This work deals with the possibilities of accessing to the geographic information systems in utility companies. Its assignment is to assess to what level it is appropriate to deploy portal solutions today, and the replacement of traditional client installed on your PC with these technologies. The work begins with a general definition of GIS and a description of its use in practice. One chapter is devoted to GIS requirements from different perspectives (technical requirements, legislative requirements, business requirements), which are the present work evaluated by expert analysis of different user groups and clients, and these options using the financial indicators evaluated.

The work focuses on the use of online reservation systems for the hotel industry. The first part is dedicated to the development of the Internet and describes the online sales. The second part describes the electronic distribution systems, global distribution systems and Internet reservation systems. The third section demonstrates the practical use of these systems in practice applied to a concrete hotel. At the end is described the current situation of on-line sales and the assumption of its development in the future. The goal is to unify the information about the online reservation systems currently used in the hotel industry.

Estudou-se o sistema porta hepático do bagre africano Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822, sob o ponto de vista da anatomia macroscópica e microscópica, utilizando-se várias técnicas anatômicas, que envolveram anestesia, injeção de substâncias recomendadas ao estudo do sistema vascular (látex, nanquim, cloreto de polivinil e substância radiopaca), dissecação, corrosão ou radiografia, conforme a exigência de cada técnica, como meio de compreensão da anatomia vascular do fígado deste peixe. Foram utilizados 16 exemplares do sexo feminino, com comprimento total entre 45 e 53,5 centímetros e massa corpórea entre 575 e 1068 gramas. Para a execução dessas técnicas, os peixes foram devidamente anestesiados com benzocaína, garantindo a narcose profunda e evitando qualquer tipo de sofrimento a eles. Os resultados obtidos com essas técnicas mostram que o fígado de Clarias gariepinus ocupa a cavidade abdominal cranial e apresenta uma lobação bem definida, sendo constituído por dois grandes lobos, denominados direito e esquerdo, conectados cranialmente por uma ponte dorsal à transição entre o esôfago e o estômago. O lobo esquerdo apresenta-se ligeiramente maior que o contralateral. Em suas extremidades caudais, os lobos esquerdo e direito formam um ápice pontiagudo, de formato triangular, que continua tenuemente através de um istmo eminentemente vascular que liga esses ápices a dois outros lobos, chamados acessórios direito e esquerdo, bem menores que os demais, e que ficam seqüestrados em um recesso peritoneal, lateral à cavidade abdominal. Os resultados indicam ainda que o sistema porta hepático de Clarias gariepinus está representado por duas veias portas principais denominadas direita e esquerda, levemente assimétricas em diâmetro, que drenam o sangue das vísceras abdominais (baço, estômago, vesícula biliar, intestino e gônadas) através dos tributários viscerais desse sistema. Ainda, devido a uma situação peculiar dos lobos acessórios, definem-se mais duas veias portas secundárias ligadas às principais e designadas igualmente por acessórias, uma esquerda e outra direita. Ambas as vv. portas principais se ramificam, atingindo o hilo da face visceral, enquanto que as vv. acessórias penetram por uma região restrita do lobo. Através de ramos interlobares, ambas as vv. portas principais se anastomosam no parênquima hepático. A v. porta esquerda, com discreto aumento de diâmetro, forma-se pela terminação da v. intestinal, concomitante à desembocadura da v. gastrointestinal e da v. porta acessória esquerda. A v. porta direita se define pela terminação da v. intestinal cranial, simultaneamente à chegada da v. porta acessória ipsilateral, drenando sangue do intestino médio, estômago e vesícula biliar. Nessa espécie, também estão caracterizados dois sítios de comunicação entre o sistema porta hepático e o sistema porta renal através de anastomoses em cada v. porta. Sob as condições em que o trabalho foi desenvolvido e considerando-se a metodologia proposta e a análise dos resultados, conclui-se que todos os métodos foram adequados ao estudo do aparelho circulatório de Clarias gariepinus, sendo recomendados para experimentos futuros sobre o mesmo assunto em outras espécies piscícolas; porém, dentre as três metodologias utilizadas para análises macroscópicas, a injeção de cloreto de polivinil seguida de corrosão das peças e subseqüente obtenção de moldes vasculares mostrou-se mais eficiente na marcação e identificação dos vasos que compõem o sistema porta hepático deste peixe. Conclui-se também que, devido à presença dos lobos acessórios, a lobação hepática é peculiar nesta espécie, em virtude da posição ocupada por estes lobos, assim como a circulação porta, em função das duas veias porta acessórias, e ainda a anastomose entre as duas veias porta principais, característica que deve ser considerada em trabalhos que envolvam cirurgia hepática no bagre africano / The hepatic portal system of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822, was studied considering the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy, by means of several anatomic techniques, including anesthesia, injection of substances recommended to the study of the vascular system (latex, Indian ink, polyvinyl chloride and radiopaque substance), dissection, corrosion or radiography, according to the requirement of each technique, as a way of understanding the hepatic circulatory pathway in the African catfish. Sixteen female specimen were used, being the entire length between 45 and 53.5 centimeters and the corporal mass between 575 and 1068 grams. To perform these techniques, the fishes were adequately anesthetized with benzocaine, assuring the deep narcosis and preventing them from any suffering. The results obtained through such techniques show that the liver of Clarias gariepinus occupies the cranial abdominal cavity and shows a clear lobation, the liver consisting of two large lobes, called right and left, cranially connected by a bridge dorsal to the transition between the esophagus and the stomach. The left lobe is slightly larger than the contralateral lobe. At their caudal ends, the left and the right lobes form a sharp triangle-like apex that tenuously passes through a strip eminently vascular that links these apexes with two other lobes, called right and left accessories, much smaller than the others, these lobes being wrapped in a peritoneal recess, situated at the side of the abdominal cavity. The results still show that the hepatic portal system of Clarias gariepinus is represented by two main portal veins named right and left, slightly asymmetric in diameter, that empty the blood out of the abdominal viscera (spleen, stomach, gall bladder, intestine and gonads) through the visceral tributaries of this system. Furthermore, due to a peculiar situation of the accessory lobes, two other secondary portal veins were defined; they are connected to the main veins and are equally called right and left accessories. Both the main portal veins branch, reaching the hilum of the visceral face, whereas the accessory veins go into a restricted region of the lobe. Through interlobar branches, both the main portal veins anastomose in the hepatic parenchyma. The left portal vein, with a slight increase in diameter, is formed by the terminatio of the intestinal vein, accompanying the discharge of the gastrointestinal vein and the accessory left portal vein. The right portal vein is defined by the terminatio of the cranial intestinal vein, simultaneously with the accessory ipsilateral portal vein, emptying the blood out of the medial intestine, stomach and gall bladder. In this species it is also possible to distinguish two connecting sites between the hepatic portal system and the renal portal system by means of anastomoses in each portal vein. Under the conditions in which the experiment was carried out and considering the methodology suggested and the analysis of the results, it is concluded that all the methods were suitable for the study of the circulatory system of Clarias gariepinus, being recommended for future tests on the same subject in other fish species; however, among the three methodologies used in the macroscopic analyses, the injection of polyvinyl chloride followed by the corrosion of pieces and subsequent getting of vascular moulds was believed to be more efficient at the marking and identification of the vessels that compose the hepatic portal system of this fish. It was also concluded that, due to the presence of the accessory lobes, the hepatic lobation is peculiar in this species because of the position occupied by these lobes, as well as the portal circulation, caused by the two accessory portal veins, in addition to the anastomose between the two main portal veins, a characteristic that must be thought of in studies of hepatic surgery in the African catfish

Orientador: Célia Maria Retz Godoy dos Santos / Banca: Regina Célia Baptista Belluzzo / Banca: Sonia Aparecida Cabestré / Resumo: A comunicação mediada por dispositivos tecnológicos promove significativas alterações na ação e experiência democrática. Dentre as diversas mudanças incorporadas ao cotidiano, encontram-se as novas exigências da dimensão informativa dos poderes públicos via rede digital, que inclui a comunicação pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os pressupostos teóricos e práticos da Comunicação Pública e as relações de interferência da comunicação reticular neste processo, com vistas a refletir sobre o papel e a responsabilidade dos portais dos governos estaduais, na qualidade da relação e diálogo entre o estado e o cidadão. Como metodologia, após a revisão bibliográfica dos eixos temáticos - Comunicação Pública e Comunicação Reticular - observou-se uma amostra de portais dos poderes executivos em cinco regiões do Brasil, no sentido de perceber o tipo de informação veiculada, o estabelecimento de ambientes interativos, a possibilidade de transações concretas entre governo e cidadãos nestes canais, a integração dos serviços, os níveis de informação disponibilizados e a análise de conteúdo de algumas seções não permanentes. Como resultado constatou-se que a comunicação pública presente nos portais é pouco empregada como instrumento de ampliação da experiência cidadã. O que se encontra são oferecimento de informações de caráter institucional e de prestação de serviços, já que não existem espaços dialógicos para efetiva participação do usuário, nos portais observados. / Abstract: Communication mediated by technological devices promotes significant changes in democratic action and experience. Among the various changes incorporated into daily life are the new requirements of the informational dimension of public powers via digital network, which includes public communication. The objective of this study was to identify the theoretical and practical assumptions of Public Communication and the interference relations of the reticular communication in this process, with a view to reflect on the role and responsibility of the portals of the state governments, in the quality of the relationship and dialogue between the state and the citizen. As a methodology, following a bibliographic review of the thematic axes - Public Communication and Reticular Communication - a sample of portals of executive powers was observed in five regions of Brazil, in order to perceive the type of information conveyed, the establishment of interactive environments, the possibility of concrete transactions between government and citizens in these channels, the integration of services, the levels of information made available and the content analysis of some non-permanent sections. As a result, it was observed that the public communication present in the portals is little used as an instrument for expanding citizen experience. What is found is the provision of information of an institutional nature and of service rendering, since there are no dialog spaces for effective user particip... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-30T13:05:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_GILMARA_PANDOLFO_ZABOT_PARCIAL.pdf: 628717 bytes, checksum: ac6c7a3620466ffc6fc2346323b1beef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-30T13:05:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_GILMARA_PANDOLFO_ZABOT_PARCIAL.pdf: 628717 bytes, checksum: ac6c7a3620466ffc6fc2346323b1beef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T13:05:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_GILMARA_PANDOLFO_ZABOT_PARCIAL.pdf: 628717 bytes, checksum: ac6c7a3620466ffc6fc2346323b1beef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-15 / Aims: The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible preventative effects of glutamine in an animal model of PH induced by partial portal vein ligation (PPVL). Materials and methods: Twenty four male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: (1) control group (Control) ? rats underwent exploratory laparotomy; (2) control + glutamine group (Control + G) ? rats were subjected to laparotomy and treated intraperitoneally with glutamine; (3) portal hypertension group (PPVL) ? rats were subjected to PPVL; and (4) PPVL+ glutamine group (PPVL + G) ? rats were treated intraperitoneally with glutamine during seven days. Local injuries were determined by evaluating intestinal segments for oxidative stress using lipid peroxidation, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), eNOS and iNOS after PPVL. Results: Lipid peroxidation of the membrane was increased in the animals subjected to PH (P < 0.01). However, the group that received glutamine for seven days after the PPVL procedure showed levels of lipid peroxidation similar to the control groups (P > 0.05). The activity of the antioxidant enzyme GTx was decreased in the gut of animals subjected to PH when compared with the control group of animals not subjected to PH (P < 0.01). However, the group that received glutamine for seven days after the PPVL showed similar GTx activity to both control groups not subjected to PH (P > 0.05). The mean area of eNOS staining for each of the control groups was similar. The PH group showed the largest area of staining for eNOS. The PPVL + G group had the second highest amount of staining, but the mean value was much lower than that of the PH group (P < 0.01). For iNOS, control (SO) and control + G (SO + G) groups showed similar areas of staining. The PH group contained the largest area of iNOS staining, followed by the PPVL + G group; however, this area was significantly smaller than that of the group that underwent PH without glutamine (P < 0.01). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that pretreatment with glutamine prevents mucosal injury and improves gut recovery after portal hypertension injury in rats. / Objetivos: O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar a a??o da glutamina em ratos com hipertens?o portal (HP), submetidos ao modelo experimental de ligadura parcial da veia porta (LPVP). Os objetivos secund?rios foram: determinar a lipoperoxida??o no intestino atrav?s da t?cnica de subst?ncias reativas ao ?cido tiobarbit?rico (TBARS); avaliar a atividade de uma enzima antioxidante (glutationa peroxidase) no intestino; avaliar as altera??es histopatol?gicas, consequentes ? HP, no intestino; quantificar a express?o das enzimas ?xido n?trico sintase endotelial (eNOS) e ?xido n?trico sintase induz?vel (iNOS), pela t?cnica de imunoistoqu?mica. Material e M?todos: Ratos machos da ra?a Wistar foram mantidos em caixas pl?sticas, em ciclo de 12 horas claro/escuro, com ?gua e ra??o administradas ad libitum. Foram utilizados Vinte e quatro ratos divididos, de forma randomizada, em quatro grupos experimentais: (1) grupo controle (Controle) ? (Grupo submetido ? simula??o da cirurgia, e administra??o de ve?culo: cloreto de s?dio - NaCl); (2) grupo controle + glutamina (Glutamina) ? os ratos foram submetidos ? simula??o da cirurgia e administra??o da glutamina; (3) Hipertens?o portal (LPVP) ? os ratos foram submetidos ? LPVP e administra??o de ve?culo: NaCl; e (4) hipertens?o portal + glutamina (LPVP + G) - os ratos foram submetidos ? LPVP e administra??o de glutamina. As consequ?ncias da hipertens?o portal, no intestino, foram determinadas por meio da avalia??o dos segmentos de intestino delgado para o estresse oxidativo, atrav?s da lipoperoxida??o, da atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase, da express?o das enzimas eNOS e iNOS, al?m da an?lise das altera??es histopatol?gicas ap?s a LPVP. Resultados: A lipoperoxida??o da membrana foi mais expressiva no grupo de animais submetidos ? LPVP (P < 0,01). Entretanto, o grupo que recebeu a glutamina, mostrou n?veis de lipoperoxida??o, de forma similar aos grupos controles (P > 0,05). O grupo submetido ? LPVP apresentou mais altera??es da mucosa, quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu a glutamina durante os 7 dias seguintes ? LPVP e tamb?m aos grupos controles, por?m, estes achados n?o obtiveram signific?ncia estat?stica (P > 0,05). A atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase estava diminu?da no intestino de animais submetidos ? LPVP, quando comparada a encontrada nos grupos controles sem a LPVP (P < 0,01). J? o grupo que recebeu a glutamina, mostrou uma redu??o menor, comparada ao grupo de LPVP sem o amino?cido. Este resultado tamb?m apresentou signific?ncia estat?stica (P < 0,05). Este grupo foi semelhante aos grupos controles (P > 0,05). A m?dia da ?rea, dosada atrav?s do m?todo de imunoistoqu?mica, da express?o da enzima eNOS para os grupos controles, foi similar. O grupo submetido ? LPVP mostrou a maior ?rea de concentra??o. O grupo LPVP + G foi o que teve a segunda maior ?rea, por?m com valores menores do que os encontrados no grupo do evento LPVP (P < 0,01). Para a enzima iNOS, os grupos controles, com e sem a glutamina, mostraram ?reas similares. O grupo da LPVP apresentou a maior ?rea de express?o da enzima, seguido pelo grupo LPVP + G por?m, esta ?rea foi significativamente menor do que a do grupo submetido ? LPVP sem a glutamina (P < 0,01). Conclus?es: Estes resultados demonstram que, o tratamento com glutamina, previne a les?o da mucosa do intestino, ap?s LPVP, em ratos.

Submitted by PPG Biologia Celular e Molecular (bcm@pucrs.br) on 2017-07-18T12:45:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA_CRISTINA_DE_MESQUITA_TES.pdf: 3705815 bytes, checksum: d4984b596a690199bbc567a00b9a5f63 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-07-28T18:46:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA_CRISTINA_DE_MESQUITA_TES.pdf: 3705815 bytes, checksum: d4984b596a690199bbc567a00b9a5f63 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T18:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA_CRISTINA_DE_MESQUITA_TES.pdf: 3705815 bytes, checksum: d4984b596a690199bbc567a00b9a5f63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Liver fibrosis is the wound healing response to repeated injury of the liver. This process begins with the damage of the parenchymal cells and subsequent inflammation, characterized by the rupture of the hepatic architecture associated to the increase of the expression of the components of the extracellular matrix. The development of hepatic fibrosis is based on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) that undergo phenotypic changes and are characterized by loss of vitamin A deposition and increased cell proliferation, triggering hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction and fibrogenesis in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Liraglutide is a GLP-1 agonist (glucagon-like peptide 1) well established as an antidiabetic drug, but also has anti-inflammatory properties, in addition to the effectiveness for NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of liraglutide on the HSC phenotype and liver microvascular function using diverse pre-clinical models of CLD. The results obtained demonstrate that Liraglutide de-activated human and rat HSC phenotype through a GLP1-Rindependent mechanism. Liraglutide did not affect the HSC viability but decreased cell proliferation. CLD-rats receiving liraglutide exhibited significantly lower portal pressure (-20%) with a consequent reduction in intrahepatic vascular resistance. There was also a marked improvements in hepatic vascular function, fibrosis, HSC phenotype and sinusoidal endothelial phenotype. The anti-fibrotic effects of liraglutide were confirmed in human liver tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that liraglutide improves hepatic sinusoidal endothelium in clinically relevant experimental models of cirrhosis, which leads to improvement in fibrosis and portal hypertension, and therefore is valid in the treatment of advanced chronic liver disease. / A fibrose hep?tica ? a resposta cicatricial do f?gado ? les?es repetidas. Este processo inicia com o dano das c?lulas parenquimatosas e consecutiva inflama??o, caracterizado pelo rompimento da arquitetura hep?tica associada ao aumento da express?o dos componentes da matriz extracelular. O desenvolvimento da fibrose hep?tica ? baseado na ativa??o das c?lulas hep?ticas estreladas (HSC) que sofrem mudan?as fenot?picas e se caracterizam pela perda do dep?sito de vitamina A e aumento da prolifera??o celular, desencadeando disfun??o microcirculat?ria hep?tica e fibrog?nese nos pacientes com doen?a hep?tica cr?nica (CLD). A liraglutida ? um an?lago do GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) bem estabelecido como f?rmaco antidiab?tico, mas que tamb?m possui propriedades antinflamat?rias, al?m da efetividade para NAFLD (doen?a hep?tica gordurosa n?o alco?lica). Por essa raz?o, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da liraglutida sobre o fen?tipo das HSC e a fun??o microvascular hep?tica utilizando diversos modelos pr?-cl?nicos de CLD. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a liraglutida desativou o fen?tipo das HSC humanas e de ratos atrav?s de um mecanismo independente do receptor GLP1. A liraglutida n?o afetou a viabilidade das HSC mas diminuiu a prolifera??o celular. Os ratos com CLD que receberam liraglutida apresentaram press?o portal significativamente menor (-20%) com consequente redu??o da resist?ncia vascular intra-hep?tica. Houve tamb?m uma acentuada melhoria na fun??o vascular hep?tica, fibrose, fen?tipo das HSC e fen?tipo endotelial sinusoidal. Os efeitos anti-fibr?ticos da liraglutida tamb?m foram confirmados em tecido hep?tico humano. Como conclus?o, este estudo demonstra pela primeira vez que a liraglutida melhora o endotelio sinusoidal hep?tico em modelos experimentais clinicamente relevantes de cirrose, o que leva a melhora no quadro fibr?tico e na hipertens?o portal e, portanto, pode ser v?lido no tratamento da doen?a hep?tica cr?nica avan?ada.

Foi realizado o estudo morfométrico e o estudo hemodinâmico da veia porta em vinte cães normais, de idade igual e inferior a 120 dias, e em cinco cães portadores de desvio portossistêmico, de idades entre 90 e 360 dias. Dois animais do grupo de cães portadores de desvio portossistêmico foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico (colocação de anel ameróide) e avaliações subseqüentes ao procedimento cirúrgico foram realizados. Nos cães do grupo normal, as margens hepáticas apresentaram-se entre 1,50cm e 3,00cm depois da margem costal. As médias dos diâmetros médios da veia porta (VP), veia cava caudal (VCC) e aorta abdominal (AO) obtidas foram respectivamente, 0,38cm, 0,37cm e 0,41cm. As proporções entre os diâmetros médios VP/VCC e VP/AO apresentaram médias de 1,10 e 0,94, respectivamente. As médias das áreas de VP, VCC e AO mediram respectivamente, 0,12cm2, 0,11cm2 e 0,14cm2. No estudo hemodinâmico de VP destes animais, utilizando-se o ultra-som Doppler, a velocidade média de fluxo sangüíneo portal (VMFSP) mediu 17,77cm/s. A média de fluxo sangüíneo portal (FSP) mediu 83,11ml/min/kg. O índice de congestão (IC) apresentou média de 0,009. Para o grupo de cães portadores de desvio portossistêmico, o fígado apresentou redução de seu volume, sendo visibilizado entre 1,00cm e 2,00cm antes da margem costal. No estudo morfométrico, as médias dos diâmetros médios obtidos de VP, VCC e AO mensuraram respectivamente, 0,52cm, 0,79cm e 0,58cm. As proporções entre os diâmetros médios VP/VCC e VP/AO mediram respectivamente, 0,62 e 0,84. As médias das áreas de VP, VCC e AO mediram respectivamente, 0,22cm2, 0,56cm2 e 0,27cm2. Ao ultra-som Doppler a VMFSP mediu 26,10cm/s e a média do IC obtido foi de 0,009. Nos animais do grupo de cães portadores de desvio portossistêmico submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico, foi observado aumento de volume hepático na semana seguinte à colocação do anel ameróide e a VMFSP manteve-se inferior a 19,50cm/s em todos exames subseqüentes à cirurgia no cão 1. / The morphometry and haemodynamic aspects of portal vein were studied in 20 normal dogs with less than 120 days of age and in 5 dogs presenting portosystemic shunting with ages between 90 and 360 days. 2 dogs of the group of animals with portosystemic shunting were submitted to surgical treatment, using a specialized device (ameroid constrictor). Subsequent evaluations were made after the surgical procedure. In the normal group the hepatic margins were seen 1.50cm to 3.00cm below de costal margin. Collected data indicated that the mean diameter of portal vein (VP), caudal vena cava (VCC) and abdominal aorta (AO) measured respectively, 0.38cm, 0.37cm and 0.41cm. The VP/VCC and VP/AO mean ratios were respectively, 1.10 and 0.94. The average of VP, VCC and AO areas were respectively, 0.12cm2, 0.11cm2 and 0.14cm2. The haemodynamic of portal vein was studied by ultrasound Doppler and the mean velocity of portal blood flow (VMFSP) measured was 17.77cm/s. It was verified that portal blood flow (FSP) average was 83.11ml/min/kg and the congestion index (IC) average was 0.009. In the group of animals presenting portosystemic shunting, the hepatic margins were seen 1.00cm to 2.00cm above the costal margin. The morphometry of VP, VCC and AO presented a mean diameter of 0.52cm, 0.79cm and 0.59cm, respectively. The VP/VCC and VP/AO mean ratios were respectively, 0.62 and 0.84. The average of VP, VCC and AO areas were respectively, 0.22cm2, 0.56cm2 and 0.27cm2. The haemodynamic study demonstrated that the VMFSP measured was 26.10cm/s and de IC average was 0.009. In the group of animals with portosystemic shunting which were submitted to surgical treatment, an increase of the liver size was seen from the first ultrasonographic evaluation. The measurements of VMFSP collected in the post surgical period were <= 19.50cm/s in dog 1.

by Tsui, Chi Ping. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-119). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.1 / INTRODUCTION --- p.4 / Chapter 1. --- Portal Hypertension --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Anatomy of Normal Portal System --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Classification and Causes of Portal Hypertension --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Vascular Change in Portal Hypertension --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Hemodynamic Changes in Portal Hypertension --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Gastric Abnormalities in Portal Hypertension --- p.17 / Chapter 2. --- Somatostatin --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Somatostatin Receptors --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Mechanism of Action --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Actions of Somatostatin in the Gastrointestinal Tract --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Somatostatin Action in the Stomach --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Somatostatin Action in the Intestine --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Somatostatin Action in the Pancreas --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5 --- Effects of SMT on Hemodynamics in Portal Hypertension --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Splanchnic Circulation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Systemic Circulation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Collateral Blood Flow --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Gastric Blood Flow --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- Somatostatin and its analogues in management of acute variceal bleeding --- p.34 / Chapter 3. --- Glucagon --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Glucagon Receptor and Mechanism of Action --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Actions of Glucagon on Circulatory System --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Actions on the Heart --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Vascular Effects --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Hemodynamic Effects --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Glucagon in Portal Hypertension --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Hyperglucagonemia and portal hypertension --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Hyperglucagonemia and hemodynamic disturbance in portal hypertension --- p.40 / Chapter 4 --- Interaction of somatostatin and glucagon in portal hypertension --- p.41 / Chapter 5. --- Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 5.2 --- Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury due to Acid and/or Alcohol --- p.43 / Chapter 5.3 --- Gastric Mucosal Defense Mechanisms --- p.45 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Pre-epithelial Protection --- p.46 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Epithelial Protection --- p.46 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Subepithelial Protection --- p.47 / Chapter 5.4 --- Portal Hypertension and Gastric Mucosal Injury --- p.48 / OBJECTIVES --- p.50 / EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN --- p.52 / Chapter 1. --- Effects of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow in Portal Hypertension --- p.53 / Chapter 2. --- Effects of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Mucosal Injury Induced by Acid Alcohol in Portal Hypertension --- p.55 / MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.57 / Chapter 1. --- Induction of portal hypertension --- p.58 / Chapter 2. --- Measurement of blood glucagon levels --- p.60 / Chapter 3. --- "Measurement of Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow, Systemic and Portal Blood Pressures" --- p.62 / Chapter 4. --- Induction of Gastric Mucosal Lesions by Acid Alcohol --- p.65 / Chapter 5. --- Assessment of the Gastric Mucosal Injury after Acid Alcohol Administration --- p.65 / Chapter 6. --- Effects of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Acid Alcohol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury --- p.66 / Chapter 7. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.68 / RESULTS --- p.69 / Chapter 1. --- Portal Hypertension Induction by Portal Vein Ligation --- p.70 / Chapter 2. --- Effect of Portal Vein Ligation on Glucagon Level --- p.74 / Chapter 3. --- Effect of Somatostatin and glucagon on Arterial Pressure --- p.77 / Chapter 4. --- Effect of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Portal Pressure --- p.80 / Chapter 5. --- Effect of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow --- p.85 / Chapter 8. --- Effect of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Acid Alcohol-induced Gastric Mucosal Injuryin Portal Hypertensive Rats --- p.92 / DISCUSSION --- p.95 / Chapter 1. --- Animal Model --- p.96 / Chapter 2. --- Glucagon Level in Portal Hypertension --- p.98 / Chapter 3. --- Effects of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Systemic and Portal Blood Pressure --- p.99 / Chapter 4. --- Effects of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow --- p.102 / Chapter 5. --- Effects of Somatostatin and Glucagon on Gastric Mucosal Injury --- p.103 / CONCLUSION --- p.104 / REFERENCES --- p.106

"Intelligent Tutoring Systems have historically been shown to be an effective means of educating an audience. While there is great benefit from such systems they are generally very costly to build and maintain. It has been estimated that 200 hours of time is required to produce one hour of Intelligent Tutoring System content. The Office of Navel Research has funding this thesis because they are interested in reducing the cost of construction for Intelligent Tutoring Systems. In order for Intelligent Tutoring Systems to be widely accepted and used in the classroom environment there needs to be a toolset that allows for even the most novice user to maintain and grow the system with minimal cost. The goal of this thesis is to create such a toolset targeted towards the Assistments Project. One of the goals of the Assistments Project is to provide a means for teachers to receive meaningful data from the system that they can take to the classroom environment thus enabling a comprehensive learning solution. The effectiveness of the toolset was measured by its ability to reduce the overall time taken to package and distribute content in an Intelligent Tutoring System by providing the tools and allowing the completion of the tasks to be at a reasonable speed."

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-12-15T19:17:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraNeveseSilvaDissertacao2017.pdf: 1997379 bytes, checksum: a140d2e8e6c8624cca7c15598e2c166e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-12-15T19:17:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraNeveseSilvaDissertacao2017.pdf: 1997379 bytes, checksum: a140d2e8e6c8624cca7c15598e2c166e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T19:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraNeveseSilvaDissertacao2017.pdf: 1997379 bytes, checksum: a140d2e8e6c8624cca7c15598e2c166e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-29 / This study aims to evaluate the perception of information about the Capes Portal Periodicos (Scientific Digital Library), regarding the potential contribution of different practices and tools of Collective Intelligence (ICol) that can contribute to open science in Brazil. For the theoretical foundation of this aim, a literature review of the concepts of collective intelligence and open science was done, as well as the other ideas related to these topics (crowdsourcing and wisdom of the crowds). In this way, were identified ICol's main practices, routines, tools and collective intelligence processes to verify their potential impact to the collaboration of researchers from Brazil and that could be applied to open science and the main trends on the subject. Based on the information found in the literature, it was sought to understand how it is possible to increase collaboration among Brazilian researchers through Capes Digital Library, with the purpose of suggesting improvements within the scope of the Portal. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to students, professors, and collaborators of postgraduate courses from selected universities to measure their perception of ICol practices identified in the current literature. From the analysis of the results, it is recommended to insert the following methods in the Capes Digital Library: discussion forums, scientific blogs, wikis, and altmetrics. Finally, to validate the results obtained, interviews were conducted with specialists who have the strategic responsibility in the management of postgraduate programs and the dissemination of science. It was found that the respondents agreed with the suggested practices, although they had some caveats regarding their application. The suggestion is to connect these universes through the interoperability between search systems, in other words, inserting links from referral sites in wikis/ academic discussion forums as well as scientific blogs, in order to provide users with relevant information that can be of their interest. In the case of alternative metrics, the idea is to insert directly into the portal interface and provide researchers with information that can help them to share scientific results through the indicators produced in real time on the web. / O objetivo deste estudo ?? avaliar a percep????o de usu??rios acerca do Portal de Peri??dicos da Capes, quanto ao potencial de contribui????o de diferentes pr??ticas e ferramentas de Intelig??ncia Coletiva (ICol) que podem contribuir com a ci??ncia aberta no Brasil. Para a fundamenta????o te??rica desse objetivo foi realizada revis??o de literatura dos conceitos de intelig??ncia coletiva e ci??ncia aberta, bem como dos demais conceitos correlatos a estes t??picos (crowdsourcing e sabedoria das multid??es). Dessa forma, foram identificadas as principais pr??ticas de ICol, rotinas, ferramentas, processos de intelig??ncia coletiva para verificar seu potencial de impacto ?? colabora????o de pesquisadores do Pa??s e as principais tend??ncias sobre o assunto. A partir das informa????es encontradas na literatura buscou-se compreender de que forma ?? poss??vel aumentar a colabora????o entre pesquisadores brasileiros por meio do Portal de Peri??dicos, com a finalidade de sugerir melhorias em seu ??mbito. Para tanto, foi aplicado question??rio para alunos, professores e colaboradores de cursos de p??s-gradua????o de universidades selecionadas a fim de mensurar sua percep????o a respeito das pr??ticas de ICol identificadas na literatura corrente. A partir da an??lise dos resultados, recomenda-se inserir no Portal de Periodicos da Capes as seguintes pr??ticas: f??runs de discuss??o, blogs cient??ficos, wikis e m??tricas alternativas. Por fim, a fim de validar os resultados obtidos foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores que possuem responsabilidade estrat??gica na gest??o de programas de p??s-gradua????o e/ou t??m responsabilidades institucionais na dissemina????o da ci??ncia brasileira. Verificou-se que os entrevistados concordam com as pr??ticas sugeridas, apesar de fazerem algumas ressalvas quanto ?? sua aplica????o. A sugest??o ?? conectar estes universos por meio da interoperabilidade entre os sistemas de busca, ou seja, inserir links de sites refer??ncias em wikis/ f??runs de discuss??o acad??micos, bem como blogs cient??ficos, de modo a prover os usu??rios de informa????es relevantes que podem ser do interesse dele. No caso das m??tricas alternativas, a ideia ?? inserir diretamente na interface do portal e oferecer aos pesquisadores informa????es que podem auxili??-los a acompanhar o compartilhamento de resultados cient??ficos, por meio dos indicadores produzidos em tempo real na web.