodemographic characteristics of HIV-positive women and their partners, in which one of them received care in prenatal, partum and puerperium in the public health system in Iquitos, Perú during January to march of 2012; Descriptive analysis of the interviewed profiles revealed that most of the couples have less than eleven years of formal education, that they are in a stable relationship, low income and live in the capital, Iquitos.The manuscript number 3 aimed to identify the perception of HIV-positive women about the prenatal care received. In this one, the results were presented in three categories. The category 1- offer and making of the anti-HIV serological test as prenatal care. The category 2- Pre and postnatal advising. Category 3- Professional care to overcome difficulties in the prenatal. The results highlight the delay in the HIV diagnosis because of the absence of the test, resulting in a late beginning for the therapy, increasing the possibility of vertical transmition of the HIV virus to the child, as well as disabilities in the advising. The manuscript number 4, aimed to identify the perception of HIV-positive women about the partum and puerperium care received. In this manuscript, the results were also presented in four categories. The category number 1- apprehention in the moment of partum; category 2- Insecurity and lack of secrecy in the puerperium; category 3- to breastfeed or not: orientation of HIV-positive women in puerperum and categorie 4- strategies and orientations related to the HIV-positive women breasts. The results highlight unsatisfactory reception and difficulties for the workteam to deal with HIV-positive women during birth and puerperium. In front of these results, perceives the need of greater involvement from the health providers in care of the HIV-positive woman; to promote greater quality of life and health of these woman. This research may contribute to redirect the scope of the health providers who treats the HIV-positive women. Strongly recommended evaluate how the peruan public policies are being followed to assure the right of the HIV-positive women to access a qualified, humanized and effective healthcare in their prenatal, partum and puerperium, and thus give one step more towards the reduction of vertical transmission of HIV in children.

This thesis presents briefly the geology of the Cerro de Pasco district to acquaint the reader with the general geological setting of the district. A study of ore controls for a typical lead-zinc replacement body at the world famous Cerro de Pasco mine in Peru, 102 km northeast of Lima, was undertaken for purposes of better understanding. The particular body selected, the San Alberto Ore Body, occurs as a northeast extension of a main mass of pyrite, known as the "pyrite body", and is enclosed in Triassic- Jurassic limestone. Primary ore controls were determined to be a "Y"-like intersection formed by NS Longitudinal Faulting with a NE striking bedding fault. Resultant brecciation created the necessary permeable conditions whereby ore fluids were channeled away from the pyrite body into the limestone for ore emplacement. Three phases of hydrothermal rock alteration were identified as silicic alteration, chloritic alteration and an outer zone of bleaching and recrystallization. One peculiarity is found in the mineral composition of the silicic alteration, and a hypothesis is presented to explain it. The paragenetic sequence given for hypogene and gangue minerals was determined from the examination of more than 150 thin and polished sections.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O tema da sexualidade na região amazônica do Peru tem sido objeto de diversas elaborações discursivas desde os tempos coloniais, destacando-se certas ideias, como intensidade e desordem. Tais concepções sedimentaram-se em representações de ampla difusão e permanência no país, sendo a charapa ardiente, representação hipersexualizada da mulher amazônica, a mais paradigmática. A existência desses discursos e a escassez de literatura acadêmica sobre o tema da sexualidade nesta região motivaram esta pesquisa, que objetivou explorar o lugar da sexualidade na construção de si, entre mulheres da Amazônia urbana do Peru. Para tal foi efetuada uma revisão de fontes secundárias, dirigida a rastrear a origem desta representação e sua recriação, na história do país. A seguir, a partir de informações obtidas em entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres da região investigada, foram exploradas suas opiniões acerca desta representação e a maneira como lidam com ela, em circunstâncias concretas da vida cotidiana. Os relatos evidenciaram tanto processos de negação como de reprodução e resignificação, em um jogo complexo e flexível, que varia de acordo com o contexto em que as mulheres se encontram. Por outro lado, foram apreendidas as trajetórias afetivo-sexuais das informantes, por intermédio de entrevistas em profundidade, a partir de indagações sobre diversos temas, como iniciação sexual, infidelidade feminina, valoração da atividade sexual e trocas econômico-sexuais, entre outros. Foram identificados eixos estruturantes da vida sexual destas mulheres. Destaca-se um discurso relacional, que enaltece a reciprocidade como marco da vida sexual e, em segundo plano, comparece também uma retórica fisicalista, que considera a atividade sexual como necessidade corporal. Por fim, o estudo evidenciou um importante papel da sexualidade como recurso feminino, no plano econômico, em estreita articulação com dimensões afetivas e considerações familiares. Trata-se de trocas econômico-sexuais que integram a dinâmica cotidiana de reciprocidade nos vínculos afetivo-sexuais. / Since colonial times, the topic of sexuality in the Peruvian Amazon region has been the object of diverse discursive elaborations in which ideas as intensity and disorder have been highlighted. Those conceptions have crystallized in pervasive and persisting representations all around Peru, being the most paradigmatic the charapa ardiente a hypersexualized representation of the Amazonian women. These ubiquitous discourses and the lack of academic literature about sexuality in the region have motivated this research. Its main objective is to explore the place of sexuality in the construction of personhood, among women of the Peruvian urban Amazon. In order to reach that purpose a review of secondary sources was carried out, where the origin of this representation and its process of recreation through the countrys history was tracked. After that, on the basis of information obtained throughout in-depth interviews with Amazonian women, their opinions regarding the representation were explored, and also the ways to cope with it in concrete circumstances of their everyday lives. Their narratives showed processes of denial, as well as reproduction and resignification, in a complex and flexible interplay that vary according to the context. On the other hand, sexual and affective trajectories of these women were also elaborated through the in-depth interviews. Diverse topics were explored: sexual initiation, feminine unfaithfulness, valuation of sexual activity and sexual-economic exchange, among others. On the basis of them, the structuring axes of these womens sexual lives were identified. Among them the most important was a relational discourse that highly values reciprocity as the frame of sexual life. On a secondary level, it was found a rhetoric that considers sexual activity as an important corporeal necessity. Finally, this research evidences an important role of sexuality as a feminine resource, in the economic level, intimately intertwined with affective dimensions and family considerations. It is the realm of sexual-economic exchange that constitutes the ordinary dynamics of reciprocity in relationships between men and women involving sex and affection.

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This dissertation applies the contextual approach, as outlined by Patrick Carmichael, to the rock art of the Nasca Valley (Grande River System, Department of Ica, Peru). This approach uses different sources of information so as to construct a basic, indigenous framework within which to view and interpret the subject matter of an art object for which there is no written information due to its age. In this dissertation, I used information about the local environment and archaeology, as well as the art historical methods of formal and iconographic analyses. Comparative information was provided through ethnographic analogy to Andean myths and practices. Data for this study was gathered in a rock art survey that was carried out during the spring of 2000. This survey covered the lower part of the Nasca valley, downriver from the site of Cahuachi and southwest from the Nasca Pampa, site of the greatest concentration of geoglyphs in the south coast. Information about the location, orientation, and the relationship to archaeological and natural features, gathered in the survey, are examined in order to provide informed hypotheses about Nasca Valley rock art's function and use. The study reveals that rock art sites may have marked points of transition in the natural and cultural landscape. A concern for water is also suggested by the location and orientation of the rock art, and petroglyphs that display evidence of liquid pouring may also relate to local water sources. Using a study of form and iconography, rock art motifs in the Grande River System are separated into types and groups according to similarities to datable, portable art and to geoglyphs, providing a tentative time frame for their making. In the Nasca Valley, one period of petroglyph making activity is contemporary to Paracas Cavernas and another dates to the Early Intermediate Period (Nasca). On the upper valleys such as Palpa, Aja, and Santa Cruz, petroglyph-making activity seems to be largely associated to Paracas Necropolis and there does not seem to be Nasca rock art at those locations. With this contextual information at hand, I provide a re-evaluation of the Nasca Mythical Killer Whale motif, which is depicted in two Nasca Valley rock art sites. I propose using a new name for this motif: The Aquatic Composite Being. The location and iconography of this motif's petroglyphs provide additional information that contributes to our understanding of the meaning of this motif in Nasca art. / text

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