<p>This two years master´s thesis examines how books and literature can strengthen the contact between imprisoned fathers and their children, and the connection between the treatment of offenders and education in Sweden. The methods used are interviews and textual analysis. The theoretical starting points are influenced by Bernt Gustavssons works concerning the concept of education (the Swedish term “bildning”) and Foucaults thoughts on the subject of power and its relation to knowledge and resistance.</p><p>Through history many attempts have been made to “cure” those who commit criminal acts by educating them, at first to enable them to get employed after serving their sentence, the education thus being for the greater good of the society in general, but since the 1940’s the aim has shifted towards education for the individuals own personal development and readjustment to society.</p><p>The findings indicate that the service provided to prisons by public libraries play an important role for the inmates, as a source of books for amusement and diversion as well as providing the means for education. This thesis examines four reading programmes in prison, in order to establish their place in the tradition of education within the Swedish penal system. In the prison reading programs the fathers choose a children’s storybook and either reads it during the child’s visits or make a recording on DVD or CD to send to their child on the outside. The Swedish example, <em>Godnattsagor inifrån, is influenced by its English and American precursors in its attempt </em>to create or strengthen the bonds between fathers and children through the reading experience. Many fathers taking part in the study circle organized by Malmö public library claim the experience has taught them not only to dare read aloud to their children, but also to appreciate literature for themselves.</p><p>My conclusion is that the reading programmes have effects beyond the individual inmate, as it to a certain extent can be a bond to keep a broken family together and as such actually prevent the father from committing further crime. The library service in prison is also greatly needed and appreciated by the incarcerated fathers.</p>

The objective of the thesis is to study how contacts/relationships are established in prison, and whether this is of significance for co-offending. A further objective is that of studying co-offending among individuals classified as gang members. Data have been collected from the Register of Suspected Offenders for all individuals released from Swedish prisons over a period of six months (n=3,930). Data have also been collected for individuals deemed by prison service officials to be members of various gangs (n=1,310). Twelve individuals (four women and eight men) with experience of serving time in prison have been interviewed. The results of the register study show that it is uncommon for individuals who have spent time together at the same prison to be suspected of committing offences together subsequent to release. This was the case for two percent of the entire study population and three percent of the gang members. The co-offending of different gangs has also been studied by means of network analysis. There are substantial variations between different gangs as regards the proportion of suspected offences involving gang members and other individuals respectively, as reflected in both direct and indirect links. The interview study shows that there are different reasons for wanting to establish contacts/relationships with others. For some the intention is to maintain contacts of value for future crimes. A number of different reasons emerged however for why such contacts are discontinued. Inmates return to their old friends, they are re-arrested, women find themselves back in the worlds of men, a long time may pass between the individuals’ respective release dates, they may live a long way apart or drug use, leading to the breakdown of contacts as a result. The theoretical framework employed in the thesis proceeds from social exchange theory. For co-offending to take place subsequent to release from prison, the contact/relationship established in prison must be worth something. Trust, contacts with other criminals, the size of an individual’s criminal network, and criminal capital are all relevant in this context.

<p>The history of prison reform after 1994 was shaped by the relationship between governance and human rights standards / the requirements for both are set out in the Constitution and elaborated on in the Correctional Services Act. Good governance and human rights converge in five dimensions of a constitutional democracy: legitimacy, transparency, accountability, the rule&nbsp / of law / and resource utilisation. The new constitutional order established a set of governance and rights requirements for the prison system demanding fundamental reform. It de-legitimised the existing prison system and thus placed it in a crisis. This required its reinvention to establish a system compatible with constitutional demands. The thesis investigates whether&nbsp / constitutionalism provided the necessary transformative basis for prison reform in South Africa after 1994. The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) senior management failed to&nbsp / anticipate this in the period 1990 to 1994. In the five years after 1994 senior management equally failed to initiate a fundamental reform process. This lack of vision, as well as a number of external factors relating to the state of the public service in the period 1994 to 2000, gave rise to a second crisis: the collapse of order and discipline in the DCS. By the late 1990s the state had lost control of the DCS and its internal workings can be described as a mess &ndash / a highly interactive set of problems in causal relationships. In many regards the problems beleaguering the prison system were created in the period 1994 &ndash / 1999. The leadership at the time did not recognize that the prison system was in crisis or that the crisis presented an opportunity for&nbsp / fundamental reform. The new democratic order demanded constitutional and political imagination, but this failed to materialise. Consequently, the role and function of imprisonment within the&nbsp / criminal justice system has remained fundamentally unchanged and there has not been a critical re-examination of its purpose, save that the criminal justice system has become more punitive. Several investigations (1998-2006) into the DCS found widespread corruption and rights violations. Organised labour understood transformation primarily as the racial transformation of the staff corps and embarked on an organised campaign to seize control of management and key positions. This introduced a culture of lawlessness, enabling widespread corruption. w leadership by 2001 and facing pressure from the national government, the DCS responded to the situation by focusing on corruption and on regaining control of the Department. A number of&nbsp / gains have been made since then, especially after 2004. Regaining control of the Department focused on addressing systemic weaknesses, enforcing the disciplinary code and defining a&nbsp / new employer-employee relationship. This has been a slow process with notable setbacks, but it continues to form part of the Department&rsquo / s strategic direction. It is concluded that the DCS&nbsp / has engaged with and developed a deeper understanding of its constitutional obligations insofar as they pertain to governance requirements in the Constitution. However, compliance with&nbsp / human rights standards had not received the same attention and areas of substantial non-compliance remain in violation of the Constitution and subordinate legislation. Overcrowding,&nbsp / violations of personal safety, poor services and/or lack of access to services persist. Despite the detailed rights standards set out in the Correctional Services Act, there is little to indicate that&nbsp / legislative compliance is an overt focus for the DCS. While meeting the minimum standards of humane detention, as required by the Constitution, should have been the strategic focus of the&nbsp / DCS in relation to the prison population, the 2004 White&nbsp / Paper defines &ldquo / offender rehabilitation&rdquo / as the core business of the DCS. In many regards the DCS has assigned more prominence&nbsp / and weight to the White Paper than to its obligations under the Correctional Services Act. In an attempt to legitimise the prison system, the DCS defined for itself a goal that is required neither&nbsp / by the Constitution nor the Correctional&nbsp / Services Act. Compliance with the minimum standards of humane detention must be regarded as a prerequisite for successful interventions to reduce&nbsp / future criminality. After&nbsp / seven years, delivery results on the rehabilitation objective have been minimal and not objectively measurable. The noble and over-ambitious focus on rehabilitation at&nbsp / policy level distracted the DCS from its primary constitutional obligation, namely to ensure safe and humane custody under conditions of human dignity Throughout the period (1994 to 2012)&nbsp / the DCS has been suspicious if not dismissive of advice, guidance and at times orders (including court orders) offered or given by external&nbsp / stakeholders. Its relationship with civil society&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / organisations remain strained and there is no formal structure for interaction. Since 2004 Parliament has reasserted its authority over the DCS, not hesitating to criticise poor decisions and&nbsp / sub-standard performance. Civil society organisations have increasingly used Parliament as a platform for raising concerns about prison reform. Litigation by civil society and prisoners has&nbsp / also been used on a growing scale&nbsp / to ensure legislative compliance. It is concluded that prison reform efforts needs to refocus on he rights requirements set out in the Correctional Services&nbsp / Act and approach this task in an inclusive, transparent and accountable manner.&nbsp / &nbsp / </p>

Aquest treball pretén presentar un primer model en relació a la conducta autolesiva que es dona al medi penitenciari tenint en compte les relacions que poden haver entre la conducta autolesiva en el medi comunitari i el medi penitenciari així com poder confirmar els tipus de conductes autolesives d’altres treballs. En aquest treball es fa primer una revisió de les diferents definicions de conductes autolesives i la seva classificació així com els diferents models explicatius. Tot seguit fem una revisió bibliogràfica dels diferents treballs que relacionen les autolesions i diferents trastorns psicopatològics, així com de la seva incidència a les presons. A continuació s’elabora una proposta de model amb el capítol de metodologia, amb especial èmfasi amb els participants, instruments i procediment emprat. Els resultats s’analitzen i es presenten en el capítol 7 i la discussió i les conclusions en el capítol 8.

En este trabajo se describe el origen y el funcionamiento de dos instituciones singulares en el tratamiento de la infancia y la juventud delincuente y socialmente conflictiva en la España del siglo XIX: la Cárcel de Jóvenes de Madrid (1840-¿1848?) y la Casa de Corrección de Barcelona (1836-1884). Se trata de dos ensayos notables, por cuanto en el ámbito territorial español apenas se llevaron a cabo iniciativas en el ámbito penitenciario-asistencial destinadas específicamente a la infancia y juventud delincuente o en riesgo. El trabajo está estructurado en tres partes. En la primera parte se dan las claves para entender la problemática social de los menores delincuentes en la España del ochocientos, dando cuenta del marco legal en que se encuadraban, y apuntando las fórmulas punitivas, correctivas, asistenciales y educativas que se destinaron a ellos. En la segunda parte, se aborda el estudio de la Cárcel de Jóvenes de Madrid y de la asociación que impulsó su creación (Sociedad para la mejora del sistema carcelario, correccional y penal de España), siendo Ramón de la Sagra uno de los principales gestores de dicha Cárcel. Debido a la desintegración de la Sociedad entre finales de 1843 y principios de 1844, la Cárcel fue perdiendo los elementos y formas de funcionamiento singulares con que había surgido. La tercera y última parte, acoge el estudio de la Casa de Corrección de Barcelona, que empezaba sus andaduras en 1836, bajo un prisma básicamente represivo, y cuya reapertura en 1856 supondrá un verdadero renacimiento al convertirse desde esa fecha en un centro específicamente pensado para menores delincuentes y predelincuentes. En este viraje tendrá un papel significativo José María Canalejas, que pasaría a dirigir la institución entre 1858 y 1863, introduciendo un sistema de reeducación insólito en las instituciones benéficas y penitenciarias del momento. La falta de recursos económicos y la inadecuación de los edificios en que se ubicó la Casa de Corrección a lo largo de los años fueron una constante en la trayectoria de la institución, que a finales de siglo pasaría a ser gestionada por una congregación religiosa, pasando a convertirse en Escuela de Reforma (1884), y más adelante, recibiendo el nombre de Asilo Toribio Durán (1890), de cuya historia no se ocupa este trabajo. El estudio se completa con bibliografía y varios anexos, entre los que destacan diversas bases de datos en que se recogen los nombres de los internos (incluidas las niñas y mujeres, para el caso del centro barcelonés), con indicación de las fechas de ingreso, de salida, y otros datos vinculados a su procedencia, estancia y salida de la institución. / This work describes the origin and the way to work of two special institutions when managing the childhood and the youth of offenders and those socially conflictive during the XIX century in Spain: the Cárcel de Jóvenes de Madrid (1840-¿1848?) – a Prison for Youths in Madrid- and the Casa de Corrección de Barcelona (1836-1884) – a House for Correction in Barcelona. We are talking about two remarkable essays, as in the Spanish territory few initiatives took place in the field of penitentiary-care that focus on the childhood and youth of offenders of at risk of being one.

Although the majority of state prison systems have made the move away from segregated housing for HIV positive inmates, a few still continue this practice. The purpose of this study was to learn more about the experiences of women who have carried the double stigma of being HIV positive prisoners who were segregated within the prison system because of their illness. Drawing on interviews with HIV positive women who served time in a segregated facility and are now released, I was able to explore how double stigma and segregation affect identity and daily life. By asking these women questions about their experiences as inmates who were further segregated because of their HIV status, I call attention to the strong association between power, authoritative knowledge, and policy.

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Despite evidence that viral hepatitis poses a significant risk to public health, universal vaccination has not yet been implemented. The risk for viral hepatitis infection is particularly high among injection drug users and other individuals who do not attend regular health care visits. Jails provide a structural opportunity to vaccinate these high risk individuals. HAV and HBV vaccines administered on an accelerated three week schedule could dramatically decrease the lifetime risk for contracting viral hepatitis among jail detainees. Assuming that 75% of detainees would accept vaccination, 33% have previous exposure to HAV, 25% have previous exposure to HBV, and independent future healthcare costs were US $317,000, the US health care system would save $12 per individual with a vaccinate upon entry program in comparison to no intervention. This savings translates into an economic benefit amounting to about US$ 5,000,000 saved if all new jail inmates in a given year were immunized. A vaccination upon entry program for HAV/HBV in jails should be widely implemented with coordination between the corrections system and public health agencies to reduce the growing cost of viral hepatitis infection.

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published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Geography / Master / Master of Geographic Information System