Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloMP_TESE_Parte 1.pdf: 4026465 bytes, checksum: b5bd28c043dc6252575ad902899bb6a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-22 / The objective of this study was to produce biofuels (bio-oil and gas) from the thermal treatment of sewage sludge in rotating cylinder, aiming industrial applications. The biomass was characterized by immediate and instrumental analysis (elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy - SEM, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and ICP-OES). A kinetic study on non-stationary regime was done to calculate the activation energy by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis evaluating thermochemical and thermocatalytic process of sludge, the latter being in the presence of USY zeolite. As expected, the activation energy evaluated by the mathematical model "Model-free kinetics" applying techniques isoconversionais was lowest for the catalytic tests (57.9 to 108.9 kJ/mol in the range of biomass conversion of 40 to 80%). The pyrolytic plant at a laboratory scale reactor consists of a rotating cylinder whose length is 100 cm with capable of processing up to 1 kg biomass/h. In the process of pyrolysis thermochemical were studied following parameters: temperature of reaction (500 to 600 ? C), flow rate of carrier gas (50 to 200 mL/min), frequency of rotation of centrifugation for condensation of bio-oil (20 to 30 Hz) and flow of biomass (4 and 22 g/min). Products obtained during the process (pyrolytic liquid, coal and gas) were characterized by classical and instrumental analytical techniques. The maximum yield of liquid pyrolytic was approximately 10.5% obtained in the conditions of temperature of 500 ?C, centrifugation speed of 20 Hz, an inert gas flow of 200 mL/min and feeding of biomass 22 g/min. The highest yield obtained for the gas phase was 23.3% for the temperature of 600 ?C, flow rate of 200 mL/min inert, frequency of rotation of the column of vapor condensation 30 Hz and flow of biomass of 22 g/min. The non-oxygenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in greater proportion in the bio-oil (55%) followed by aliphatic oxygenated (27%). The bio-oil had the following characteristics: pH 6.81, density between 1.05 and 1.09 g/mL, viscosity between 2.5 and 3.1 cSt and highest heating value between 16.91 and 17.85 MJ/ kg. The main components in the gas phase were: H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. Hydrogen was the main constituent of the gas mixture, with a yield of about 46.2% for a temperature of 600 ? C. Among the hydrocarbons formed, methane was found in higher yield (16.6%) for the temperature 520 oC. The solid phase obtained showed a high ash content (70%) due to the abundant presence of metals in coal, in particular iron, which was also present in bio-oil with a rate of 0.068% in the test performed at a temperature of 500 oC. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir biocombust?veis (bio-?leo e g?s), a partir do tratamento t?rmico do lodo de esgoto dom?stico em cilindro rotativo, visando aplica??o industrial. A biomassa foi caracterizada por an?lise imediata e instrumental (An?lise Elementar, Microsc?pica Eletr?nica de Varredura - MEV, Difra??o de Raios-X, Espectroscopia no Infravermelho, ICP-OES). Um estudo cin?tico, em regime n?o estacion?rio foi realizado para o c?lculo da energia de ativa??o por An?lise T?rmica Gravim?trica avaliando os processos termoqu?micos e termocatal?ticos do lodo, sendo este ?ltimo na presen?a da ze?lita USY. Como esperado, a energia de ativa??o avaliada pelo modelo matem?tico "Model-free kinetics" aplicando t?cnicas isoconversionais foi menor para os ensaios catal?ticos (57,9 108,9 kJ/mol, no intervalo de convers?es da biomassa de 40 ? 80%). A planta pirol?tica, em escala de laborat?rio ? constitu?da de um reator de cilindro rotativo cujo comprimento ? 100 cm, com capacidade de processar at? 1 Kg biomassa/h. No processo da pir?lise termoqu?mica foram estudados os seguintes par?metros: temperatura da rea??o (500 ? 600 ?C), vaz?o do g?s de arraste (50 ? 200 mL/min), freq??ncia de rota??o de centrifuga??o (20 ? 30 Hz) para condensa??o do bio-?leo e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa (4 e 22 g/min). Os produtos obtidos durante o processo (l?quido pirol?tico, carv?o e g?s) foram caracterizados atrav?s de t?cnicas anal?ticas cl?ssicas e instrumentais. O rendimento m?ximo de l?quido pirol?tico foi da ordem de 10,5% obtido nas condi??es de temperatura de 500 ?C, rota??o da centrifuga??o de 20 Hz, vaz?o de g?s inerte de 200 mL/min e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa 22 g/min. O maior rendimento obtido para a fase gasosa foi de 23,3 %, para a temperatura da rea??o de 600 oC, vaz?o de inerte 200 mL/min, freq??ncia de rota??o da coluna de condensa??o de vapores 30 Hz e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa de 22 g/min. Os hidrocarbonetos alif?ticos n?o oxigenados foram encontrados em maior propor??o no bio-?leo (55%) seguido pelos compostos alif?ticos oxigenados (27%). O bio-?leo apresentou as seguintes caracter?sticas: pH 6,81, densidade entre 1,05 e 1,09 g/mL, viscosidade entre 2,5 e 3,1 cSt e poder calor?fico superior entre 16,91 e 17,85 MJ/kg. Os principais componentes obtidos na fase gasosa foram: H2, CO, CO2, CH4. O hidrog?nio foi o principal constituinte da mistura gasosa, com rendimento da ordem de 46,2 %, para a temperatura de 600 oC e, dentre os hidrocarbonetos formados, o metano foi encontrado em maior rendimento (16,6 %) para a temperatura 520 oC. A fase s?lida obtida apresentou elevado teor de cinzas (70%), devido ? presen?a abundante de metais no carv?o, em particular, o ferro, o qual esteve tamb?m presente no bio-?leo com um percentual de 0,068 % no ensaio realizado na temperatura de 500 oC

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a dense network of autonomous devices (or motes) with sensors that cooperatively monitor some physical or environmental conditions. These devices are resource constrained -limited memory, power and computational resources. Thus, any algorithm developed for WSN should be deigned such that the algorithm consumes the resources as minimal as possible. The problem addressed in this thesis is developing a low-complexity algorithm for intrusion detection in the presence of clutter arising from moving vegetation, using Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensors. The algorithm is based on a combination of Haar Transform (HT) and Support-Vector-Machine (SVM) based training. The spectral signature of the waveforms is used to separate between the intruder and clutter waveforms. The spectral signature is computed using HT and this is fed to SVM which returns an optimal hyperplane that separates the intruder and clutter signatures. This hyperplane obtained by offline training is used online in the mote for surveillance. The algorithm is field-tested in the Indian Institute of Science campus. Based on experimental observations about the PIR sensor and the lens system, an analytical model for the waveform generated by an intruder moving along a straight line with uniform velocity in the vicinity of the sensor is developed. Analysis on how this model can be exploited to track the intruder path by optimally positioning multiple sensor nodes is provided. Algorithm for tracking the intruder path using features of the waveform from three sensors mounted on a single mote is also developed.

Denna rapport är ett tekniskt komplement till Johanna Hernnäs och Linnea Martinssons rapport AerQ - Ett produktutvecklingsprojekt för att läsa av inomhusklimatet. I denna rapport beskrivs designen av en demonstrationsanläggning för inomhusklimat och passageräkning bestående av två trådlösa och batteridrivna enheter för inomhusklimat respektive passageräkning och en mobilapplikation till vilket datan presenteras. Klimatenheten mäter temperatur, relativ luftfuktighet och koldioxid samt kommunicerar via Wi-Fi och BLE och visuellt via RGB-LED:s. passageräknaren detekterar passager m h a en PIR-sensor och kommunicerar via BLE. I rapporten presenteras utförandet av demoanläggninen och en undersökning av PIR-sensorer. Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att detektera riktning med en PIR-sensor samt en lösning för långvarig batteridrift av en sensornod utrustad med ljusdiodslinga, Wi-Fi och VOC-sensor(MEMS metalloxidsensor). Systemets roll kan vara att återkoppla till behovsstyrd ventilation och/eller uppmärksamma användare om sitt inomhusklimat. / This report is a technical complement to Johanna Hernnäs and Linnea Martinssons bachelor work paper AerQ - Ett produktutvecklingsprojekt för att läsa av inomhusklimatet. This report describes the design of an indoor climate and people counting demo facility consisting of two wireless and battery-powered units for indoor climate and people counting and a mobile application to which the data is presented. The climate unit measures temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide, and communicates via Wi-Fi and BLE and visually via RGB LEDs. The people counter detects a passage with a PIR sensor and communicates via BLE. The report presents the implementation of the demo facility and a investigation of PIR sensors. The result shows that it is possible to detect direction with a PIR sensor as well as a long-term battery operation of a sensor node equipped with RGB LEDs, Wi-Fi and VOC Sensor (MEMS Metal Oxide Sensor). The system's role may be to feedback demand-driven ventilation and / or to alert users about their indoor climate.

This master’s thesis is focused on design and realisation of special security system for space and property protection. System is devided into two parts, transmitting and receiving. Transmitting part is formed by Raspberry Pi Model B+, motion sensor, webcam and USB LTE modem Huawei E398. Receiving part consists of computer with suitable application for communication with FTP server. Data transfer in mobile systems is described in the first part of this thesis, transmitting part is designed in the second part. There is one transmitting option chosen in the third part and there are also described applications of the transmitting part. The last part of this thesis is focused on the receiving part and its application.

This project introduces the typology of the Pleasure Pier to Stockholm. The Pier starts at Ropsten, an area in the center of the municipality´s extensive plans for The Royal Seaport (or Norra Djurgårdsstaden). The project is a study of the pier typology, how to translate an old idea to give it relevance to Stockholm today, how a structure can be integrated in the intense traffic node that Ropsten will become, and how Stockholm´s abundance of water can become more accessible without diminishing its value.

This thesis presents the development of a Sensor Tower Platform (STP) comprised of an array of Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensors along with a classification algorithm that enables the STP to distinguish between human intrusion, animal intrusion and clutter arising from wind-blown vegetative movement in an outdoor environment. The research was motivated by the aim of exploring the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as an early-warning system to help mitigate human-wildlife conflicts occurring at the edge of a forest. While PIR sensors are in commonplace use in indoor settings, their use in an outdoor environment is hampered by the fact that they are prone to false alarms arising from wind-blown vegetation. Every PIR sensor is made up of one or more pairs of pyroelectric pixels arranged in a plane, and the orientation of interest in this thesis is one in which this plane is a vertical plane, i.e., a plane perpendicular to the ground plane. The intersection of the Field Of View (FOV) of the PIR sensor with a second vertical plane that lies within the FOV of the PIR sensor, is called the virtual pixel array (VPA). The structure of the VPA corresponding to the plane along which intruder motion takes place determines the form of the signal generated by the PIR sensor. The STP developed in this thesis employs an array of PIR sensors designed so as to result in a VPA that makes it easier to discriminate between human and animal intrusion while keeping to a small level false alarms arising from vegetative motion. The design was carried out in iterative fashion, with each successive iteration separated by a lengthy testing phase. There were a total of 5 design iterations spanning a total period of 14 months. Given the inherent challenges involved in gathering data corresponding to animal intrusion, the testing of the SP was carried out both using real-world data and through simulation. Simulation was carried out by developing a tool that employed animation software to simulate intruder and animal motion as well as some limited models of wind-blown vegetation. More specifically, the simulation tool employed 3-dimensional models of intruder and shrub motion that were developed using the popular animation software Blender. The simulated output signal of the PIR sensor was then generated by calculating the area of the 3-dimensional intruder when projected onto the VPA of the STP. An algorithm for efficiently calculating this to a good degree of approximation was implemented in Open Graphics Library (OpenGL). The simulation tool was useful both for evaluating various competing design alternatives as well as for developing an intuition for the kind of signals the SP would generate without the need for time-consuming and challenging animal-motion data collection. Real-world data corresponding to human motion was gathered on the campus of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), while animal data was recorded at a dog-trainer facility in Kengeri as well as the Bannerghatta Biological Park, both located in the outskirts of Bengaluru. The array of PIR sensors was designed so as to result in a VPA that had good spatial resolution. The spatial resolution capabilities of the STP permitted distinguishing between human and animal motion with good accuracy based on low-complexity, signal-energy computations. Rejecting false alarms arising from vegetative movement proved to be more challenging. While the inherent spatial resolution of the STP was very helpful, an alternative approach turned out to have much higher accuracy, although it is computationally more intensive. Under this approach, the intruder signal, either human or animal, was modelled as a chirp waveform. When the intruder moves along a circular arc surrounding the STP, the resulting signal is periodic with constant frequency. However, when the intruder moves along a more likely straight-line path, the resultant signal has a strong chirp component. Clutter signals arising from vegetative motion does not exhibit this chirp behavior and an algorithm that exploited this difference turned in a classification accuracy in excess of 97%.

La mesure simultanée des champs cinématiques et thermiques est très importante pour les procédures thermomécaniques. Les caméras à base de silicium sont largement utilisées pour l'observation en temps réel des champs cinématiques, principalement grâce à la corrélation d'images numériques. De plus, ils sont aussi connus pour sa sensibilité dans le spectre du proche infrarouge, ce qui permet d’acquérir des champs thermiques à l’aide d’une caméra à base de silicium. Cependant, pour la caméra à base de silicium, il y a deux problèmes principaux d’obtenir simultanément des champs cinématiques et thermiques. D’abord, dans le spectre du proche infrarouge, une petite variation de température entraînera une modification importante du niveau de gris de l'image, ce qui entraînera facilement une mauvaise qualité des images. Deuxième, la corrélation d’images numériques nécessite une surface hétérogène et contrastée, tandis que la thermographie dans le proche infrarouge nécessite une surface homogène et constante. Dans cette thèse, une technique innovante a été proposée pour ajuster automatiquement le temps d'exposition de la caméra afin d'obtenir des images exploitables pour l’analyse cinématique et thermique, quel que soit l'évolution de température à la surface de l'objet observé. Cette technique a été validée par expériences différentes, notamment des expériences de chauffage d’un corps noir et des expériences de chauffage d’un échantillon réel. Les modèles radiométriques du corps noir et de la surface des échantillons calibrent respectivement. Basé sur les modèles radiométriques, des champs thermiques ont été reconstruits sur les images exploitables pour l’analyse cinématique et thermique. L'expérience à haute température est réalisée pour le ballonnement des tubes où les champs cinématiques et thermiques sont observés. La corrélation d'images numériques a été effectuée globalement afin d'obtenir des champs cinématiques. Pour effectuer la thermographie du proche infrarouge sur la surface de l’échantillon, le modèle radiométrique est étalonné selon une partie des pixels les plus brillants. Dans ce cas, 20% des pixels les plus brillants sont utilisés pour effectuer l'étalonnage des modèles radiométriques. Basée sur le modèle en utilisant 20% des pixels plus brillants, les champs thermiques sont reconstruits. Combiné avec les coordonnées connues du champ cinématique par corrélation d'images numériques, le champ thermique et le champ cinématique dans les mêmes coordonnées peut être obtenu. / Simultaneous measurement of kinematic and thermal full fields are very important for thermomechanical procedures. Silicon-based cameras are widely used to perform real-time observation of the kinematic fields, mainly thanks to digital image correlation. Moreover, they are known to be as well sensitive in the near-infrared spectral range, thus the acquirement of thermal fields using silicon-based cameras is possible. However, there are two main problems for the silicon-based camera to obtain simultaneously kinematic and thermal fields. One is that in the near-infrared spectral range, a small temperature variation will lead to a large modification in the image gray level, which easily leads to poor quality images. Another is that digital image correlation needs a heterogeneous and contrasting surface, while the near-infrared thermography needs a homogeneous and constant surface. In this thesis, an innovative technique was proposed to automatically adjust the exposure time of the camera to obtain kinematically and thermally exploitable images whatever the temperature evolution occurs on the surface of the observed object. This technique was validated by different experiments, including blackbody heating experiments and realistic specimen heating experiments. Radiometric models of blackbody and specimen surfaces ware calibrated respectively. Based on the radiometric models, thermal fields have been reconstructed on the kinematically and thermally exploitable images. High temperature tube ballooning experiment is conducted to perform both kinematic and thermal fields. Global digital image correlation was performed to obtain kinematic fields. To perform near-infrared thermography on the specimen surface, radiometric model is calibrated based on portions of the brightest pixels. In this case 20% of the brightest pixels are used to perform radiometric model calibration. Based on the radiometric model using 20% of the brightest pixels, the thermal fields are reconstructed. Combined with the known coordinates of kinematic fields by digital image correlation, the thermal fields at the same coordinates as kinematic fields can be obtained.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KesiaKV.pdf: 2272602 bytes, checksum: 46f23a52fbc9d4e74dfd9f25d2f58e11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-19 / In present work, mesoporous materials of the M41S family were synthesized, which were discovered in the early 90s by researchers from Mobil Oil Corporation, thus allowing new perspectives in the field of catalysis. One of the most important members of this family is the MCM-41, which has a hexagonal array of mesopores with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 10 nm and a high surface area, enabling it to become very promising for the use as a catalyst in the refining of oil in the catalytic cracking process, since the mesopores facilitate the access of large hydrocarbon molecules, thereby increasing the production of light products, that are in high demand in the market. The addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 increases the acidity of the material, making it more beneficial for application in the petrochemical industry. The mesoporous materials MCM-41 and Al-MCM-41 (ratio Si / Al = 50) were synthesized through the hydrothermal method, starting with silica gel, NaOH and distilled water. CTMABr was used as template, for structural guiding. In Al-MCM-41 the same reactants were used, with the adding of pseudoboehmite (as a source of aluminum) in the synthesis gel. The syntheses were carried out over a period of four days with a daily adjustment of pH. The optimum conditions of calcination for the removal of the organic template (CTMABr) were discovered through TG / DTG and also through analysis by XRD, FTIR and Nitrogen Adsorption. It was found that both the method of hydrothermal synthesis and calcination conditions of the studies based on TG were promising for the production of mesoporous materials with a high degree of hexagonal array. The acidic properties of the materials were determined by desorption of n-butylamine via thermogravimetry. One proved that the addition of aluminum in the structure of MCM-41 promoted an increase in the acidity of the catalyst. To check the catalytic activity of these materials, a sample of Atmospheric Residue (RAT) that is derived from atmospheric distillation of oil from the Pole of Guamar?- RN was used. This sample was previously characterized by various techniques such as Thermogravimetry, FTIR and XRF, where through thermal analysis of a comparative study between the thermal degradation of the RAT, the RAT pyrolysis + MCM-41 and RAT + Al- MCM-41. It was found that the Al-MCM-41 was most satisfactory in the promotion of a catalytic effect on the pyrolysis of the RAT, as the cracking of heavy products in the waste occurred at temperatures lower than those observed for the pyrolysis with MCM-41, and thereby also decreasing the energy of activation for the process and increasing the rates of conversion of residue into lighter products / No presente trabalho, foram sintetizados materiais mesoporos da fam?lia M41S que foram descobertos no in?cio dos anos 90 por pesquisadores da Mobil Oil Corporation, possibilitando assim novas perspectivas no ramo da cat?lise. Um dos mais importantes membros desta fam?lia ? o MCM-41, que possui um arranjo hexagonal de mesoporos com di?metros de poros entre 2 a 10 nm e uma alta ?rea superficial, tornando-o bastante promissor para ser utilizado como catalisador no refino do petr?leo para o craqueamento catal?tico, j? que seus mesoporos facilitam o acesso de mol?culas grandes de hidrocarbonetos, aumentando assim a produ??o de produtos leves com uma alta demanda no mercado. A adi??o de alum?nio na estrutura do MCM-41 aumenta a acidez do material, tornando-o mais positivo para aplica??o na ind?stria petroqu?mica. Os materiais mesoporosos do tipo MCM-41 e Al-MCM- 41 (raz?o Si/Al=50) foram sintetizados atrav?s do m?todo hidrot?rmico partindo da S?lica gel, NaOH e ?gua destilada. Como direcionador estrutural foi utilizado CTMABr. Para o Al- MCM-41 utilizaram-se os mesmos reagentes acrescentando a pseudobohemita (fonte de alum?nio) no gel de s?ntese. As s?nteses foram realizadas durante um per?odo de quatro dias com corre??o di?ria de pH. As melhores condi??es de calcina??o para remo??o do direcionador org?nico (CTMABr) foram otimizadas por TG/DTG e atrav?s de an?lises por DRX, FTIR e adsor??o de nitrog?nio verificou-se que tanto o m?todo de s?ntese hidrot?rmica como as condi??es de calcina??o baseado nos estudos por TG foram promissores para produ??o de materiais mesoporosos com alto grau de ordena??o hexagonal. As propriedades ?cidas dos materiais foram determinadas pela dessor??o de n- butilamina via termogravimetria. Comprovou-se que a adi??o de alum?nio na estrutura do MCM-41 promoveu um aumento na acidez deste catalisador. Para verificar a atividade catal?tica desses materiais utilizou-se uma amostra do Res?duo Atmosf?rico (RAT) que ? proveniente da destila??o atmosf?rica do petr?leo proveniente do P?lo de Guamar?- RN previamente caracterizado por v?rias t?cnicas como: Termogravimetria, FTIR e FRX, realizando-se atrav?s da an?lise t?rmica um estudo comparativo entre a degrada??o t?rmica do RAT, pir?lise do RAT+MCM-41 e RAT+Al-MCM-41. Verificou-se que o Al-MCM-41 promoveu um efeito catal?tico mais satisfat?rio na pir?lise do RAT, j? que o craqueamento dos produtos pesados presentes no res?duo ocorreu em temperaturas inferiores ?s observadas para a pir?lise com MCM-41 e com isso diminuindo tamb?m a energia de ativa??o para o processo, bem como aumentando os valores de convers?o do res?duo em produtos leves

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KesiaKVC_TESE.pdf: 1888403 bytes, checksum: 628d99fa0e77dc19c5054fa5d201217e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-17 / In this work were synthesized and characterized the materials mesoporous SBA-15 and Al- SBA-15, Si / Al = 25, 50 and 75, discovered by researchers at the University of California- Santa Barbara, USA, with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 30 nm and wall thickness from 3.1 to 6.4 nm, making these promising materials in the field of catalysis, particularly for petroleum refining (catalytic cracking), as their mesopores facilitate access of the molecules constituting the oil to active sites, thereby increasing the production of hydrocarbons in the range of light and medium. To verify that the materials used as catalysts were successfully synthesized, they were characterized using techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). Aiming to check the catalytic activity thereof, a sample of atmospheric residue oil (ATR) from the pole Guamar?-RN was performed the process by means of thermogravimetry and thermal degradation of catalytic residue. Upon the curves, it was observed a reduction in the onset temperature of the decomposition process of catalytic ATR. For the kinetic model proposed by Flynn-Wall yielded some parameters to determine the apparent activation energy of decomposition, being shown the efficiency of mesoporous materials, since there was a decrease in the activation energy for the reactions using catalysts. The ATR was also subjected to pyrolysis process using a pyrolyzer with gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Through the chromatograms obtained, there was an increase in the yield of the compounds in the range of gasoline and diesel from the catalytic pyrolysis, with emphasis on Al-SBA-15 (Si / Al = 25), which showed a percentage higher than the other catalysts. These results are due to the fact that the synthesized materials exhibit specific properties for application in the process of pyrolysis of complex molecules and high molecular weight as constituents of the ATR / No presente trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados os materiais mesoporosos SBA-15 e Al-SBA-15, Si/Al= 25, 50 e 75, descobertos por pesquisadores da Universidade da Calif?rnia- Santa B?rbara- EUA, tendo di?metro de poros variando entre 2 a 30 nm e espessura das paredes de 3,1 - 6,4 nm, tornando estes materiais promissores na ?rea da cat?lise, especificamente para o refino do petr?leo (craqueamento catal?tico), j? que seus mesoporos facilitam o acesso das mol?culas constituintes do petr?leo aos s?tios ativos, aumentando assim a produ??o de produtos na faixa dos hidrocarbonetos leves e m?dios. Para verificar se os materiais utilizados como catalisadores haviam sido sintetizados com sucesso, os mesmos foram caracterizados atrav?s das t?cnicas de difra??o de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e adsor??o de nitrog?nio (BET). Com o intuito de verificar a atividade catal?tica dos mesmos, utilizou-se uma amostra de Res?duo Atmosf?rico de petr?leo (RAT), proveniente do P?lo de Guamar?- RN, realizando-se atrav?s da termogravimetria o processo de degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica do res?duo. Mediante as curvas obtidas, observou-se uma redu??o na temperatura de in?cio do processo de decomposi??o catal?tica do RAT. Pelo modelo cin?tico proposto por Flynn- Wall obtiveram-se alguns par?metros para determina??o da energia de ativa??o aparente das decomposi??es, ficando evidenciada a efici?ncia dos materiais mesoporosos, j? que houve uma diminui??o da energia de ativa??o para as rea??es utilizando os catalisadores. O RAT tamb?m foi submetido ao processo de pir?lise utilizando-se um pirolisador com cromatografia gasosa, acoplado a um espectr?metro de massa. Mediante os cromatogramas obtidos, observou-se um aumento no rendimento dos compostos na faixa da gasolina e diesel oriundos da pir?lise catal?tica, com ?nfase para o Al-SBA-15 (Si/Al= 25), que apresentou um percentual superior aos demais catalisadores. Esses resultados se devem ao fato dos materiais sintetizados exibirem propriedades espec?ficas, para aplica??o no processo de pir?lise de mol?culas complexas e com alto peso molecular, como os constituintes do RAT

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'étude des propriétés des couches minces de matériaux semi-conducteurs à base de tellurure de cadmium CdTe. L'étude de l'influence de différents paramètres de dépôt sur les propriétés des couches minces de CdTe nous a permis de mettre au point une méthode de préparation d'un nouveau matériau à base de CdTe. Il s'agit du tellurure de cadmium amorphe oxygéné aCddTe:O. Le dépôt de couches minces de a-CdTe:O à partir d'une cible polycristalline de CdTe nécessite l'utilisation d'un plasma à haut pouvoir oxydant. Le plasma que nous avons utilisé est obtenu à partir d'un mélange d'argon Ar, de dioxygène et de diazote soumis à un champ électrique radiofréquence de 13,56 MHz. Nous avons montré que le diazote joue un rôle de catalyseur de l'oxydation de CdTe dans le plasma de déposition dont la composition détermine celle des couches minces de a-CdTe:O. En effet, la teneur en oxygène de ces couches peut avoisiner les 60 % lorsque les conditions d'oxydation sont poussées à l'extrême. Les propriétés optiques des couches minces de a-CdTe:O dépendent beaucoup de la teneur des couches en oxygène. C'est ainsi que l'énergie Eg du gap optique varie entre 1,45 eV et 1,85 eV pour une teneur en oxygène variant entre 0 et 40 % en pourcentage atomique. La valeur extrapolée à l'infrarouge de l'indice de réfraction de ces couches varie, quant à elle, entre 2,15 et 2,75. L'étude par XPS montre que l'oxygène incorporé dans les couches minces de a-CdTe:O se lie aussi bien aux atomes de tellure qu'à ceux de cadmium. En utilisant la réfléctométrie des rayons X, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'influence du plasma oxydant précédent sur les couches minces de CdTe. Nous avons réussi ainsi à mettre au point une méthode qui permet de réduire considérablement la rugosité de surface des couches minces de CdTe. Lorsque l'on pousse à l'extrême les conditions d'oxydation, on peut obtenir des couches minces amorphes de l'oxyde stable CdTeO3. L'étude des propriétés électriques de ces couches permet de mettre en évidence leur caractère isolant. Nous avons pu ainsi déterminer leur résistivité électrique continue 3x10^6 ohm.m et leur constante diélectrique relative (16). Les mesures de transmission optique ont permis de déterminer leur énergie de gap optique Eg=3,91 eV ainsi que la valeur extrapolée à l'infrarouge de leur indice de réfraction (1,90). Des couches minces amorphes de CdTeO3 ont aussi été déposées sur CdTe en couche mince. Un recuit approprié des structures ainsi obtenues permet de faire croître du CdTeO3 polycristallin sur du CdTe polycristallin.