I detta examensarbete vill jag jämföra pianopraxis och orgelpraxis i samband med instudering av musikaliska verk som jag kommer att framföra i min examenskonsert. Skribenten kommer att basera sina undersökningar i huvudsak på svensk orgeltradition och rysk pianotradition.

A presente tese toma por objeto a relação entre teoria e práxis, tal como foi tratada por Karl Marx em sua fase de transição, em especial no livro A ideologia alemã. Obra em que o autor afirma tanto a prioridade mais definitiva da práxis quanto a quase perfeita impotência da teoria especulativa, rejeitando a filosofia e suas questões para fazer a exigência de uma práxis e uma união imediata entre ela e a teoria, ela torna-se objeto privilegiado para os questionamentos quanto às consequências da afirmação de uma tal prioridade da prática para a filosofia, bem como qual poderia ser o papel de uma teoria que se pretenda em função da práxis. Assim, após algumas considerações iniciais e uma contextualização da obra, a investigação principia por uma análise da noção de práxis desenvolvida nA ideologia alemã, para assim chegar à forma de sua relação com a teoria, como lá desenvolvida; a noção central para esta análise sendo o que aqui se designa por primado da prática. Em seguida, este primado é desdobrado em suas consequências teóricas e para o papel da teoria, resultando dele em muitos aspectos o oposto do que se propunha. Por fim, apresentam-se, a partir do ressurgimento destas questões, duas críticas às concepções dA ideologia alemã, de Cornelius Castoriadis e Theodor Adorno, por meio das quais ilustra-se o caráter de transição deste texto e seus conceitos na obra marxiana, bem como alguns dos acertos e intuições que lhe sobrevivem no autor, e como incitação à reflexão para nós e nosso tempo. / The present thesis takes as its subject the relation of theory and praxis, such as presented by Karl Marx during his transitional period, specially in The German ideology. A work in which the author states the most definitive priority of praxis as well as theorys nearperfect impotence, rejecting philosophy and its questions make the demand for an immediate union of theory and praxis, it offers a privileged ground for questions regarding the consequences of affirming said priority of praxis to philosophy, as well as what could possibly be the role for a theory that intends to be at the service of praxis. Thusly, after a few considerations and giving a contextualization of the text, investigation begins by analyzing the notion of praxis developed throughout The German ideology, and in this way arriving at the form of its relation to theory; the main notion for this analysis being what is designated in this paper as the primacy of practice. Afterwards, this primacy itself us unfolded in all its consequences for theory and theorys role, with the results being often the opposite of what was intended. Lastly, two critiques of the German ideologys conceptions, by Cornelius Castoriadis and Theodor Adorno, are presented, by means of which one may illustrate the transitional character of said book and its concepts in the Marxian corpus, as well as how some of its best insights endure both in the authors latter works, and as a call to reflexion for us and our age.

A proposta desta dissertação é discutir a polêmica trajetória das vanguardas poéticas brasileiras, representadas pela poesia concreta, neoconcreta, praxis e poema-processo, com base na análise de alguns procedimentos técnicos, conceitos teóricos e princípios formais apresentados nos principais textos (manifestos e plataformas) e práticas poéticas desses movimentos. Feita uma revisão crítica do conceito de vanguarda e suas aporias no contexto da crise do Modernismo na segunda metade do século XX, foram discutidos alguns impasses estético-políticos, teóricos e práticos dessa poesia de vanguarda, diante do cenário sociocultural brasileiro dos anos 1950 e 1960. Se, por um lado, a necessidade programática de afirmar o "novo" nos grupos vanguardistas lançou alguns procedimentos técnicos e princípios formais que, principalmente com a poesia concreta, incidiram no campo da crítica literária e do ensino das letras nas universidades, por outro, retomou e radicalizou velhas categorias futuristas, cubistas, construtivistas e modernistas de 1922. / The proposal of this dissertation is to discuss the polemic course of Brazilian poetry avant-gardes, represented by Concrete, Neoconcrete, Praxis and Process poetries, based on the analysis of some technical procedures, theoretical concepts and formal principles presented in the main texts (manifests and platforms) and poetical practices in these movements. After a critical revision of the concept of avant-garde and its contradictions in the context of the Modernism crisis in the second half of the 20th century, we discussed some esthetic-political, theoretical and practical deadlocks, inside the sociocultural Brazilian scenario during the 1950s and 1960s. If, on one side, the need of stating the "new" in the avant-garde groups created some technical procedures and formal principles that, notably with the concrete poetry, targeted the fields of literary critics and teaching literature at universities, on the other side, resumed and radicalized old futurist, cubist, constructivist and 1922 modernist categories.

A presente pesquisa investiga a noção de práxis psicanalítica, entendida como forma de saber empregada na direção do tratamento, nas decisões clínicas a ela atinentes e na ética que lhe concerne. De que maneira é possível reconhecer o saber em ação na prática da psicanálise a partir de sua incidência do lado do psicanalista? Nossa hipótese é a de que isso permitiria pensar com maior clareza critérios para definir praxicamente um psicanalista, inclusive considerando a incorporação do saber e da experiência adquirida em seu próprio percurso formativo. Nosso objetivo é delimitar as propriedades e características desse saber que se refere ao psicanalista, que não se restringe ao domínio de conceitos teóricos e regras deontológicos, mas também e sobretudo derivaria de sua análise pessoal. Examinaremos, para tanto, as propostas lacanianas a respeito da relação entre saber e verdade, da ligação entre saber do psicanalista e objeto a, bem como do conceito de sujeito suposto saber entendendo que em tais noções se exprime a ideia de práxis e o tipo de saber que lhe seria atinente. Pretende-se verificar em que medida o saber do psicanalista possui caráter de singularidade, uma vez que advém da análise pessoal, traço de particularidade servindo ao analista para operar tratamentos em geral e, responderia também ao critério de universalidade, pela sua articulação aos conceitos do ensino teórico e pela sua aspiração de transmissibilidade / This research is about the notion of psychoanalytic praxis, understood as a way of knowing. Applied towards a treatment, clinical decisions and ethics relating to it. How to recognize the knowledge in action in the praxis of psychoanalysis from its incidence on the analyst\'s side? Our hypothesis is that this would allow us to think clearly how to define criteria for a psychoanalysts praxis, even considering the incorporation of knowledge and experience in their own formation. Our goal is to define the attributes and characteristics of this knowledge as regards to the psychoanalyst, that is not restricted to the domain of theoretical concepts and deontological rules, but above all, it would derive from his personal analysis. We will examine the Lacanian proposals on the relationship between knowledge and truth, the connection between knowing the psychoanalyst and the object a, as well as the concept of the Subject Supposed to know - understanding that in such notions, the idea of praxis expressed and the type of corresponding knowledge aim to verify to what extent, the knowledge of the psychoanalyst has a unique character as it comes from personal analysis, a characteristic trait, which aids the analyst to operate a treatment. It would also answer the universality criteria, by its articulation of the concepts of theoretical teaching and by its aspiration of transmissibility

The thesis should be regarded as a contribution to the development of knowledge about the interaction taking place in the educational setting for pupils with PIMD in Sweden, the training school (Sw. Träningsskola), and the contextual and interactional conditions that characterizes this educational setting. The study is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the pedagogical praxis in the training School and the pupils’ possibilities to be agents within the processes of interaction, participation and learning. The thesis aims to contribute to the development of knowledge about the contextual and interactional conditions that training school pedagogic practice is characterized by. The study's overall purpose is to analyze the participation and interaction in the context of five training school classes. A particular focus is placed on teaching organization and the interaction patterns appearing in the pedagogical practice and what kind of consequences the interaction has for the pupils’ participation. Participation in this study refers to how the teams and students jointly create interaction in classrooms, the patterns produced by the interaction. The study draws on a theoretical framework that is influenced by ethnometodological work and from the dramaturgical framework by Goffman, where the participant’s social actions and methodical ways of making sense in a social setting are in focus. The design of the data collection is inspired by an ethnographic approach and is constructed as a classroom study. The empirical material was collected by classroom observations and by video recordings. The data derive from video recordings that were made during spring 2009 and spring 2010 in five training school classes and all together twenty  pupils (age 8-19, eleven boys and nine girls) and 28 members from the teams (nine special teachers,  two music teachers,  one psychical education teacher and 16 assistants) participated in the study. The results are showing that the pedagogical practice in training school was defined by six different areas: Circle time, One-to-one tuition, Group joint education, Snack time/ lunch, Breaks and play-time and Transitions.  In the interaction between the pupils and the staff the pupils’ positions was constructed as: The attentive and responsive pupil, The experiencing pupil, The choice making and autonomous pupil, The exploring pupil, The pupil that shows civil inattention, The pupil as a recipient of care and The playing pupil.  A starting point for further research involves studying how students' participation is constructed in more inclusive settings i.e. in interaction with other children who do not have such extensive disabilities.

Words like pirates and anti-pirates are becoming common features in the cultural political debate of today, and the file-sharing phenomenon has become a more and more delicate and disputed subject. The fact that people are organizing in networks to swap computerfiles with each other has, among other things, led film and music companies from all over the world to initiate a number of anti-piracy organizations, assigned to protect the right to culture and information. The industrial organization Antipiratbyrån (the Anti-pirate Bureau) and the network Piratbyrån (the Pirate Bureau) have on several occasions been used to represent the prevailing conflict in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to apply a sociological perspective to the collective act of file sharing. Additionally, the purpose is to argue that the activity can be understood as a social movement, although it is rarely referred to as such. By focusing on the distinctly organized part of the file-sharing movement, the goal has principally been to answer how the collective action and the conveyance of knowledge, that is taking place within the movement, can be understood and which the fundamental ideas are. The study has its starting point in theories about the cognitive praxis – or core identity – of social movements. Among the methods used, interviews with representatives from Piratbyrån were valuable tools, but also other sources, like the Piratbyrån website and forum along with their participation in the media, have been the basis of the analysis. This led to a few conclusions worth considering. The most important result of the study is that it is relevant to talk about a new social movement. This movement is above all characterized by individual autonomy, expressed in a fundametal belief in the individual and some kind of “egoistic” solidarity. Closely connected to this is the everyday practice that makes the existence of the movement possible. The conclusion of the study is that the use of the technology is experienced as a political act, associated by the activists to a decentralization of power and control. Therefore, any restraint of the technology is also experienced as a restraint of man’s autonomy.

The TAMU Water Project is a trans-disciplinary collaborative that works to address the water needs of rural communities along the Texas/Mexico border called colonias. Modeled initially after the work of Potters for Peace, the TAMU Water Project recognizes access to potable water as a human right and is dedicated to the production, distribution, and research of affordable, appropriate technology to purify water. This thesis proposes critical environmental justice as the theoretical framework and lens through which to examine the TAMU Water Project as a praxis of public pedagogy. Extant data in the form of articles, publications, presentations, photo essays, and video, were analyzed using an inductive process of content analysis and thick description to prove that the TAMU Water Project fulfills the criteria of critical environmental justice and can be used as an example of critical environmental justice as pedagogy.

<p>Words like pirates and anti-pirates are becoming common features in the cultural political debate of today, and the file-sharing phenomenon has become a more and more delicate and disputed subject. The fact that people are organizing in networks to swap computerfiles with each other has, among other things, led film and music companies from all over the world to initiate a number of anti-piracy organizations, assigned to protect the right to culture and information. The industrial organization Antipiratbyrån (the Anti-pirate Bureau) and the network Piratbyrån (the Pirate Bureau) have on several occasions been used to represent the prevailing conflict in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to apply a sociological perspective to the collective act of file sharing. Additionally, the purpose is to argue that the activity can be understood as a social movement, although it is rarely referred to as such. By focusing on the distinctly organized part of the file-sharing movement, the goal has principally been to answer how the collective action and the conveyance of knowledge, that is taking place within the movement, can be understood and which the fundamental ideas are. The study has its starting point in theories about the cognitive praxis – or core identity – of social movements. Among the methods used, interviews with representatives from Piratbyrån were valuable tools, but also other sources, like the Piratbyrån website and forum along with their participation in the media, have been the basis of the analysis. This led to a few conclusions worth considering. The most important result of the study is that it is relevant to talk about a new social movement. This movement is above all characterized by individual autonomy, expressed in a fundametal belief in the individual and some kind of “egoistic” solidarity. Closely connected to this is the everyday practice that makes the existence of the movement possible. The conclusion of the study is that the use of the technology is experienced as a political act, associated by the activists to a decentralization of power and control. Therefore, any restraint of the technology is also experienced as a restraint of man’s autonomy.</p>

The purpose of this study is to examine how different religious traditions are portrayed in teaching materials based on news reports. The main question concerns the way in which religious practices and holidays are described and in which contexts religion is presented. The method includes a both quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The study concludes that certain religious practices are presented in a way that describes the practitioners as more faithful and homogenous than others. This was especially prominent among Muslims and to a certain extent Hindus. The results also show that in the learning content, Islam revolves much more around wars and conflicts. This is not the case regarding Christianity, which is more often presented in everyday contexts and together with positive topics. Altogether, this leads to the conclusion that different images of the religions emerge with the unavoidable consequence that some traditions are presented as more peaceful than others.

Regeringen menar genom prop. 2013/14:126 att bostadsbristen riskerar att försätta Sveriges internationella konkurrenskraft på efterkälken. Regeringen menar att detaljplaneprocessen är en orsak till detta då den är en flaskhals för byggandet. Lagändringarna som regeringen lägger fram genom prop. 2013/14:126 syftar enligt regeringen (prop 2013/14:126) att verka som  lösningar på delar av de problem som regeringen menar orsakar bostadsbristen. Delar av propositionen röstades igenom i riksdagen, bland annat delar som skulle effektivisera  detaljplaneprocessen genom att förändra förfarandena och kriterierna för när dessa ska användas. Som nämns ovan så innebär prop. 2013/14:126 ett antal lagförändringar som syftar till att lösa de problem som enligt regeringen står i vägen för ett effektivt byggande.  Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida förändringarna av förfarandena gällande detaljplaneprocessen i prop. 2013/14:126 åtgärdar de anledningar till långa detaljplaneprocesstider som tjänstemännen på kommunerna upplever. För att kunna ta reda på det kommunala perspektivet så har en enkätundersökning  riktad till Sveriges kommunala plankontor gjorts. Enkätundersökningen undersöker och åskådliggör de anledningar som de kommunala tjänstemännen runt om i Sverige ser till långa detaljplaneprocesser. Resultatet av denna undersökning jämförs i en analys med de förändringar som prop. 2013/14:126 innebär. De mest tongivande anledningarna som påvisas i undersökningen är avvägande mellan intressen och de utredningar som är förknippade med avvägandet och processen. Även andra orsaker som bland annat har med de demokratiska förankringarna i kommunerna att göra är enligt respondenterna betydande. Här nämner respondenterna remisstider och oregelbundna kommunfullmäktigemöten, som dessutom hålls mycket sällan, som bidragande orsaker.  Flera av de anledningar som kommunerna påvisar som anledningar till långa detaljplane- processtider kommer inte att påverkas överhuvudtaget av prop. 2013/14:126, medan några av anledningarna påverkas mycket lite. Sammanfattningsvis så kommer prop. 2013/14:126 att, utifrån uppsatsens slutsatser, totalt sett få en mycket liten påverkan på den tid det tar att ta fram en detaljplan.  Detaljplanen är ett planeringsinstrument som är ett uttryck för all den kontext som finns runt omkring oss. I detaljplanen så blir värderingar och meningsskiljaktigheter fysiska och möjliga att ta på. Denna position som definitiv åskådliggörare av meningsskiljaktigheter kombinerat med dess blandning av rationalitet och politik gör dess roll mycket komplex. Rationalitetens starka ställning som sanningsbärare i vår samtid gör att politiker och intressenter söker efter rationella argument för ställningstaganden i detaljplaneprocessen som egentligen består av åsikter. Detta bidrar till kostnad- och tidskrävande utredningar. Detaljplaneringen styrs och regleras av en ramlagstiftning i form av PBL. Förändringarna som prop. 2013/14:126 medger innebär att denna ramlagstiftning förändras för andra gången på fyra år. Detta innebär att kommunerna som  inledde detaljplanearbete före 2011-05-02 nu har tre olika lagar att ta hänsyn till i detaljplanearbetet. En ständig förändring av lagarna leder till att en varaktig och beständig praxis som intressenter kan lära känna och förstå inte är möjlig. Detta skapar förvirring och oförutsägbarhet hos de intressenter som berörs.