Inledning: Trots den positiva utvecklingen av folkhälsan i Sverige har skillnaderna i hälsa mellan olika befolkningsgrupper ökat sen 1980-talet. En strategi som kan användas för att minska skillnaderna i hälsa är att arbeta hälsofrämjande på lokal nivå. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur personalen upplever arbetet med det folkhälsoprojekt som ska genomföras och tanken som finns med att delar av projektet ska kunna implementeras i den ordinarie verksamheten. Metod: Till denna studie har använts en kvalitativ metod där datainsamlingen skett genom intervjuer och analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultaten visar på att personalen överlag var positivt inställd till att arbeta med folkhälsoprojektet och till att försöka få in fungerande delar i ordinarie verksamhet. Personalen ser också till övervägande del positivt på den samverkan som finns. De hinder som finns, både på lång och kort sikt, rör framför allt det organisatoriska. Slutsats: Personalen har en medvetenhet om hälsa och en positiv syn på att arbeta hälsofrämjande. Det finns förutsättningar för folkhälsoprojektet att lyckas om man ser till varje mötesplats egna möjligheter och behov. Samverkan ses som positivt, vilken är en förutsättning för att hälsofrämjande arbete ska lyckas. Förbättrad samverkan kan leda till ännu bättre resultat genom inspiration och en underlättad arbetssituation. Tidsbrist och brist på resurser är det stora hindret för att projektet och en implementering av det ska lyckas. / Introduction: Despite the positive development of the Swedish public health, the difference in health between groups of people has increased since the 1980’s. One strategy that can be used to reduce the disparities in health is local health promotion. Purpose: The aim of the study is to find out how the employees experience working with a health promoting project and the thought that is that parts of the projects could be implemented in the ordinary work. Method: For this study has been used a qualitative approach where data collection occurred through interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The results show that the employees were mostly in favor of working with public health project and trying to get functioning parts into regular activities. The employees also find existing collaboration as something positive. Organizational issues are the main obstacle, both long term and short term. Conclusion: The employees have got an awareness of health and they have a positive approach to working with health promotion. There is potential for public health project to succeed if we consider each meeting place’s opportunities and needs. Collaboration is seen as positive, which is a prerequisite for health promotion to succeed. Improved collaboration can lead to even better results through inspiration and a facilitated work situation. Lack of time and resources is the main obstacle for the project and the implementation of it to succeed.

Im Rahmen der aktuellen Debatte über Veränderungen im Schulsystem rückt auch die Lehramtsausbildung stärker in den Fokus universitärer und öffentlicher Diskussionen. Um Unterricht und Schule weiterzuentwickeln, bedarf es, nach Ansicht des Autors, kompetenter Lehrkräfte, welche reflexiv und forschungsgeleitet ihre Arbeit als einen permanenten Entwicklungsprozess betrachten. Das „Praxisforschen“ ist eine Form des Lehrens und Lernens, mittels dessen die Hochschullehre verbessert werden kann und Lehramtsstudierende gut auf die zukünftigen Anforderungen als Lehrende vorbereitet werden. „Praxisforschen“ bedeutet, anhand konkreter Forschungsfragen Schule und/oder die eigene Unterrichtstätigkeit weiterzuentwickeln. Studierende durchlaufen hierzu einen typischen Forschungsprozess, vom Entwickeln einer Fragestellung bis zur Auswertung und Darstellung der Ergebnisse. Der Artikel beschreibt die Umsetzung des Praxisforschens, wie es momentan in den Begleitseminaren zum Praxissemester an der Universität Potsdam durchgeführt wird und gibt praktische Hinweise für das forschende Lernen mit Studierenden. / The current debate about changes in the school system also approaches teachers' education in public and university discussions. From the author's point of view it is crucial to have competent teachers who are reflexive thus research conducted and acknowledge their work as a permanent process of development, in order to enhance the school and the classes. The "practice research" is a way of teaching and learning by which the higher education can be improved and student teachers are properly prepared for their future as teachers. "Practice research" depicts a course through the typical process of a research project, from the development of the question to the evaluation and the presentation of the (ascertained) results. This article describes the practical implementation of the practice research as it is executed at the University of Potsdam and provides practical hints for working with students.

Community based targeting mechanism has been widely utilized in the delivery of relief interventions and safety nets. In developing countries like Malawi the approach has been championed as the most effective and efficient way of reaching the most vulnerable. However, very little is known on how community based targeting mechanism actually works. Using the Agriculture Input Subsidy programme as a case study, the thesis attempts to explore whether community based targeting lives to its billing of enhancing social capital. The purpose of the study was to examine community perceptions and experiences about community based targeting approach and how it affects social relations and collective actions in the community. The results demonstrate that while communities have the knowledge and capacity to target the most vulnerable, the approach is largely a top down process. The choice on whether to target or not is a delicate balance of social, economic and political factors. Communities largely participate to fulfil or comply with official requirements so that they can cash in from the benefits. However, given a choice communities would largely share resources equally to prevent social costs. Consequently, a targeted programme at national level becomes a universal programme at community level since benefits are largely shared to all community members. The role and influence of social factors in the community based targeting has been largely underestimated in the targeting literature. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Since the end of the Cold War, the global development aid scene has evolved rapidly. At the heart of the changing world order is civil society and in particular NGOs, that are tasked to fill in the developmental gaps left by the state in retreat. Likewise, the abundance of foreign funds has also led to a dramatic growth of NGOs in both industrialized and developing countries. Philanthropy, at least in theory, has played a crucial role in addressing the global and regional causes of poverty and in advancing development. In South Africa, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) became visible in the 1980's as these organisations played a pivotal role in the provision of welfare services to communities who were largely neglected by the apartheid regime. However, the transition to democracy in the early 1990s significantly affected the NGO sector. Development aid was mainly channelled to the democratic government; meanwhile NGOs had to diversify funding sources. This situation resulted in uncertainties as NGOs had to compete for limited funds. Many NGOs had to reshape their activities in order to survive the turbulence. The various literatures uncover that, many NGOs became donor-driven as they surrendered their autonomy, very few NGOs managed to adhere to their core business in order to best serve their constituencies. This study explores the perceptions of KwaZulu Natal NGOs regarding the role and effectiveness of development aid, using comparative case study method. The intention in using this method is to compare experiences and opinions of different-size NGOs on how they survive the transition, more than ten years in the post-Apartheid South Africa. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

Denna intervjustudie utforskar människors erfarenheter från ett långtgående jämställdhetsprojektsom bedrivits i en ideell politisk ungdomsorganisation. Syftet är att undersöka erfarenheterna frånjämställdhetsprojektet för att förstå hur det genomförts, att identifiera potentiella analytiskaingångar för vidare forskning, och att leta efter eventuella överförbara strategier förjämställdhetsarbete. Organisationen sjösatte för ett antal år sedan ett stort internt förändringsprojektmed målet att ”killar och tjejer ska kunna vara medlemmar på lika villkor.” Arbetet har fått relativtstora effekter i organisationen, mycket har förändrats i fråga om makt, utrymme och representation.Projektets effekter och de strategier som använts utforskas i denna uppsats resultatdel. I analysdelenläggs olika teoretiska perspektiv på det empiriska resultatet i syfte att identifiera analytiska ingångarför vidare forskning. Analysen sker på tre nivåer; jämställdhetsprojektet i sig analyseras, informellastrukturer och skapandet av kön analyseras, och organisationsförändringen som en helhetanalyseras. I den avslutande diskussionen sammanfattas uppsatsens huvudslutsats – att endjupgående förändring av könsstrukturer inom en organisation verkar vara något som går attgenomföra på relativt kort tid. Sammanfattningen av frågeställningarna tjänar som en beskrivningoch illustration kring hur det gått till. Uppsatsen bottnar i en förståelse av att rum för jämställdhetinte är något som finns eller inte finns – rum, i betydelsen fysiskt eller socialt utrymme, är någotsom görs. / This interview studie explores experiences from a extensive gender equality project, conducted in anon-profit political youth organization. The aim is to explore the experiences of the project in orderto understand how it was implemented, to identify potential analytical inputs for further research,and to look for any transferable strategies. The organization launched a few years ago a majorinternal project to reach the goal, that " men and women are to be members on equal terms. " Theproject have had a relatively large impact, much has changed in terms of power, space andrepresentation. The project's impacts and the strategies used are explored in this papers resultsection. In the analysis section various theoretical perspectives are applied on the empirical resultsin order to identify analytical inputs for further research. The analysis is done at three levels: theequality project in itself is analyzed , informal structures and the creation of gender in theorganisation is analyzed, and the organizational change as a whole is analyzed. The endingdiscussion summarizes the thesis main conclusion - that a profound change in gender structureswithin an organization seems to be something that can be reached in a relatively short time. Theessay is grounded in an understanding that room for gender equality is not something that may ormay not exist - room, in the meaning physical or social space, is something that is done .

Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti projektinės veiklos reikšmę skatinant daugiakalbystę. Tyrimo objektas – projektinės veiklos reikšmė skatinant daugiakalbystę. Duomenų rinkimo metodai: mokslo šaltinių apžvalga ir analizė, dokumentų analizė, pusiau struktūrizuotas interviu. Duomenų analizės metodas: kokybinė turinio analizė. Magistro darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių. Pirmojoje dalyje yra analizuojami Europos Sąjungos daugiakalbystės strategijos dokumentai, švietimo projektų ir švietimo organizacijų vadovo veiklos teoriniai aspektai. Antrojoje dalyje yra analizuojami rezultatai, gauti atlikus kokybinį tyrimą. Galiausiai pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos. Šio tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad projektinė veikla švietimo organizacijose vykdoma vangiai ir ypatingos reikšmės neturi. Remiantis gautais empirinio tyrimo rezultatais galima teigti, kad švietimo organizacijų vadovai neskiria ypatingo dėmesio kalbų politikos dokumentų analizavimui ir nepilnai išnaudoja savo, kaip vadovo, ir organizacines vidines galias, inicijuodami ir skatindami mokyklos narių įsitraukimą į projektinę veiklą ir dalyvavimą joje. Projektinė veikla švietimo organizacijose lieka neišnaudota dėl: užsienio kalbos kompetencijos trūkumo; laiko stokos; žinių ir įgūdžių, rengiant projektus, stokos; mokinių dalyvių atrankos; mokytojų nenoro. Apibendrinti informantų pasisakymai leido prieiti prie išvados, kad švietimo organizacijų vadovams ir mokytojams kalbų mokymas mokykloje yra svarbus ir aktualus, tačiau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research is to reveal the significance of projects in encouraging multilingualism. The object of the research is the significance of projects in encouraging multilingualism. The methods of collecting data: the review and analysis of academic sources, the analysis of documents, and a partially structuralised interview. The method of analysing data: the qualitative analysis of the content. The Master dissertation is composed of two parts. The first part deals with the analysis of the strategy of multilingualism in European Union‘s documents as well as the analyses of the theoretical aspects of education projects and the performance of the leaders of educational institutions. In the second part the subject of analysis is the results of the quantitative research. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are presented. The results of the study indicate that projects in educational institutions are carried out slowly and do not contain any special significance. Based on the empirical results of the study, it can be implied that the leaders of educational institutions do not place significance on the analysis of the language policy documents. Moreover, the leaders of such institutions do not fully exploit their role as the leader and the internal institutional powers in initiating and encouraging the involvement and participation of the school members in projects. The shortage of projects in educational institutions is due to the limited foreign language... [to full text]

Effective management of information about client requirements in construction projects lifecycle can contribute to high construction productivity; within budget and schedule, and improve the quality of built facilities and service delivery. Traditionally, requirements management has been focused at the early stages of the construction lifecycle process where elicited client requirements information is used as the basis for design. Management of client requirements does not extend to the later phases. Client requirements often evolve and change dramatically over a facility's life. Changing client requirements is one of the principal factors that contribute to delays and budget overruns of construction projects. This results in claims, disputes and client dissatisfaction. The problems of current requirements management process also include: lack of integrated and collaborative working with requirements; lack of integrated requirements information flow between the various heterogeneous systems used in the lifecycle processes, and between the multiple stakeholders; inefficient and ineffective coordination of changes within the lifecycle processes; manual checking of dependencies between changing requirements to facilitate assessment of cost and time impact of changes. The aim of the research is to specify a better approach to requirements information management to help construction organisations reduce operational cost and time in product development and service delivery; whilst increasing performance and productivity, and realising high quality of built facilities. In order to achieve the aim and the formulated objectives, firstly, a detailed review of literature on related work was conducted. Secondly, the research designed, developed and conducted three case studies to investigate the state-of-the-art of managing client requirements information. A combination of multiple data collection methods was applied which included observations, interviews, focus group and questionnaires. Following this, the data was analysed and problems were identified; the necessity for a lifecycle approach to managing the requirements information emerged. (Continues...).

Due to the complex nature of construction projects, delay risks are more widespread in the construction sector than elsewhere. This poses a problem for the industry, since it is already at risk because of the recent global economic recession. Indeed, the financial crisis in late 2008 arrested economic development in the construction sector in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with the result that investors’ confidence in the sector is severely depressed. In this situation, effective risk response is urgently required, since it aims to ensure that all project objectives, including avoiding delays, are met. In itself, the risk response process is a core element of risk management and perhaps the most important area needs to be improved. The aim of the research work that underpins this thesis was to develop a model for effective risk response to help in controlling delay risks. First, the strengths and weaknesses of current risk response processes have been analysed through a comprehensive critical literature review. Common causes of delay risks have been identified and various traditional measures used for their control have been critically reviewed. The greatest deficiencies in all published measures of delay risks control in construction projects are related to the lack of risk response development and appropriate measures (preventative/mitigating), within the risk management process. From the literature review it was also possible to identify the most appropriate methodology to adopt for the current research. A robust research methodology was then outlined which involved a questionnaire survey, case studies and interviews to confirm the literature review results and to achieve the research objectives. The questionnaire was piloted with nine construction professionals in the UAE for its suitability with the envisaged sample. After the pilot the questionnaire was refined then administered in 35 construction, consultancy, and contracting companies, attracting 102 usable responses. The results of the questionnaire confirmed the literature review results. Accordingly, six case studies from three companies were identified and supplemented by face-to-face interview, documents and direct observations. This strategy allowed the research evidence to be triangulated and thus the researcher to be more confident in testing a particular concept or theory. From the results it emerged that most organisations have immature project management systems and poor risk response processes. Hence, 22 Key Success Factors (KSFs) of preventative measures and 15 KSFs of mitigation measures were identified to achieve risk response development by maturity levels in the pre-construction stage and in the construction stage, respectively. The analysis of the case studies revealed the great potential for employing five KSFs of mitigation measures in the risk response development to control delay risks. Having considered these outcomes a risk response development model to control delay risks has been outlined. The model has been carefully validated, both theoretically and in practical terms, through the discussions with interviewees from the selected case studies. The interviewees agreed on the practicality of the model to identify the risk response development, however it is recommended that the project risk event severity and the company capability would need to be taken into account, and the demand to format the test stage for the maturity levels at the transition stages (Disciplinary, Consistency, Integration, and Optimisation) to achieve the effectiveness and the transparency of the model. Based on the validation, it is anticipated that by developing the risk response model, the process itself will be more objective, particularly in delay risks control. The study brings forward findings that can be promoted as the means to enhance opportunities to control delay risks, and benefit practitioners in the UAE given that so far, there has been no model of risk response development by maturity levels for delay risks control. Moreover, one of the unique features of the study is the creation of new knowledge by focusing on the UAE. At the same time, the use of maturity modeling to handle construction delay risks provides new knowledge for a wider audience.

M. Tech. Architecture (Professional) / The aim of this project is to promote localised pastoral farming and reduce the energy consumed in the process of producing silage and the distribution of cultivated harvests. The design proposes an architectural intervention that would embody the process of storing and distributing harvested grain. The proposal investigates the design of a didactic silage production facility using the migrating silo to establish a new kinetic typology in productive infrastructure, meeting the following objectives: Establishing the new typology as a productive architectural solution that responsibly serves the community and environment that it moves through, within the set parameters of this proposal. It will incorporate and develop the current process of grain collection, storage and distribution. The architecture will incorporate sustainable building alternatives to allow the design a natural integration within its environment, informed by an eco-systemic building approach. Aligning the design with these principles will successfully reduce the energy depletion within the new typology; in turn promoting energy equilibrium within the set parameters of this proposal. The successful integration of a homeostatic design will rely on the integration of kinetic energy alternatives to supply power to a facility. These energies will be integrated into the functioning systems that complete processes housed within the facility. It is proposed that kinetic energy will be drawn from the fluid landscape in the form of wind and water as the primary power supply. Simultaneously, the potential energy that grain holds in the form of gravity/ weight will also be transferred into a kinetic energy.

This paper examines the Harambee Movement and how it affected Kenya's economic development. Before 1963 Kenya was a British colony and economic development favored the colonial government. At Independence the new government tried to restructure the economy for the Kenyan people. Recognizing the lack of adequate capital and a rural development program, the movement became a means by which people could provide services for themselves. These services included schools, technical training, water supply and health facilities. Sources of data were books, articles, government publications and papers published by the Institute of Development Studies, Nairobi University. The Harambee Movement flourished in the provision of educational opportunities, clean water supply and health facilities. Problems included planning, coordinating and duplication of services.