Denna uppsats har undersökt hur elektrokonvulsiv terapi (ECT) har gestaltats i de fyra svenska tidningarna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Svenska Dagbladet mellan åren 1938 och 1989. Detta för att analysera om medias gestaltning av ECT kan ha bidragit till stigmatiseringen av behandlingen och att behandlingen fick ett dåligt rykte under 1960- och 1970-talen och på så vis kan ha påverkat den allmänna opinionen. Detta syfte har preciserats utifrån fyra frågeställningar och uppnås genom att källmaterialet undersöks utifrån en kvalitativ textanalys med kvantitativa inslag. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt är gestaltningsteorin. Undersökningen har visat att ECT har gestaltats på olika sätt under den undersökta tidsperioden. Det har skett både en positiv partiskhet som bedöms ha bidragit till att ge ECT ett bra rykte samt en negativ partiskhet som bedöms ha bidragit till att ge ECT ett dåligt rykte och som bedöms ha bidragit till att stigmatisera behandlingen. Det har även visats att det finns likheter mellan medias gestaltning av ECT och medias gestaltning av behandlingen lobotomi. / This essay has examined how electroconvulsice therapy (ECT) has been portrayed in the four Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen and Svenska Dagbladet between the years 1938 and 1989. This has been done to analyze whether the media’s portrayal of ECT may have contributed to the stigmatization of the treatment and to the fact that the treatment gained a bad reputation during the 1960s and 1970s and if the media thus might have influenced the public opinion with its portrayal. The purpose of the essay has been specified by four questions and is achieved by examining the empirical evidence based on a qualitative text analysis with quantitative elements. The theory that is used in this essay is the framing theory, or gestaltningsteorin. The examination has shown that ECT has been portrayed in different ways during the investigated time period. There has been both a posivie bias which has been analyzed to have contributed to giving ECT a good reputation, and a negative bias which has been analyzed to have contributed to giving ECT a bad reputation and to have contributed to the stigmatizing of the treatment. The examination also showed that there are both similarities and differences between the media’s portrayal of ECT and the media’s portrayal of the treatment lobotomy.

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In today's society, consumption is a central part of our everyday life, and the culture surrounding this is strongly prominent. One of many growing trends in consumption is travelling. Travellers today use their mobile devices to collect and share information throughout their travels, and social media has become an important source for finding travel information. One social media platform that has come to be one of the most popular, is Instagram. Instagram is an application where users can not only share but also gather more knowledge and get travel inspiration. One city that has received significant attention on Instagram is the French capital, Paris. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Paris is portrayed as a travel destination on Instagram, and the study will be conducted using a qualitative method. By analysing visual representations and themes in Instagram posts, the study aims to increase the understanding of how users on social media possibly contribute to shaping a destination image, and what the destination image looks like for the city of Paris. The results of our study show that Paris is presented as a multifaceted city on Instagram, where different visual elements and themes emerge. Through Instagram posts, Paris is portrayed as a beautiful and vibrant city with a lot of cultural heritage, architecture, iconic sights and romantic places. The most prominent visual elements in Instagram posts about Paris include architecture, fashion and people. Architecture and tourist attractions are the most common visual elements and usually with the Eiffel Tower as the main focus. Other iconic sights such as the Louvre,  Sacré-Cœur, Notre-Dame and Arc de Triomphe are also common motifs. In conclusion, this study offers an understanding on how users shape and share their experiences of Paris on social media, and the authors gain valuable insights into the evolving dynamics of destination branding in the digital era.

This thesis is a study of Robinson's general mental and philosophical development and the forces which contributed to it, the kinds and sources of Robinson's characters and the method and importance of their portrayal, Robinson's single portraits of men, Robinson's portrayal of women characters, Robinson's historical portraits, and the relationship of the short poems to Robinson's total work.

<p>The literature on J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter is prolific. People have written on various topics dealing with issues such as translation, etymology and diverse areas concerning the language. In this essay, I examine whether linguistic features such as reporting verbs, adverbs of manner and adjectives contribute to the depiction of heroic and villainous characters. Before conducting this research, my assumptions were that there would be a great difference in the value of the words depending on the character they were associated with. I wanted to see if the heroic characters used verbs and adverbs with positive connotations, and the villainous characters verbs and adverbs with negative connotations. I also wanted to know if the adjectives describing the characters could, in themselves, clearly indicate whether a character was a hero or a villain.</p><p>The results of my research suggested that the choice of particular verbs and adverbs contributed only indirectly to the depiction of the characters. Without context, it was not possible to know if the character was a hero or a villain simply by identifying the verbs and adverbs used to describe their speech. By contrast, the choice of particular adjectives did appear to indicate more clearly whether a character was hero or villain. Finally, the results of my research indicated that context, rather than the use of particular linguistic features was often the most important factor in contributing to the portrayal of characters in the novel.</p>

The purpose of this study is to investigate how pre-school values makes visible in children´s literature. Thereby the study adds more knowledge of which norms and values the children meet through children´s literature. To achieve the purpose, I have chosen to analyse four picture books written 2012 and 2016. The publishing years are chosen so that the books in an accurate way can describe the norms and values we see today. The results show that we in children´s literature can see the basic democratic values on which the preschool´s values rests. The characters in the picture books shows good examples of values such as care, respect, solidarity, participation, equality and human dignity. However, values such as discipline and integrity are usually portrayed by the fact that the characters first make mistakes and then correct them to desired behaviours around these values. The most obvious norm in the analysed picture books were the norm of gender. In particular, we see how this norm is challenged and questioned by the fact that several of the girls are portrayed with male characteristics and that the boys discuss what is considered typically male and female. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur förskolans värdegrund synliggörs i barnlitteratur. Därigenom bidrar studien med kunskap om vilka normer och värden barnen möter i barnlitteratur. För att uppnå syftet har jag valt att analysera fyra bilderböcker från åren 2012 och 2016. Utgivningsåren är valda för att de normer och värden som förekommer ska vara aktuella för vår tid och troligen skildra normer och värden som omger oss i vår samtid. Resultatet visar att de grundläggande demokratiska värderingar som förskolans värdegrund vilar på är tydliga i barnlitteratur. Karaktärerna i bilderböckerna visar på goda exempel och skildras som förebilder gällande värden som omsorg, respekt, solidaritet, delaktighet, jämställdhet och människovärdet. Däremot skildras värden som disciplin och integritet oftast genom att karaktärerna först gör fel för att sedan korrigeras till önskade beteenden kring dessa värden. Den tydligaste normen i de analyserade bilderböckerna var genusnormen. Framför allt ser vi hur denna norm utmanas och ifrågasätts genom att flera av flickorna skildras med manliga egenskaper samt att pojkarna diskuterar vad som anses vara typiskt manligt och kvinnligt.

Previous research shows that perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs are cultivated via media exposure. A content analysis of stereotypical traits in five Nollywood movies in a five-year span examines the prevalent portrayals of women in the Nigerian movie industry – Nollywood, and the effect of these portrayals on reinforcement of stereotypical norms and perpetuation of gender disparity. Cultivation and Objectification theories were the theoretical frameworks for this study. Findings revealed no significant change in the stereotypical portrayals of women in the past five years. From the movies analyzed, Nollywood movies appear to remain persistent in typically depicting women as unambitious domestic servants. Applying Fiske’s stereotype content model, this study found that women are typically depicted as warm and incompetent, but cold and competent when they compete for same resources as the dominant group. With such portrayals in Nollywood movies, women are further subdued and beliefs that normalize these norms are cultivated.

The aim of the following study is to examine the portrayal of Islam in Swedish textbooks for upper secondary education, as well as to compare how the textbooks present Islam with how they present Christianity. The textbooks used in this study have been examined using a qualitative content analysis. The result of the study suggests that the textbooks’ presentation of Islam has, based on previous research on the same subject, become better, although it is still not completely unproblematic. Even though modern textbooks try – and are relatively successful – to avoid stereotypical and over-generalised portrayals of Islam and Muslims, descriptions and formulations that are highly charged are still present. The study also shows that the textbooks rarely examine Islam through the lens of source criticism. In their respective chapters on Christianity, the textbooks examine Christianity using source criticism. This, however, does not occur in the chapters on Islam. / Syftet med följande studie är att undersöka presentationen av islam i svenska läroböcker avsedda för gymnasieutbildning, samt att jämföra hur läroböckerna presenterar islam med hur de presenterar kristendom. Läromedlen som använts i denna studie har undersökts utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet av undersökningen tyder på att läromedlens presentation av islam har, utifrån tidigare forskning av samma ämne, blivit bättre. Trots detta är det fortfarande inte helt oproblematiskt. Även om moderna läroböcker försöker – och gör det relativt bra – att undvika stereotypa och övergeneraliserande framställningar av islam och muslimer förekommer ändå beskrivningar och formuleringar som är ytterst värdeladdade. Undersökningen visar även att läromedlen sällan granskar islam källkritiskt. I sina respektive kapitel om kristendom granskar läroböckerna kristendomen källkritiskt. Detta förekommer emellertid inte i kapitlen om islam.

The study investigated the nature of the portrayal of aged characters in children's novels which won Children's Book Council of Australia's awards in the period from 1946 to 1985. By means of content analysis, the demographic, personal and behavioural characteristics of aged characters were identified on a thirty-four item checklist. From these characteristics a portrayal score was derived to represent the extent of variation in the depiction of aged characters in the novels examined. Analysis of variance tests indicated that the level of variation in portrayal scores was significantly related to the position of importance of aged characters in novels. The portrayal of aged characters did not vary according either to the approach to story adopted in Australian award-winning novels, or to the period in which the award was granted. It seems that although aged characters taken as a whole in the novels studied display the variety of characteristics attributed to aged people in the literature of gerontology, individually many of these aged characters are depicted in a somewhat limited way. There is evidence to suggest that aged characters in Australian award-winning children's novels do not adequately reflect the demographic characteristics of aged people in the Australian population. In terms of range of social settings in which they are depicted is restricted. So too, is the range of behaviours in which they engage. This rather limited depiction of aged characters means that readers of Australian award-winning children's novels are presented with a restricted and unrealistic view of the aged and of the condition of being aged. If children's novels serve as one of the socialisation agents for young people, then the limited portrayal of aged characters presented in those novels may be a cause for concern, especially as there are few indications that the depiction of aged characters generally in more recent award-winning novels has become more varied and realistic.

This thesis is an occasion to examine how normalcy – as a phenomenon constructed in society and so not natural but human-made – is reproduced as a hegemonic ideal through oppressive portrayals of disability in literature. Many of the fictional texts I analyze reproduce the privileging of normalcy. I therefore work to disturb normalcyʼs hold through critical analysis of a wide variety of currently popular fiction for youth and adults. Combining interpretive inquiry and personal narrative, I bring forward new understandings of normalcy, disability and culture. Along with showing how normalcyʼs supremacy is upheld within the book industry, and critiquing texts that do disability as usual (through both survey and close analysis approaches), I discuss at length several literary works that write disability in anti-oppressive, anti-ableist ways. To close this thesis, I discuss my own transformation as an author and scholar through disability studies.