No description available.

The purpose of the work reported within this thesis was to design and implement a series of tests which better replicate the impact conditions experienced during a game, and allow for quantitative measurements of performance of various items of personal protection equipment (PPE). The sports of cricket and taekwondo were used as case studies. The aim was to improve on existing testing protocols making them more representative of real life, an approach that has not been previously attempted in the literature and so required design of multiple items of novel equipment. A representative cricket impact test was developed utilizing a ball canon firing a cricket ball mass at an equivalent bowling velocity of 31 m/s (70 mph) and a novel, freely suspended force acquisition system with embedded accelerometers from which the transmitted force values could be derived. Throughout the testing secondary variables of coefficient of restitution (COR), deformation and contact time were measured from high speed video footage to give further insight into the impact mechanics of the three tested leg guards. Contact times were in the range of 3 ms - 4 ms, COR between 0.38 - 0.50 and deformation between 45 mm - 52 mm. These results were compared against other benchmark tests to establish how close the representative test was to an actual human related ball-pad impact and to estimate human tolerance levels to impact. A rig to mimic a human on human kicking impact in taekwondo was designed to measure performance of the piece of body protection equipment used in training and competition, commonly referred to as a hogu. Primarily a mechanical simulator was designed to replicate the speed and mass of a human leg impacting during a roundhouse kick. A force acquisition system was manufactured, capable of integrating with the kicking robot functioning, with a human torso sized and shaped anvil, using a similar accelerometer based system of force measurement as that introduced in the cricket testing. This test was then used to measure performance levels of nine off-the-shelf hogus and protective training pads. Using transmitted peak force and time to peak force (TTPF) as indicators of protection, these values were found to range from between 0.5 kN 7.5 kN and 9 ms - 23 ms across the pads indicating a major difference in the protection provided.

Pollen spectra found in sediments enable the research of quantitative changes in vegetation composition in the past. The fact is conditioned upon assumption of unchangeable linear relationship between abundance of pollen and the vegetation that is responsible for its production. Calibration of this relationship is experimentally performed on modern pollen samples and current vegetation. Relative pollen produktivity etimates (PPEs) represents basic parameters for the conversion of proportional pollen data into the vegetational ones. Their knowledge is indispensible for the quantitative vegetation restoration and for the simulating of the processes of pollen dispersion and deposition. PPEs estimation is performed by ERV model which corrects nonlinear relationship of proportional pollen and vegetation data back to the linear relationship. ERV model estimates PPEs values together with values of pollen background by maximum likelihood method. Knowledge of PPEs of main tree species is crucial for the understanding of processes which takes place on the level of landscape scale. Model area of Křivoklátsko was selected due to its high forest coverage and tree diversity. Twenty-four localities were chosen upon stratified random selection. Moss polsters containing modern pollen loading were taken and detailed...

Este trabalho teve como principal propósito discutir a segurança e a saúde no trabalho rural com agrotóxicos, especialmente no Brasil. De modo geral, essa discussão tem se limitado à proposição de medidas individuais de controle de riscos. Segundo conceitos de segurança e higiene do trabalho estas deveriam ser propostas como complementação às medidas coletivas de controle de riscos, consideradas prioritárias. No entanto, as medidas coletivas não têm sido abordadas como objeto principal dessa discussão. Assim, o trabalho buscou analisar as limitações práticas e conceituais do enfoque predominante e mostrar a necessidade de ampliar a discussão através da proposição de medidas coletivas para enfrentar a complexa questão que envolve as condições de trabalho com agrotóxicos. O trabalho baseia-se, principalmente, em revisão bibliográfica. Na primeira parte do trabalho faz-se uma exposição buscando mostrar a dimensão da utilização dos agrotóxicos e as principais culturas em que são empregados. Apresentam-se indicativos do potencial de exposição da população que trabalha com esses produtos. Procede-se, ainda, a uma descrição sobre os principais impactos provocados pelos agrotóxicos na agricultura, no meio ambiente e na saúde humana. A segunda parte dedica-se à discussão das medidas para o controle dos riscos no trabalho com agrotóxicos. Primeiramente se procede a uma análise do enfoque que responsabiliza basicamente ao usuário pelos problemas decorrentes do uso dos agrotóxicos. Exemplifica-se a sua predominância entre os diversos segmentos envolvidos com a questão, discutem-se os possíveis motivos que levam à essa predominância e analisam-se as limitações conceituais desse enfoque. Em seguida são discutidas as medidas individuais de controle de riscos, evidenciando-se principalmente as dificuldades de ordem prática para sua implantação nas condições do trabalho rural. A importância, os problemas, e as necessidades relacionadas aos equipamentos de proteção individual nas atividades de trabalho com agrotóxicos são detalhadamente analisados. Também se discute a eficácia das medidas de controle de riscos baseadas exclusivamente no comportamento do trabalhador. A seguir, faz-se uma abordagem das medidas coletivas cabíveis para o controle de riscos no trabalho rural com agrotóxicos. Dois campos de ação são examinados como medidas de engenharia para o controle de riscos: os sistemas de aplicação dos agrotóxicos e o processo de produção agrícola. Discutem-se as condições de segurança dos equipamentos de aplicação mais comumente empregados em nosso meio e sugere-se a obrigatoriedade de colocar no mercado apenas os equipamentos considerados mais seguros. Na discussão sobre o controle de riscos no processo produtivo agrícola, analisam-se as práticas produtivas que propiciam a instalação de pragas e doenças nas lavouras e as vantagens do Manejo Integrado de Pragas - MIP - enquanto sistema que minimiza a necessidade de agrotóxicos. Depois analisam-se as condições necessárias para sua difusão, especialmente entre os pequenos produtores rurais. Propõe-se, ainda, a inclusão da segurança do trabalhador rural como um dos parâmetros de decisão para a definição das medidas de controle de pragas no MIP. Além das medidas de engenharia, face às carências estruturais de ordem técnica, social e econômica existentes no país, propõe-se como medida essencial o controle da disponibilidade dos agrotoxicos, especialmente dos mais tóxicos, através de mecanismos legais e econômicos. Evidencia-se a necessidade de proceder a análises de impacto econômico e de risco/benefício nos casos de restrições e banimentos, assim como também para o registro de agrotóxicos. O estabelecimento de políticas de taxação e de regulamentação de preços, visando desviar a preferência dos agricultores pelos produtos mais perigosos para os de menor risco, também é considerado. Propõe-se. ainda, que se estude as estratégias adotadas em programas de redução geral no uso de agrotóxicos que estão sendo realizados em diversos países, segundo as condições existentes no Brasil, pois os resultados que vêm sendo obtidos não comprometem a produção agrícola e têm trazido benefícios para o meio ambiente e para a saúde pública. Por fim, recomenda-se que o Poder Público estabeleça estratégias e garanta a necessária estrutura de suporte para a definição de uma política conseqüente de segurança e saúde no trabalho com agrotóxicos / This dissertation had the main purpose of\' discussing safety and health concerning the use of pesticides in agriculture, in Brazil. This discussion has usually been limited to the proposal of individual risk control precautions which, according to occupational safety and hygiene concepts, should be proposed as complements of collective control precautions. Although collective control is assigned as priority, it has not been at the central focus of this discussion as it should be. Thus, the dissertation aimed to examine conceptual and practical limitations of the prevailing focus and to highlight the need of a broad reflection in order to point out collective proposals to face the complex problem of working with these chemicals. Bibliographical references were examined and considered in this analysis. The first part presents data of pesticide use and of potential exposure of rural workers in Brazil. It also describes the main impacts pesticides cause in agriculture, in the environment and in human health. The second part discusses risk control in pesticide usage. First it is analyzed the prevailing approach that points the worker as the responsible of pesticide related problems. Examples are provided to show how this predominance took place and to present the conceptual limitations associated with it. Arguments about the importance of collective pesticide risk control are added. The main practical difficulties concerning the implementation of personal protective equipments in rural work conditions are presented. The importance, the problems and the needs related to personal protection in the pesticide working activities are examined in detail; as well as the effectiveness of occupational hazard controlling methods based exclusively in the workers\' behavior. Then, collective control measures aimed to rural work with pesticides are discussed. Two levels of action are examined as risk control engineering: pesticide application methods and the agricultural production system. Safety conditions of the most commonly used pesticide application devices are discussed, and it is suggested that only the equipments considered safer should be available in the market. The discussion of the agricultural production process as a risk control procedure itself follows, and production practices that favors the incidence of pest attacks arc compared to the advantages of the Integrated Pest Management as a system that reduces the need of pesticide use to a minimum, the conditions required to the Integrated Pest Management to become widespread, specially to small farms, are considered. It is also suggested that rural worker safety should be taken into account as one of the parameters to decision-making in Integrated Pest Management. Besides engineering measures, legal and economical constraints are proposed as important means to accomplish effective control of pesticides availability, specially of the most toxic chemicals, to cope with the structural technical, social and economical deficiencies faced by the country. The need of undergoing cost/benefit and economical impact analysis studies for the cases of banishment or severe use restriction of specific chemicals are stressed. The same studies should be applied to product registration procedures. Tax and price policies should also be established in order to dissuade farmers of using highly toxic pesticides, therefore stimulating preference for less dangerous products. It is also proposed that general pesticide usage reduction strategies ongoing in other countries should be studied accordingly to Brazilian conditions. These experiences has shown the possibility of reductions in pesticide usage with little or without losses in agricultural production along with real benefits to the environment and public health. Finally, the establishment of strategies and regulations enforcement by public authorities are recommended as necessary actions to compose a policy that aims to safety and health in the work with pesticides

Este trabalho teve como principal propósito discutir a segurança e a saúde no trabalho rural com agrotóxicos, especialmente no Brasil. De modo geral, essa discussão tem se limitado à proposição de medidas individuais de controle de riscos. Segundo conceitos de segurança e higiene do trabalho estas deveriam ser propostas como complementação às medidas coletivas de controle de riscos, consideradas prioritárias. No entanto, as medidas coletivas não têm sido abordadas como objeto principal dessa discussão. Assim, o trabalho buscou analisar as limitações práticas e conceituais do enfoque predominante e mostrar a necessidade de ampliar a discussão através da proposição de medidas coletivas para enfrentar a complexa questão que envolve as condições de trabalho com agrotóxicos. O trabalho baseia-se, principalmente, em revisão bibliográfica. Na primeira parte do trabalho faz-se uma exposição buscando mostrar a dimensão da utilização dos agrotóxicos e as principais culturas em que são empregados. Apresentam-se indicativos do potencial de exposição da população que trabalha com esses produtos. Procede-se, ainda, a uma descrição sobre os principais impactos provocados pelos agrotóxicos na agricultura, no meio ambiente e na saúde humana. A segunda parte dedica-se à discussão das medidas para o controle dos riscos no trabalho com agrotóxicos. Primeiramente se procede a uma análise do enfoque que responsabiliza basicamente ao usuário pelos problemas decorrentes do uso dos agrotóxicos. Exemplifica-se a sua predominância entre os diversos segmentos envolvidos com a questão, discutem-se os possíveis motivos que levam à essa predominância e analisam-se as limitações conceituais desse enfoque. Em seguida são discutidas as medidas individuais de controle de riscos, evidenciando-se principalmente as dificuldades de ordem prática para sua implantação nas condições do trabalho rural. A importância, os problemas, e as necessidades relacionadas aos equipamentos de proteção individual nas atividades de trabalho com agrotóxicos são detalhadamente analisados. Também se discute a eficácia das medidas de controle de riscos baseadas exclusivamente no comportamento do trabalhador. A seguir, faz-se uma abordagem das medidas coletivas cabíveis para o controle de riscos no trabalho rural com agrotóxicos. Dois campos de ação são examinados como medidas de engenharia para o controle de riscos: os sistemas de aplicação dos agrotóxicos e o processo de produção agrícola. Discutem-se as condições de segurança dos equipamentos de aplicação mais comumente empregados em nosso meio e sugere-se a obrigatoriedade de colocar no mercado apenas os equipamentos considerados mais seguros. Na discussão sobre o controle de riscos no processo produtivo agrícola, analisam-se as práticas produtivas que propiciam a instalação de pragas e doenças nas lavouras e as vantagens do Manejo Integrado de Pragas - MIP - enquanto sistema que minimiza a necessidade de agrotóxicos. Depois analisam-se as condições necessárias para sua difusão, especialmente entre os pequenos produtores rurais. Propõe-se, ainda, a inclusão da segurança do trabalhador rural como um dos parâmetros de decisão para a definição das medidas de controle de pragas no MIP. Além das medidas de engenharia, face às carências estruturais de ordem técnica, social e econômica existentes no país, propõe-se como medida essencial o controle da disponibilidade dos agrotoxicos, especialmente dos mais tóxicos, através de mecanismos legais e econômicos. Evidencia-se a necessidade de proceder a análises de impacto econômico e de risco/benefício nos casos de restrições e banimentos, assim como também para o registro de agrotóxicos. O estabelecimento de políticas de taxação e de regulamentação de preços, visando desviar a preferência dos agricultores pelos produtos mais perigosos para os de menor risco, também é considerado. Propõe-se. ainda, que se estude as estratégias adotadas em programas de redução geral no uso de agrotóxicos que estão sendo realizados em diversos países, segundo as condições existentes no Brasil, pois os resultados que vêm sendo obtidos não comprometem a produção agrícola e têm trazido benefícios para o meio ambiente e para a saúde pública. Por fim, recomenda-se que o Poder Público estabeleça estratégias e garanta a necessária estrutura de suporte para a definição de uma política conseqüente de segurança e saúde no trabalho com agrotóxicos / This dissertation had the main purpose of\' discussing safety and health concerning the use of pesticides in agriculture, in Brazil. This discussion has usually been limited to the proposal of individual risk control precautions which, according to occupational safety and hygiene concepts, should be proposed as complements of collective control precautions. Although collective control is assigned as priority, it has not been at the central focus of this discussion as it should be. Thus, the dissertation aimed to examine conceptual and practical limitations of the prevailing focus and to highlight the need of a broad reflection in order to point out collective proposals to face the complex problem of working with these chemicals. Bibliographical references were examined and considered in this analysis. The first part presents data of pesticide use and of potential exposure of rural workers in Brazil. It also describes the main impacts pesticides cause in agriculture, in the environment and in human health. The second part discusses risk control in pesticide usage. First it is analyzed the prevailing approach that points the worker as the responsible of pesticide related problems. Examples are provided to show how this predominance took place and to present the conceptual limitations associated with it. Arguments about the importance of collective pesticide risk control are added. The main practical difficulties concerning the implementation of personal protective equipments in rural work conditions are presented. The importance, the problems and the needs related to personal protection in the pesticide working activities are examined in detail; as well as the effectiveness of occupational hazard controlling methods based exclusively in the workers\' behavior. Then, collective control measures aimed to rural work with pesticides are discussed. Two levels of action are examined as risk control engineering: pesticide application methods and the agricultural production system. Safety conditions of the most commonly used pesticide application devices are discussed, and it is suggested that only the equipments considered safer should be available in the market. The discussion of the agricultural production process as a risk control procedure itself follows, and production practices that favors the incidence of pest attacks arc compared to the advantages of the Integrated Pest Management as a system that reduces the need of pesticide use to a minimum, the conditions required to the Integrated Pest Management to become widespread, specially to small farms, are considered. It is also suggested that rural worker safety should be taken into account as one of the parameters to decision-making in Integrated Pest Management. Besides engineering measures, legal and economical constraints are proposed as important means to accomplish effective control of pesticides availability, specially of the most toxic chemicals, to cope with the structural technical, social and economical deficiencies faced by the country. The need of undergoing cost/benefit and economical impact analysis studies for the cases of banishment or severe use restriction of specific chemicals are stressed. The same studies should be applied to product registration procedures. Tax and price policies should also be established in order to dissuade farmers of using highly toxic pesticides, therefore stimulating preference for less dangerous products. It is also proposed that general pesticide usage reduction strategies ongoing in other countries should be studied accordingly to Brazilian conditions. These experiences has shown the possibility of reductions in pesticide usage with little or without losses in agricultural production along with real benefits to the environment and public health. Finally, the establishment of strategies and regulations enforcement by public authorities are recommended as necessary actions to compose a policy that aims to safety and health in the work with pesticides

Background: Occupational hazards have a high potential to adversely impact the sexual and reproductive health of workers regardless of gender or sex. In Canada, workers' reproductive health and safety are protected by federal and provincial/territorial occupational health and safety (OHS) legislation and related policies. It is unknown whether these policies include directives to protect workers from exposure to reproductive health hazards, harassment, sexual harassment, and violence in the workplace. This thesis explores whether Canadian federal and provincial/territorial OHS and related legislation address reproductive health protections for all workers and employees (women+ and men), including pregnant workers' safety, harassment, sexual harassment, and violence in the workplace. Materials and Methods: We adopted the READ approach (readying your materials, extracting data, analyzing data, and distilling findings), a systematic procedure to conduct a policy content analysis to evaluate Canadian federal and provincial/territorial OHS legislation, employment standards and human rights codes all enacted between 2013 and 2023. Data analysis included thematic content analysis to identify codes organized into themes and a frequency analysis of key concepts. We used an SGBA+ (Sex and Gender-Based Plus Analysis) to apply a gender equality lens to our exploration of Canadian legislation in the context of reproductive health protections, harassment, sexual harassment, and violence protection. Results: Our findings revealed a widespread recognition of workplace accommodations for pregnant workers, including pregnancy and parental leaves, in Canadian OHS legislation; however, there was little recognition of workplace-related adverse reproductive health outcomes for workers in federal and provincial/territorial OHS and related legislation. Although gender identity/expression and sexual orientation discrimination to protect harassment are well recognized in the federal and provincial/territorial human rights codes, our review of the Canadian federal and provincial/territorial OHS legislation and employment standards suggests a substantial gap in addressing workplace sexual harassment and violence. Conclusion: Our review of Canadian federal and provincial/territorial occupational health and safety legislation suggests a substantial gap in addressing workplace sexual/reproductive health. An all-hazards/universal precautions approach, not a focused reproductive health protection-specific approach, was adopted within OHS legislation to manage workplace risks. Harassment was mainly recognized with less robust discussion of sexual harassment and violence protections. This thesis revealed a need to modernize Canadian OHS legislation to explicitly address workplace-related reproductive health safety concerns and protections for sexual/gender-based harassment and workplace violence.

No description available.

No description available.

The goal of the QPACE project is to build a novel cost-efficient massive parallel supercomputer optimized for LQCD (Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics) applications. Unlike previous projects which use custom ASICs, this is accomplished by using the general purpose multi-core CPU PowerXCell 8i processor tightly coupled with a custom network processor implemented on a modern FPGA. The heterogeneous architecture of the PowerXCell 8i processor and its core-independent OS-bypassing access to the custom network hardware and application-oriented 3D torus topology pose interesting challenges for the implementation of the applications. This work will describe and evaluate the implementation possibilities of message passing APIs: the more general MPI, and the more QCD-oriented QMP, and their performance in PPE centric or SPE centric scenarios. These results will then be employed to optimize HPL for the QPACE architecture. Finally, the developed approaches and concepts will be briefly discussed regarding their applicability to heterogeneous node/network architectures as is the case in the "High-speed Network Interface with Collective Operation Support for Cell BE (NICOLL)" project.

More human lives have been lost to tuberculosis than to any other disease and despite the availability of effective short course chemotherapy (DOTS) as well as the Bacilli Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, tuberculosis continues to claim more than a million lives annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most successful and scientifically challenging pathogens of all time. However in the last two decades, the ability to perform molecular genetic analysis of M. tuberculosis has resulted in powerful new research tools, while the availability of the complete genome sequence has provided us with a wealth of new information and understanding of the biology of this major pathogen. One of the major challenges, however, is to analyze the properties and functions of those genes that are unique to M. tuberculosis genome. The identification and characterization of such genes which impart various survival strategies employed by M. tuberculosis for successful infection will be of particular significance. One of the important outcomes from the complete genome sequence of M. tuberculosis is the discovery of two multigene families designated PE (99 members) and PPE (69 members) named respectively for the Pro-Glu (PE) and Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) motifs near the N-terminus of their gene products. In addition to these motifs, proteins of the PE family possess highly homologous N-terminal domains of approximately 100 amino acids (PE domain), whereas the PPE proteins possess a highly homologous N-terminal domain of about 180 amino acids (PPE domain). Although the PE and PPE families of mycobacterial proteins are the focus of intense research, no precise function has so far been unraveled for any member of these families. The current study focuses on Rv3097c gene of M. tuberculosis, a PE family gene that was bioinformatically predicted to be a triacylglycerol hydrolase (lipase). In order to decipher the role of the PE domain, we have carried out functional characterization of the Rv3097c gene (also named lipY) as it was, initially, the only known PE protein for which an enzymatic function (i.e. lipase activity) had been predicted. Further, to understand the function of PE family proteins, an important question that needs to be answered is; whether the PE domain of different PE family proteins has similar or different functions? In this context, our studies were focused on studying the functional role of the PE domain in LipY, as outlined below. In general, the in vivo function and subcellular localization of any protein are integrally connected. PE domain has been reported to be essential for cell wall localization of PE_PGRS33, another PE family protein. Therefore we investigated the subcellular localization of LipY and the influence of the PE domain on subcellular localization of LipY. LipY and a truncated form of LipY lacking the PE domain [LipY(ΔPE)] were expressed in mycobacteria(M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG). Subcellular fractionation and western blot demonstrated that both LipY and LipY(ΔPE) were predominantly detected in the cell wall fraction, indicating that LipY is localized to the cell wall and the PE domain of LipY was not required for translocation of LipY to cell wall. This result is in contrast to the findings for PE_PGRS33, where the absence of the PE domain caused the cell wall associated protein to localize to the cytosol. Furthermore, immuno-electron microscopy of M. bovis BCG expressing LipY(ΔPE) clearly showed a cell surface localization of LipY(ΔPE). These results signify that the function of the PE domain might not always be similar amongst different PE family proteins. In order to further investigate the role of the PE domain in LipY, we studied the lipase activity of LipY and the influence of the PE domain on lipase activity. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed the presence of a lipase domain containing a GDSAG active site motif characteristic of lipases. Overexpression of LipY in mycobacteria (M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG) resulted in a significant reduction in the pool of triacylglycerols (TAG), consistent with the lipase activity of this enzyme. Interestingly, this reduction was more pronounced in mycobacteria overexpressing LipY(ΔPE), suggesting that the presence of the PE domain diminishes the lipase activity of LipY. In vitro lipase assays also confirmed LipY(ΔPE) as a more efficient lipase compared to the wild-type LipY. Together these results suggest that the PE domain of LipY might be involved in the modulation of lipase activity. Surprisingly, M. marinum, another pathogenic mycobacteria, possesses a protein homologous to LipY, termed LipYmar, in which the PE domain is substituted by a PPE domain. The overexpression of LipYmar in M. smegmatis significantly reduced the TAG pool suggesting that it is a triacylglycerol hydrolase/lipase. Interestingly, similar to the removal of the PE domain of LipY, this reduction in the TAG pool was further pronounced when the PPE domain of LipYmar was removed. This suggests that PE and PPE domains might share similar functional roles in modulating the enzymatic activities of these lipase homologs. In order to assess the in vivo relevance of LipY expression during M. tuberculosis infection, we examined the humoral immune responses against LipY in sera derived from various clinical categories of tuberculosis patients. The presence of specific antibodies against any protein is suggestive of expression of the protein during infection and could potentially be used to differentiate between healthy individuals and infected patients (serodiagnosis of tuberculosis). The cell wall localization suggested that LipY may be accessible for interaction with the host immune system during infection. Moreover, humoral responses were observed against LipY in mice immunized with DNA constructs expressing LipY, indicating that LipY could be an effective B-cell antigen. Accordingly, a strong humoral response against LipY and LipY(ΔPE) was observed in tuberculosis patients compared to healthy individuals, suggesting that LipY is expressed during infection by clinical strains of M. tuberculosis and might represent an immunodominant antigen of M. tuberculosis with potential use in serodiagnosis of tuberculosis.