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Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009-08-11. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 31, 2010). Advisor: Max Grubb. Keywords: Mad Daddy; Cleveland; radio; Pete Myers; disc jockey; rock and roll; radio personalities. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-74).

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The study investigated two main questions: the first focused on the factors that enabled and constrained student teachers' engagement of a socially critical pedagogy in physical education teacher education (PETE); the second centered on gaining insight into the usefulness of knowledgeability as a concept for analysing student teachers engagement of a socially critical pedagogy. At the time of writing this thesis empirical analyses of socially critical pedagogies in physical education were rare in the educational literature. The study provided an alternative way of analysing student teachers’ engagement of a socially critical pedagogy in PETE. Alternative in that it avoided recycling and reproducing the dualism between agency and structure (Aronowitz and Giroux, 1985) that is prevalent in much of the physical education literature. Conversational interviews were conducted with four student teachers and their teacher educators throughout the duration of a one-semester PETE unit in an Australian university. Observations were made of the lecture and practical sessions and a document analysis was conducted of all unit learning resources. The analytical frame used in the study was structuration theory (Giddens, 1979, 1984). This framework was useful because it gave primacy to the duality of structure which recognised ‘the structural properties of social systems are both the medium and outcome of practices that constitute those systems’ (Giddens, 1979, p.69). The pedagogical intentions of the teacher educator co-ordinating the PETE unit were to change the orientations of the student teachers towards primary school physical education by encouraging them to adopt different ‘lenses’ through which to examine pedagogical practices. These ‘lenses’ highlighted the questions central to those with socio-critical intentions, eg. power, social injustice and diversity. Data generated from conversations with, and observations of, the student teachers, indicated that the actualisation of the teacher educator's intentions were somewhat limited. Despite this, adopting structuration theory as the explanatory framework for the study proved generative at a number of levels. Broadly, structuration theory was useful because it highlighted the way that student teachers' engagement with a socially critical pedagogy is contingent upon particular (idiosyncratic) dialectics of agency and structure. Using the duality of structure as an analytical tool illustrated the way student teachers' were influenced by structural factors as well as the way these structural factors were in turn constituted by the action of the student teachers. Also, by utilising structuration theory as an explanatory framework, the concept of knowledgeability was identified as a useful concept for analysing student teachers' engagement with a socially critical pedagogy in PETE. What is more, the study highlighted the reflexivity of the self and social knowledge, both characteristics of late modernity, as being integral to the way the student teachers engaged with the socially critical pedagogy of EAE400. Not only did the study highlight the reflexivity of the self but it also provided insight into the reflexivity of social knowledge. Much of the socially critical work in physical education implicitly adopts a linear approach to change. Given the findings of the study it might be useful for future developments to consider change as circular. The thesis concludes by suggesting that given the reflexivity of social knowledge, socially critical perspectives might be more readily engaged if the PETE content was incorporated into student teachers existing knowledge frameworks rather than viewed as a replacement for such frameworks.

abstract: This project uses fourteen transcriptions of Pete Fountain’s solos as examples to demonstrate traditional jazz clarinet techniques and language in terms of motives, patterns, and a variety of articulations. This project also includes guidelines on how to practice jazz improvisation as well as how to apply Fountain’s techniques and jazz language to one’s own improvisation. Though there are countless musicians who have made remarkable contributions to the development of the jazz language, Pete Fountain’s unique style is particularly worthy of study due to his massive media presence, effortless playing techniques, unique tone quality, and showmanship throughout his career. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2019

Aim The aim of this study has been to examine differences and similarities between five universities with physical education teacher programs. The focus has been on the syllabi regarding the subject didactics and the different movement cultures that are represented within the frame of these courses. • What content is represented within the subject didactics courses? • Which underlying frame factors affect the content within the physical education teachers’ education? • What type of decision structures determines the content within the “subject didactics courses”? Method A content analysis was performed on a total of 22 subject didactics syllabi for the physical education teacher program among five universities in Sweden. Furthermore, an interview study was conducted with a total of five handpicked program directors/education officers from five different universities. This study has used Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, field and capital, as well as Göran Linde’s curriculum theory of arenas as its theoretical framework. Results This study shows that all universities fundamentally have the same movement cultures represented in their education. There are only a few practices that are university specific and these are there, mainly by geographical reasons. The results further show that frame factors such as institutional traditions, course budgets, teaching competence and facilities affect the content within the program. Provided, if they are in alliance with the existing guidelines in the Swedish Code of Statues as well as their own institutions’. Finally, the results also indicate that it is the subject teacher educators that seem to have the best opportunities to affect the final content in the physical education teacher program. Conclusion This study has shown that all the universities convey a relative equivalent education when it comes to the movement cultures that are represented. This could, for instance, be understood as a result of strong traditions within the sport movement in Sweden and the teaching teacher meetings, which acts as a framework for the individual university. This study further displays that there seem to be a viscous development process among the universities with longer traditions of physical exercise than the newly setup ones, when it comes to a more contemporary content. / Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka skillnader och likheter mellan fem lärosäten som bedriver ämneslärarutbildning i idrott och hälsa. I fokus är de ämnesdidaktiska kursplanerna i idrott och hälsa och de rörelsekulturer som finns representerade inom ramen för dessa kurser. • Vilket innehåll finns representerat i de ämnesdidaktiska kurserna? • Vilka bakomliggande ramfaktorer påverkar idrottslärarutbildningens innehåll? • Vilken typ av beslutsprocesser avgör det ämnesdidaktiska innehållet? Metod Studien har genomförts med hjälp av två kvalitativa metoder: en innehållsanalys av 22 ämnesdidaktiska kursplaner samt en intervjustudie med totalt fem handplockade programansvariga/utbildningsledare på fem olika högskolor. Studiens teoretiska ramverk har varit Bourdieus teori kring habitus, fält och kapital samt Göran Lindes läroplansteori om arenor. Resultat Studiens resultat visar att samtliga lärosäten i grunden har samma rörelsekulturer representerade på sina utbildningar. Det är endast några få rörelsekulturer som är lärosätesspecifika och de finns där av bland annat geografiska anledningar. Resultatet visar också att det är ramfaktorer som lärosätestraditioner, kursbudget, lärarutbildarkompetens och lokaler som möjliggör vilken sorts innehåll som ges i utbildningen. Detta förutsatt att man håller sig till befintliga riktlinjer i högskoleförordning och till de som finns inom det egna lärosätet. Slutligen tyder resultatet på att det är ämneslärarutbildarna som verkar ha mest möjlighet att påverka det slutgiltiga innehållet i idrottslärarutbildningen. Slutsats Studien visar att samtliga lärosäten bedriver en relativt likvärdig utbildning när det kommer till de rörelsekulturer som är representerade. Detta kan bland annat ses som ett resultat av starka traditioner inom idrottsrörelsen som fält i Sverige, ämneslärarutbildarnas habitus och eget utbildningskapital samt lärarutbildarträffar, vilka fungerar som ett ramverk för enskilda lärosäten. Studien påvisar också att det finns en mer trögflytande utvecklingsprocess på lärosäten med längre traditioner av idrottsutbildning, än nyligen initierade, när det kommer till att ha ett mer samtida innehåll.

Idrottslärarutbildningen har historiskt beskrivits som starkt traditionsbunden där praktiskafärdigheter har varit en del av det huvudsakliga målet med utbildningen. I takt med tiden harutbildningen genomgått en akademisering där teoretiska innehåll och forskningsfält har fåttallt större utrymme. På grund av utbildningens starka prägel av tradition lever uppfattningenom att praktisk kunskap är den mest värdefulla till viss del fortfarande kvar, trotsutbildningens numera teoretiska karaktär. Därav är syftet med denna studie att undersökavilka perspektiv som konkurrerar om att göra anspråk på undervisningstiden. Vidare ämnar viundersöka vilka didaktiska konsekvenser som riskerar inträffa till följd av den praktisk lagdaidrottslärarstudenten och en alltmer akademiserad utbildning. Som ett resultat avakademiseringen har flera kritiska perspektiv velat få mer utrymme på PETE. Dessaperspektiv ämnar vi undersöka och redogöra för i resultatdelen. Som metod för arbetet genomfördes en systematisk litteraturstudie. En systematisklitteraturstudie karaktäriseras av att kritiskt granska, systematiskt söka och sammanställalitteratur inom ett avgränsat område för att skapa en ny syntes av tidigare studiers data.Resultatet av studien identifierade följande kritiska perspektiv: Social justice, Genderequality, Interkulturell kompetens och Models based practice. Dessa perspektiv beskrivs idagsläget inte få tillräckligt mycket utrymme på utbildningen. I diskussionen analyserar viresultatet utifrån en didaktisk triangel och identifierar vilka didaktiska konsekvenser somriskerar inträffa till följd av en praktisk lagd idrottslärare och en alltmer akademiseradutbildning. Efter studien kunde vi komma till slutsatsen att idrottslärare riskerar fleradidaktiska utmaningar i sitt kommande yrkesliv. Om studenten inte värderar de kritiskaperspektiven under utbildningens gång riskerar både eleven och innehållet att drabbas.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of multimedia CAI on undergraduate PETE majors' teaching of the serve in tennis. The data were obtained from 18 undergraduate students enrolled in a PETE evaluation and assessment course at Virginia Tech. Subjects were stratified by gender and randomly assigned to three groups as Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) group (n=6), Teacher Instruction (TI) group (n=6), and Control (CG) group (n=6). The results of this study were gathered from three tests: Tennis Serve Content Knowledge Test, Tennis Serve Skill Analysis Test, Tennis Task Sequence Test. In addition, two six minutes micro teaching sessions were conducted and data was collected via Tennis Serve Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Assessment Sheet, and finally, an open ended survey was completed to understand students' attitudes toward CAI. There are two independent variables in this study. These are Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) and Teacher Instruction (TI). A pre-test and post-test experimental design was applied. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the differences among the three groups, and pairwise ranking with the Mann Whitney U test was conducted between all comparisons as a post hoc analysis. Moreover, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to determine pre-to post-test changes within the groups. Alpha set at p< 0.5. Overall, teacher instruction (TI) intervention was very dominant in the results. Teacher instruction (TI) group performed significantly in the tennis serve content knowledge test, tennis serve task analysis test, PCK-Appropriate cues, and PCK-Appropriate demonstration. However, CAI group was also successful in the tennis serve content knowledge test and PCK-Appropriate demonstration. Interestingly, none of the groups were successful in the tennis serve skill analysis test and PCK-Appropriate feedback. Finally, students' perception toward CAI was positive in general and students indicated that they would like to use CAI in other PETE method courses. However, some of the students reported that CAI was very repetitive, and also technical problems were reported. The results of this study indicated that CAI can be an effective way of instruction in certain conditions: CAI had significant effect on content knowledge and PCK-Appropriate demonstration. In conclusion, the 21st century will be an information age and computers will be an essential part of the education system in all grades and ages. Physical education teacher education programs and physical education lessons in K-12 education are no exceptions. Computers and instructional technology should be an integral part of PETE and K-12 physical education without sacrificing the physical activity. / Ph. D.

This thesis represents a part of a program of study that is reaching a closure. The broadest brush that could be applied to my work is that it concerns Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE), that it focuses on aspects of professional socialisation, and that it involves various case studies utilising naturalistic inquiry. Whilst it would be impossible and naive to believe that the reading of these texts will produce the meanings that I encourage, or have internalised, nevertheless the order of reading is at least something that I can argue for. Read in the order I suggest throughout the thesis I am hopeful that my subjectivities, and the learning and understandings I have reached may become clear. The purpose of this two part thesis is an exploration of the interplay or dialectic that exists between PETE students, academic staff and the subject matter within PETE. I have had to come to understand the limitations and advantages of insider research as the work has been completed at my University in the School of Human Movement and Sports Science where I have worked for twenty years. This thesis examines the extent to which studentship and oppositional behaviour underlies the dialectic that exists between the students and the various discourses within the program. I have written the study in two very different formats, one, a collection of stories about PETE and the other, an interpretative case study conducted during 1993 and 1994. Within the case study, studentship and oppositional behaviour were viewed as a measure of the extent to which students react and push against the forces of socialisation within their PETE program that is seen to represent dominant discourses, The following broad research questions were considered to enable the above analysis. 1. What is the nature of studentship and oppositional behaviour in a high status subject within PETE compared to a subject that is seen by students to be of little relevance and of low status? 2. How are studentship and oppositional behaviour related to students subjective warrants? 3. How are the studentship and oppositional behaviours exhibited by students related to the pedagogy and discourses reflected in the knowledge, beliefs and practices within the two sites. The starting point for this research was a study conducted as a totally separate research task (Swan, 1992) that investigated the hierarchies of subject knowledge within a PETE site and investigated the influence of such hierarchies upon student intention. A great deal of meta analysis exists about the manner in which a technocratic rationality pervades PETE but very little case study material of what this means to students and academic staff within such institutions is available. The stories in Between The Rings And Under The Gym Mat, which is the second part of this thesis, represent ‘the data’ differently from the case study, but they speak their own truth. At times the nature of the story is indistinguishable from the reality of the case study. Wexler (1992) undertook an ethnographic study about identity formation in three very different high schools, and published the findings in a book entitled Becoming Somebody. His introductory words about the nature of the social story he tells, are significant to this study and story. Social history is recounted by creative intervention that can only be made from culturally accessible materials. Ethnography is neither an objective realist, nor subjective imaginist account. Rather, it is an historical artefact that is mediated by elaborated distancing of culturally embedded and internally contradictory (but seemingly independent and coherent) concepts that take on a life of their own as theory. So, this is not ‘news from nowhere,’ but a theoretically structured story where both the story and its structure are part of my times. (p.6) The case study before you is organised with an analysis of studentship and oppositional behaviour detailed in chapter one. The following chapter conceptualises studentship and oppositional behaviour in relation to particular themes of professional socialisation, resistance to oppression and youth culture. Chapter three locates the case study to the major paradigmatic debates about the value and nature of the subject matter content within PETE, Chapter four outlines the case site, the research process and the research dilemma’s confronted in this study. The remaining three chapters are the case record as I can best understand it. In Between the Rings and under the Gym Mat (part B) the story most directly concerned with studentship and oppositional behaviour, is called Tale of Two Classes’. It takes on a very different reality to the case study (part A) and much can be said about the reality of lived experience which can be portrayed in narrative form as opposed to a clinical case study. Many of the other stories pose similar images that are contradictory and never quite complete. I have written a separate methodological section for the narrative stories. It is my intention that the case study and the series of stories should be viewed as essentially complementary, but also a discrete representation of a part of PETE. As part of the Ed D program I have undertaken four discrete research tasks as the starting point for this research I have referred to the first one (Hierarchies of Subject knowledge within PETE). I also undertook an action research project about ‘Teaching Poorly by Choice.’ A further piece of research was a somewhat reflective effort to draw together what this has all meant to me from a subjective and reflexive perspective. Such efforts are often seen as being self indulgent, as subjectivity in the form of lived experience sits uneasily in academia. A final paper involved an evaluation of Between the Rings and Under the Gym Mat from a pedagogical perspective by PETE professionals around the world. And that's the way things turned out.

The aim of this thesis is to examine some of the educational and sociological conditions underlying the production of teaching in friluftsliv within the Physical Education (PE) subject in Swedish compulsory school. Despite the value awarded to the Scandinavian outdoor practice friluftsliv, in both the national PE curriculum document and in Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) in Sweden, it does not seem to be thoroughly implemented in compulsory school teaching. Through analyses of interviews with PE teachers and PE teacher educators, as well as of curriculum documents, using the perspectives of Basil Bernstein and Pierre Bourdieu, I explore conditions underlying the expressions of friluftsliv teaching in Swedish PE. The pedagogic discourse for friluftsliv in Swedish PE is described as a teaching that should take place in a natural setting remote from civilisation, involve risks, and require time, technical equipment, financial resources, and cooperation. This discourse for friluftsliv is shown to be similar to the values emphasised in friluftsliv education in PETE. Although proven to be difficult to implement in school, this discourse appear to form the conception of friluftsliv teaching for PE teachers in Sweden. Under the influence of the performance code, friluftsliv is transformed into outdoor activities with which the PE teachers are familiar, or is totally left out of PE teaching. A turn towards options that are seen as unthinkable in relation to the current pedagogic discourse may benefit the achievement of the aims set out in the national PE curriculum. Values such as environmental awareness, sustainable development and cultural perspectives on the landscape could strengthen the classification of friluftsliv and PE in compulsory school. Further, an increase of socially critical and constructivist perspectives during PETE could make unthinkable options in friluftsliv thinkable and contribute to a break with the reproduction of teaching practices in PE. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 2: Submitted.