A PID controller and a Fuzzy Logic controller were designed to balance an inverted pendulum system. Both controllers were implemented in a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Measurements of the angular position of the pendulum (feedback signal) were taken from a precision potentiometer and transformed into digital by an Analog Interface Board (AlB) to be processed by the DSP. The DSP generated the digital control signal that was converted into analog by the AlB and then filtered and amplified to drive a DC motor. The DC motor provided the control force for the mobil base where the inverted pendulum was mounted. The PID controller was designed to move an unstable pole of the system from the tight side of the s-plane into the left side of the s-plane to provide stability and fast response. The Fuzzy Logic controller was designed using thirteen control rules that were generated using human intuition. It was found that the Fuzzy Logic controller required a considerably larger amount of memory than the PID controller. In general, the Fuzzy Logic controller performed better than the PID controller. It was concluded that nonlinearities present in some components of the system caused the PID controller not to perform as well. It was also found that the Fuzzy Logic controller was less sensitive to these nonlinearities, resulting in a better control of the inverted pendulum.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for 'the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg 1991. / The report describes the design of an algorithm which can be used for automatic controller tuning purposes. It uses an on-line parameter estimator and a pole assignrnent design method. The resulting control law is formulated to approximate a proportional-integral (PI) industrial controller. The development ofthe algorithm is based on the delta-operator, Some implementation aspects such as covariance resetting, dead zone, and signal conditioning are also discussed. Robust stability and performance are two issues that govern the design approach. Additionally transient and steady state system response criteria are utilized from the time and frequency domains. The design work is substantiated with the use of simulation and real plant tests. / AC2017

Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009

Os controladores PID são largamente utilizados em processos industriais. Recentemente, novos resultados de projeto de controladores PID foram obtidos para sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo sem atraso. Entretanto, o comportamento de diversas plantas industriais pode ser descrito matematicamente por sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo com atraso. O problema de estabilidade de sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo com atraso envolve encontrar a locação de raízes de funções transcedentais. Neste trabalho, o teorema de Hermite-Biehler é usado para estabelecer resultados para o projeto de controladores PID para uma classe de sistemas lineares com atraso. Usando a propriedade de entrelaçamento em altas freqüências da classe estudada e programação linear obtém-se o conjunto de todos os controladores PID. Até onde se sabe resultados anteriores de síntese de controladores PID envolvem a solução de equações transcendentais. / The PID controller is widely used in industrial processes. Recently, new results on the design of PID controllers for invariant time linear systems without time delays have appeared. However, the dynamic behavior of many industrial plants may be mathematically described by linear time invariant systems with time delays. The problem of stability of linear time invariant systems with time delays involves finding the location of roots of transcendental functions. In this work, the Hermite-Biehler theorem is used to establish results on the design of proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controllers for a class of time delay systems. Using the property of interlacing at high frequencies of the class of systems considered and linear programming we obtain the set of all stabilizing PID controllers. As far as we know, previous results on the synthesis of PID controllers rely on the solution of transcendental equations.

Os controladores PID são largamente utilizados em processos industriais. Recentemente, novos resultados de projeto de controladores PID foram obtidos para sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo sem atraso. Entretanto, o comportamento de diversas plantas industriais pode ser descrito matematicamente por sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo com atraso. O problema de estabilidade de sistemas lineares invariantes no tempo com atraso envolve encontrar a locação de raízes de funções transcedentais. Neste trabalho, o teorema de Hermite-Biehler é usado para estabelecer resultados para o projeto de controladores PID para uma classe de sistemas lineares com atraso. Usando a propriedade de entrelaçamento em altas freqüências da classe estudada e programação linear obtém-se o conjunto de todos os controladores PID. Até onde se sabe resultados anteriores de síntese de controladores PID envolvem a solução de equações transcendentais. / The PID controller is widely used in industrial processes. Recently, new results on the design of PID controllers for invariant time linear systems without time delays have appeared. However, the dynamic behavior of many industrial plants may be mathematically described by linear time invariant systems with time delays. The problem of stability of linear time invariant systems with time delays involves finding the location of roots of transcendental functions. In this work, the Hermite-Biehler theorem is used to establish results on the design of proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controllers for a class of time delay systems. Using the property of interlacing at high frequencies of the class of systems considered and linear programming we obtain the set of all stabilizing PID controllers. As far as we know, previous results on the synthesis of PID controllers rely on the solution of transcendental equations.

Orientador: Elnatan Chagas Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T09:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spengler_AndersonWedderhoff_M.pdf: 5622371 bytes, checksum: dd49f965749d4c55fa19542a3a801d9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda o projeto de um sistema de caracterização de sensores baseados em fibras ópticas para alta-tensão. O sistema é formado por dois módulos principais, um relacionado com a câmara térmica e outro relativo à alta-tensão. O desenvolvimento do sistema deve-se basicamente às necessidades de personalização e precisão para a caracterização dos sensores e outras aplicações. A câmara climática tem seu projeto eletrônico e mecânico descritos, com ênfase na utilização de módulos termoelétricos, nos controladores proporcional-integral-derivativos utilizados e os parâmetros de sintonia encontrados. Foi feito o estudo da configuração que utiliza dois módulos termoelétricos em série, apontando as vantagens e desvantagens desta configuração. A faixa de temperatura para a câmara obtida é de 0 ºC até 70 ºC, com erro ±0,1 ºC semelhantes às câmaras climáticas comerciais. Há a proposta de um circuito gerador e analisador de ondas arbitrárias de alta-tensão, e ensaios com um sistema semelhante ao proposto para tensões de até 15 kV, para validação do método de eliminação de harmônicas proposto nesta dissertação, obtendo resultados de THD da ordem de 0,04%, valor este limitado pela definição do analisador de sinais / Abstract: This work discusses the project of a characterization system fiber optics based sensors for high-voltage. The system consists of two main modules, one related to the thermal chamber and another on high-voltage part. The system development was mainly due to the needs of customization and precision for the characterization of sensors and other applications. The thermal chamber has its electronic and mechanical design described, with emphasis on the use of thermoelectric modules, the proportional-integral-derivative controllers and their tuning parameters. A study was conducted on the configuration that uses two thermoelectric modules in series, showing the advantages and disadvantages of this configuration. The obtained temperature range for the chamber was 0°C to 70 °C with ± 0.1 °C error, similar to the commercial chambers. There is a proposal for a circuit for arbitrary high voltage wave generator and analyzer, and tests with one system similar to that proposed for voltages up to 15kV, to validate a harmonics eliminator method, obtaining results of THD about 0.04% which is limited by the definition of signal analyzer / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Nelson Luis Cappelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T04:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meneghetti_CarlosRenato_M.pdf: 4445768 bytes, checksum: a3c2a319a93fba495d07caeaf1673046 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O armazenamento de produtos perecíveis em sistemas refrigerados permite conservar por mais tempo sua qualidade para consumo, atender a padrões mais rígidos de qualidade, prolongar a vida de prateleira, e muitas vezes alcançar mercados antes inalcançáveis, principalmente para exportação. Além dos fatores de conservação, a redução de custos nos insumos permite a concorrência por menores preços. Na refrigeração, um importante insumo é a energia elétrica, reduzir seu custo significa mais competitividade. Portanto, neste trabalho, estuda-se a possibilidade de reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica num sistema de refrigeração, originalmente concebido para regime de rotação fixa do compressor, quando submetido a um regime de rotação variável. Para tal investigação, utilizam-se simulações de modelos matemáticos. Fez-se necessário identificar cada parte do sistema dinâmico; construir o modelo matemático; estudar as estratégias de controle mais adequadas, tanto em função do consumo de energia, quanto em relação a estabilidade das variáveis controladas em regime permanente; discutir os aspectos relevantes para a implementação dos sistemas de controle e classificar as estratégias de controle quanto ao consumo de energia e viabilidade de implementação. O sistema de refrigeração foi identificado e concebido num modelo matemático de múltiplas entradas e múltiplas saídas. Nas simulações foram implementados controle de temperatura liga-desliga, controlador PID e controle fuzzy. Buscou-se com os controles maior estabilidade de temperatura, o menor erro em regime permanente e o menor consumo de energia elétrica. Quanto a estabilidade de temperatura e erro em regime, tanto o PID quanto o fuzzy obtiveram desempenho satisfatório, com respectivamente Imse=0,0019 e Imse=0,46485, comparados ao liga-desliga com Imse=0,5813. Apenas o controle fuzzy obteve economia no consumo de energia elétrica, chegando a redução de 5,4% quando comparado aos demais / Abstract: The storage of perishable products in refrigerated systems lets people maintain even more the quality for consume, fulfill the most inflexible patterns of quality, lengthen the shelf life, and many times reach markets that were unreachable, mainly for exportation. Besides quality, there is a competition for lower prices, and it is esteemed then, among others, the reducing in costs of the raw materials. Talking about refrigeration, an important raw material is electric energy, so reduce its cost means to be more competitive. So, in this work, it is experimented the possibility of reducing the consumption of electric energy in a refrigeration system originally conceived for method of fixed rotation of the compressor when submitted to the system of changeable rotation. To this searching, in this work simulations of mathematical models are used. So it was necessary to identify each part of the dynamic system; to build a mathematical model; to study the more appropriate strategies of controlling, as much related to the consumption of energy, as in relation to the stability of the variables controlled when they are under steady state; to discuss the significant aspects to the execution of the control systems and to classify the control strategies according to the consumption of energy and the viability of execution. The refrigeration system was identified and conceived in a mathematical model of multiple inputs and outputs. In the simulations, control of temperature with on-off , PID and fuzzy control were executed. It sought through the controls a higher stability in temperature, the smaller error in steady state and the lower consumption of electric energy. As for stability in temperature, as much the PID as the fuzzy had a satisfactory performance, with respectively IMSE=0,0019 and IMSE=0,46485 compared to the on-off with IMSE=0,5813; as for the error in steady state the control PID got better results; as for the decreasing in the consumption of electric energy, only the fuzzy control has got economy, reaching reductions of 5,4%, in comparison with the other ones / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The RoboCup offers a research platform to advance robotics and multi-robot cooperation in dynamic environments. This project builds on work previously done to develop a research platform for multi-robot cooperation at Stellenbosch University. This thesis describes the development of an active ball handling system for a robot in the RoboCup Small Size League (SSL). This was achieved by building on the work done in the previous projects. The hardware for the kicker and dribbler mechanisms on the robot were implemented and tested to characterise their capabilities. The kicker was characterised to control the speed at which a ball is kicked and the dribbler for optimal control over a ball. More accurate movement was required and the Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers for translational and rotational movement on the robot were improved. The test results show an improvement in straight line trajectory tracking when compared to those of the previous controllers. Dribble control sensors were implemented on the robot for successful dribbling by the robot. This resulted in a significant improvement to the dribbling ability of the robot when these sensors are used. This dribbling ability was compared to the dribbling ability of the robot when no feedback was received from the sensors. Lastly a proposed curved trajectory tracking algorithm was tested by combining translational and rotational movement of the robot. This algorithm showed the capabilities of the robot to follow a curved trajectory with the improved translational and rotational controllers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die RoboCup bied ’n navorsingsplatvorm om robotika en multi-robot samewerking in ’n dinamiese omgewing te bevorder. Hierdie projek bou voort op werk wat reeds gedoen is om ’n navorsingsplatvorm vir multi-robot samewerking aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch te ontwikkel. Hierdie tesis beskryf die ontwikkeling van ’n aktiewe balhanteringsstelsel vir ’n robot in die RoboCup Klein Liga (KL). Dit is bereik deur voort te bou op die werk wat in vorige projekte gedoen is. Die hardeware vir die skopper- en dribbelmeganismes is geïmplementeer en getoets om hulle vermoëns te karakteriseer. Die skopper is gekenmerk deur die spoed waarteen ’n bal geskop word en die dribbler vir optimale beheer oor ’n bal. Meer akkurate beweging was nodig en die PID-beheerders vir translasie- en rotasiebeweging in die robot is verbeter. Die resultate van die toetse toon ’n verbetering in reguitlynbeweging in vergelyking met dié van die vorige beheerders. Dribbelbeheersensors is in die robot geïmplementeer vir suksesvolle dribbelbeweging deur die robot. Gevolglik is daar ’n aansienlike verbetering in die dribbelvermoë van die robot wanneer hierdie sensors gebruik word. Hierdie dribbelvermoë is vergelyk met die dribbelvermoë wanneer die robot geen terugvoer van die sensors ontvang nie. Laastens is ’n voorgestelde algoritme vir die robot om ’n geboë trajek te volg, getoets. Dit is bereik deur die translasie- en die rotasiebeweging van die robot te kombineer. Hierdie algoritme het die vermoë van die robot om ’n geboë baan te laat volg deur gebruik te maak van die verbeterde translasie- en rotasiebeheerders.

<p>Rad je posvećen robusnom upravljanju sistemima čiji je linearni regulator i/ili dinamika necelog reda, kao i upravljačkim problemima gde regulator necelog reda u sebi poseduje i linearnu i nelinearnu dinamiku, a koji upravlja procesima čija dinamika može i linearna i nelinearna.</p> / <p>The thesys is dedicated to robust control systems problems with linear<br />controllers and/or process dynamics of noninteger order, as well as control<br />issues with combination of linear and nonlinear controllers of noninteger<br />order that control either linear or nonlinear systems.</p>

Dans cette thèse, nous considérons l'analyse et la commande H∞ de systèmes continus à retards commensurables par des méthodes fréquentielles. Nous étudions tout d'abord le comportement asymptotique des chaînes de pôles et donnons des conditions de stabilité pour des systèmes de type neutre possédant des chaînes de pôles asymptotiques à l'axe imaginaire. La même analyse est effectuée dans le cas de systèmes fractionnaires. Nous proposons ensuite une méthode numérique qui fournit l'ensemble des fenêtres de stabilité ainsi que le lieu des racines instables pour des systèmes classiques et fractionnaires. Cette première partie de la thèse, dédiée à l'analyse, se termine par une étude des courbes de stabilité d'une classe de systèmes à retards distribués. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, qui s'intéresse à la synthèse, nous commençons par déterminer des contrôleurs PID pour des systèmes fractionnaires à retards, à l'aide du théorème du petit gain. Enfin, utilisant la substitution de Rekasius, nous construisons un système de comparaison linéaire invariant dans le temps qui nous fournit des informations sur la stabilité et la norme H∞ de systèmes à retards classiques. Cette approche nous permet de mettre au point pour ces systèmes des contrôleurs à retour d'état ou de sortie, ainsi que des filtres linéaires. / This thesis addresses the H∞ analysis and control of continuous commensurate time-delay systems by frequential methods. First, the asymptotic behavior of the chains of poles are studied, and the conditions of stability for neutral systems with poles approaching the imaginary axis are given. The same analysis is done for fractional systems. In the sequel, a numerical method able to locate all the stability windows as well as the unstable root-locus for classical and fractional system is given. We conclude the analysis part by providing the stability crossing curves of a class of distributed delay system. Starting the synthesis part, we design PID controllers for unstable fractional systems using a small-gain theorem approach. Finally, using the Rekasius substitution, we construct a linear time invariant comparison system that allows us to get information about stability and H∞-norm for classical time-delay systems. Using this approach it is possible to design state and output feedback controllers, as well as linear filters for this class of systems.