Orientador: Marise Aparecida Rodrigues Pollonio, Sílvia Tondella Dantas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T00:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dantas_FiorellaBalardinHellmeister_D.pdf: 14117695 bytes, checksum: 4532bc383166205549d251332c6b58f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudaram-se os parâmetros promotores da sulfuração negra em produto cárneo em conserva na busca de estratégias tecnológicas para reduzir ou evitar sua ocorrência. Na primeira parte do trabalho foram avaliados os parâmetros de processamento e embalagem que promovem a sulfuração negra em carne bovina em conserva (corned beef) acondicionada em latas de aço determinando-se assim quais são os aspectos a serem controlados na condição atualmente utilizada nas plantas de processamento do produto. Em seguida avaliou-se a composição das manchas negras formadas e a exposição do aço base, que permitiram verificar que a presença da mancha de sulfuração negra estava sempre associada à exposição metálica, principalmente na região de recravação onde há maior solicitação mecânica do verniz. Esse fato indicou que apesar da possibilidade de permeação dos íons de enxofre pelo verniz, para a reação ocorrer há necessidade de falha na camada de verniz em qualquer região da lata. Verificou-se também que as manchas eram compostas de aminoácidos e outros componentes do produto, assim como carbono e oxigênio, mostrando a influência do processo de acondicionamento do produto na ocorrência da sulfuração negra. Foram avaliadas também as possibilidades de adição de zinco à formulação do produto e do verniz epóxi fenólico alumínio, as quais permitiram verificar que o tratamento térmico de 125 ºC por 65 min combinado com concentração de zinco de 10 mg.kg-1 foi o que apresentou menor incidência de sulfuração na tampa e indicaram que a utilização de verniz interno epóxi fenólico com alumínio mais 6% de zinco é uma opção na prevenção da reação de sulfuração negra. Por fim, através de solução modelo, avaliou-se a influência da adição de agente quelante (EDTA ¿ sais do ácido etilenodiamino tetracético) no produto. Os resultados obtidos na quarta e última parte deste trabalho mostraram que a adição de EDTA à solução catalisadora foi eficiente quanto à prevenção da reação de sulfuração negra, porém há necessidade de estudos futuros para determinação da concentração adequada e avaliação de sua influência na ação do nitrito de sódio em relação à cor e à segurança alimentar / Abstract: The present work studied the parameters that promote sulfide black in corned beef in order to find technological strategies to reduce or prevent its occurrence. Firstly, it was evaluated the packaging and processing parameters that promote sulfide black in corned beef and determined which aspects that should be controlled in the condition currently used in product processing plants. Then, it was evaluated the composition of the black spots and iron exposure which allowed to verify that the black stain was always associated with the metal exposure, since most of the cans exhibited stain along the double seam. This fact indicated that despite the possibility of permeation of sulfur ions through the lacquer to the reaction occurrence a fail in the coating layer is required in some can region. It was also verified that the black stain was comprised of amino acids and other components coming from the product, including carbon and oxygen, showing the effect of the packaging process in the occurrence of sulfide black. The influence of the addition of zinc in canned meat product and in the internal lacquer of the package was also evaluated to prevent the reaction. The results showed that the heat treatment of 125 ºC/65 min with zinc concentration of 10 mg.kg-1 presented the lowest incidence of spots in the lids, furthermore the results suggest the use of lacquer epoxy phenolic with aluminium and 6% of zinc as an option in the sulfide black prevention. Finally, using model solution it was evaluated the influence of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid salts) addition in canned meat product. Results suggest the use of EDTA as an option in the sulfide black prevention, but future studies using the product are necessary to determine the appropriate concentration and assessment of their influence on the action of sodium nitrite in relation to color and food safety / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutora em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kiyataka_PauloHenriqueMassaharu_M.pdf: 790194 bytes, checksum: e0beb44d58dcf269860ae3ea29511114 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O uso de embalagens poliméricas para contato com alimentos tem crescido nas últimas décadas devido ao aumento do consumo de produtos industrializados. Contaminantes inorgânicos, tais como chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), mercúrio (Hg), e arsênio (As), cuja maior fonte são aditivos, principalmente catalisadores, estabilizantes térmicos, pigmentos e corantes inorgânicos, podem fazer parte da embalagem e migrar para o alimento. No Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), através da Resolução nº 52 de 2010 estabelece limites e método analítico para quantificar contaminantes inorgânicos em pigmentos e corantes utilizados na fabricação de embalagens e indica também limites de migração dos contaminantes das embalagens poliméricas pigmentadas para uma solução de ácido acético 3%. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os teores totais de Pb, Cd, Hg e As nas embalagens de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) e polipropileno (PP), utilizadas no acondicionamento de iogurte e sorvete, respectivamente, estudar a migração desses elementos para o alimento e para a solução de ácido acético 3%, utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. O método aplicado foi validado e os parâmetros linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão e exatidão foram considerados adequados. Os resultados obtidos para as análises das embalagens de PP utilizado para sorvete mostraram que oito entre as dez amostras avaliadas apresentaram valores abaixo dos limites de quantificação para Pb, Cd, Hg e As, correspondentes a 18,2 ?g L-1, 2,6 ?g L -1, 1,0 ?g L-1 e 1,7 ?g L -1, respectivamente, e uma embalagem avaliada apresentou resultado para Cd de 0,45 mg kg-1 e uma outra embalagem resultado para Pb de 1,64 mg kg-1. A migração específica desses elementos para o sorvete foi inferior ao limite de quantificação. Os resultados da migração dos elementos Cd, Hg e As para a solução de ácido acético a 3% apresentaram-se inferiores aos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA, 5 ?g kg-1, 5 ?g kg-1 e 10 ?g kg-1, respectivamente Porém, para o elemento Pb, o resultado não foi conclusivo, uma vez que o limite de quantificação do método utilizado foi superior ao limite estabelecido pela Resolução. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras de PEAD utilizado para o acondicionamento de iogurte mostraram que todas as embalagens avaliadas apresentaram níveis de mercúrio e cádmio abaixo do limite de quantificação, correspondentes a 1,0 ?g L-1 e 1,5??g L-1, respectivamente. Os teores máximos de arsênio e chumbo foram de 0,87 mg kg-1 e 462,3 mg kg-1, respectivamente. A migração específica desses elementos para o iogurte foi inferior ao limite de quantificação. Os resultados da migração de Cd, Hg e As para a solução de ácido acético a 3% apresentaram valores inferiores aos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA, porém para três amostras de tampas houve migração de Pb para o simulante acima do limite da ANVISA, 10 ?g kg-1. Pelos resultados obtidos notou-se que há o uso de aditivos e substâncias com As, Cd e principalmente Pb ou matérias-primas contaminadas com esses elementos na produção de embalagem, indicando a necessidade de uma legislação ambiental, estabelecendo limites máximos de contaminantes inorgânicos em embalagens e fiscalização por parte da vigilância sanitária / Abstract: The use of polymeric packaging for food contact has increased in the last decades due to the increase of consume of industrialized food. Inorganic contaminants, such as lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic found in packaging additives, mainly catalysts, thermal stabilizers, inorganic pigments and colorants, may migrate to food. In Brazil, the Resolution nr. 52/2010 published by the ANVISA (National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance) establishes limits and analytical method for quantifying inorganic contaminants in pigments and dyes used for packaging manufacturing and also indicates specific migration limits of the inorganic contaminants into pigmented packaging. This work aimed to evaluate total levels of Pb, Cd, Hg and As in high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) packaging, used for ice cream and yogurt, respectively, and to study the migration of these elements into food and acetic acid 3% solution. The technique of Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the analyses. The method applied was validated and the parameters: linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision and accuracy were considered adequate. The results for the analyses of PP packaging used for ice cream showed that eight in ten evaluated samples were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) for Pb, Cd, Hg and As, corresponding to 18.2 ?g L-1, 2.6 ?g L-1, 1.0 ?g L-1 and 1.7 ?g L-1, respectively. One sample presented 0.45 mg kg-1 for Cd and another sample presented 1.64 mg kg-1 for Pb. The specific migration of these elements into ice cream was below the limit of quantification and the migration results of the elements Cd, Hg and As into acetic acid 3% solution were lower than the limits established by ANVISA, 5 ?g kg-1, 5 ?g kg-1 and 10 ?g kg-1, respectively. However, for element Pb the result was inconclusive, since the limit of quantification of the used method was higher than the limit established by the Resolution. The results obtained for the HDPE samples, used for yogurt, showed that all the packaging evaluated presented levels of mercury and cadmium lower than the limits of quantification (LOQ) corresponding to 1.0 ?g L-1 and 1.5 ?g L-1, respectively. The maximum levels of arsenic and lead were 0.87 mg kg-1 and 462.3 mg kg-1, respectively. The specific migration of these elements into yogurt was lower than the limit of quantification and the results of migration of Cd, Hg and As into acetic acid 3% solution were below the limits established by ANVISA. However, for three cap samples presented Pb migration above the limit established by Anvisa, 10 ?g kg-1. For the results obtained, it was proved that additives, substances and contaminated raw material with As, Cd and Pb are used in packaging manufacturing, showing the need of environmental legislation, establishing maximum concentration limit of inorganic contaminant in packaging and inspection made by sanitary surveillance / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Célia Marina de Alvarenga Freire / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T02:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pelici_BiancadeOliveira_M.pdf: 3905161 bytes, checksum: 85a5220db551a3df1468acd995cba296 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As latas em folha-de-flandres representam a maior parte das embalagens metálicas para conservas alimentícias. Como não são inertes, durante o período de estocagem, ocorre interação com o produto e alguma dissolução de metais pode acontecer, principalmente quando se acondiciona alimentos ácidos. Para minimizar essa interação faz-se uso de revestimentos orgânicos, sendo a resina epóxi-fenólica a mais utilizada. Uma vez que os alimentos são sistemas bioquímicos complexos, na maioria dos estudos relacionados à interação produto/embalagem utiliza-se simulantes, que são substâncias orgânicas com propriedades difusivas análogas aos de um alimento e que apresentam composição química mais simples. Essas substâncias são utilizadas nos ensaios em substituição ao alimento, visando facilitar, agilizar e reduzir custos de procedimentos analíticos. A escolha do simulante é feita de acordo com as características físicoquímicas do alimento, que segue a classificação determinada pela legislação. No caso de alimentos aquosos ácidos o simulante proposto é o ácido acético 3% (m/v). Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar soluções simulantes alternativas ao ácido acético, realizando análises quanto ao desempenho de latas com camada nominal de estanho 2,0 g/m2 revestidas com verniz do tipo epóxi-fenólico (dupla camada interna) quando em contato com estas soluções. A técnica de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica foi utilizada para monitorar a degradação do revestimento orgânico e para caracterizar suas propriedades de barreira ao longo do tempo quanto a resistência à corrosão; a polarização foi aplicada para determinar a taxa de corrosão e a susceptibilidade do material metálico à corrosão. Também foram obtidas imagens da superfície das amostras através da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e da Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (MEV/EDS) após os ensaios eletroquímicos para complementar a caracterização do filme / Abstract: Tin-plate cans represent most of the cans for canned food. Since they are not inert, during the storage period, interaction occurs with the product and metal dissolution can occur, especially when it is acid food. To minimize this interaction it is used organic coatings, and epoxy-phenolic resin is the the most used. As the foods are complex biochemical systems, in most of the studies related to the interaction product / package simulants are used, that are organic substances that are analogous to the diffusive properties of food and have simpler composition. These substances are used in the tests to replace the food, to facilitate, speed up and reduce costs in analytical procedures. The choice of simulating is made according to the physico-chemical properties of the food, which follows the classification determined by the legislation. For acidic aqueous food the proposed simulant is acetic acid 3% (w / v). This work aimed to evaluate alternative solutions to acetic acid simulating, analyzing the performance in cans with nominal layer of tin 2.0 g/m2 coated with lacquer-type epoxy phenolic (double inner layer) when in contact with these solutions . The technique of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to monitor the degradation of organic coating and to characterize their barrier properties over time as corrosion resistance; polarization was applied to determine the corrosion rate and susceptibility to corrosion of metallic material. Also images were also obtained of the sample surfaces by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM / EDS) after the electrochemical tests to complement the characterization of the film / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

Certains polymères ont la particularité de présenter des propriétés barrières remarquables à la fois aux gaz et à la vapeur d'eau et sont alors des solutions de choix pour des applications d'emballage notamment dans le domaine alimentaire et pharmaceutique. Il est cependant parfois nécessaire de recourir à un traitement physique pour pouvoir renforcer les propriétés mécaniques d'un emballage plastique. En particulier, les rayonnements ionisants (électrons accélérés et rayons gamma), qui sont de plus en plus utilisés à l'échelle industrielle, permettent de déclencher des réactions de réticulation et de greffage. Or, ces phénomènes peuvent s'accompagner d'autres réactions non souhaitées pouvant conduire à des produits indésirables d'un point de vue esthétique, potentiellement toxique ou pour les propriétés intrinsèques des matériaux.Dans un contexte où la législation impose une connaissance approfondie des produits mis sur le marché, les effets d'un rayonnement ionisant sur un polymère de grand intérêt industriel ont été étudiés. Les modifications structurales ont été caractérisées par un large panel de techniques analytiques (RMN 13C-PDN, microspectroscopie IR, XPS, ToF-SIMS, etc), les variations de propriétés physiques ont été suivies et enfin, des solutions pour limiter les effets indésirables post-irradiation ont été étudiées. / Some polymers exhibit outstanding barrier properties to both gas and water vapor and are then good candidates for packaging applications particularly in the food and pharmaceutical field. However, for some applications, it is necessary to apply a physical treatment in order to enhance the mechanical properties of plastic packaging. In particular, ionizing radiation (accelerated electrons and gamma rays), which are increasingly used in industrial scale, can trigger crosslinking and grafting reactions. However, these phenomena may be accompanied by other undesirable reactions which could lead to undesirable aesthetic or toxic products or could affect intrinsic properties of the materials.In a very demanding legislation, the effects of ionizing radiation on a polymer of great industrial interest were studied. The structural changes were characterized by a wide range of analytical techniques (NMR 13C-DNP, IR microspectroscopy, XPS, ToF-SIMS, etc), changes in physical properties were followed and finally, solutions to limit the undesirable effects created by irradiation were investigated.

Un matériau est dit « barrière » quand il induit un retard à la diffusion de la molécule « pénétrante ». Il existe peu de possibilités pour moduler les propriétés barrière d'un matériau donné (ex. emballage). La possibilité technologique la plus utilisée consiste à augmenter la tortuosité du chemin du pénétrant par l'addition d'obstacles. Ces obstacles peuvent être obtenus par la création d'une morphologie cristalline particulière ou par l'addition de nano-charges. L'efficacité ainsi obtenue dépend du facteur de forme des obstacles, de leur densité et orientation par rapport à la direction principale des transferts. Les travaux de thèse ont exploré une voie différente, dont les principes ont été formalisés précédemment à partir de considérations théoriques de la diffusion sur des surfaces d'énergie hétérogènes ou d'une description de la réactivité en catalyse hétérogène. L'idée directrice repose sur une augmentation du temps de parcours en lieu et place d'une augmentation du chemin de diffusion en incorporant dans le matériau de nano-adsorbants (obstacles actifs). Dans ce cas, le matériau devient une barrière spécifique à un ou une famille de solutés. En particulier, une théorie étendue des volumes libres a été développée pour séparer les interactions avec la surface active (montmorillonites dans cette étude) des effets des volumes-libres dans le polymère. Les propriétés de sorption des argiles pures et modifiées ont été caractérisées expérimentalement et par modélisation moléculaire pour déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles le coefficient de partage Kcontrast entre la surface des argiles et les polymères testés (polycaprolactone=PCL, alcool polyvinylique=PVA) seraient plus grand que l'unité. Les systèmes PVA+argiles natives ont présenté les meilleures propriétés barrières aux solutés modèles étudiés, avec une activation par les températures basses et une sélectivité modulable par l'humidité relative. Les effets bloquants ont été en bon accord avec la description du piégeage des solutés organiques dans entre les claies empilées des argiles sous contrôle à la fois entropique et enthalpique. / A material is defined as “barrier” when it is able to delay the diffusion of a penetrant. There are few possibilities to modulate the barrier properties of a prescribed material (e.g. packaging material). Most of conventional technological strategies aim at increasing the tortuosity path of the penetrant by adding obstacles. Such obstacles could be obtained either by creating a crystalline morphology or by adding of nano-fillers. The gain in diffusion barrier depends on the shape factor of obstacles, their concentration and orientation according to the main direction of transfer. In this PhD work, a novel direction to improve the barrier property has been studied; its principles have been early formalized independently from theoretical considerations on random walk on heterogeneous energy surfaces and from modeling of reactivity in heterogeneous catalysis. The central idea relies on increasing retention times instead of diffusion path lengths by incorporating nano-adsorbents (i.e. active obstacles) in the material. In this case, the considered material becomes a barrier specific to one or a family of solutes. This new concept has been tested on organic solutes to develop new barrier materials (e.g. biobased food packaging, materials for fuel tank…). The results brought out the engineering principles of such materials and experimental evidences to support the concepts. In particular, an extended free-volume theory has been developed to separate interactions with active surfaces (i.e. montmorillonites (MMT) in this work) from free-volume related effects in the polymer. Sorption properties of pristine MMT and organo-modified ones have been characterized experimentally and by molecular simulation to derive conditions where the partition coefficient Kcontrast between the surface of MMT and tested polymers (i.e. polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) could be much greater than unity. PVA materials containing pristine MMT exhibited the most promising barrier properties to studied model solutes, which can be activated by decreasing temperature and whose selectivity can be controlled by varying the relative humidity. The blocking effects were in good agreement with the proposed description of “trapping” of organic solutes by intercalation in MMT galleries and on its enthalpic and entropic control.

In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in micro- and nano-structured composite systems due to their wide use in microelectronics, optoelectronics, magneto-optical devices, high-density data storage, sensors, biomedical devices, and many other areas. Of particular interest is application in the integrated circuit (IC) industry. Here the need for miniaturization has led to new architectures that combine disparate technologies. This has been achieved through innovations in packaging technologies such as 3D integration for high interconnection density, low power, high data throughput, good signal integrity and reliability, and low cost. One of the key active manufacturing technologies for 3D integration is through silicon vias (TSVs), which involves etching of deep vias in a silicon substrate that are filled with an electrodeposited metal, and subsequent removal of excess metal by chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). Electrodeposition often results in undesired voids in the TSV metal fill as well as a thick overburden layer. These via plating defects can severely degrade interconnect properties and lead to variation in via resistance, electrically open vias, and trapped plating chemicals that present a reliability hazard. Thick overburden layers result in lengthy and expensive CMP processing. We are proposing a technique that pursues a viable method of depositing a high quality metal inside vias with true bottom-up filling, using an additive-free deposition solution. The mechanism is based on a novel concept of electrochemical oxidation of backside silicon that releases electrons, and subsequent chemical etching of silicon dioxide for regeneration of the surface. Electrons are transported through the bulk silicon to the interface of the via bottom and the deposition solution, where the metal ions accept these electrons and electrodeposit resulting in the bottom-up filling of the large aspect ratio vias. With regions outside the vias covered bydielectric, no metal electrodeposition should occur in these regions, which minimizes the metal CMP step and reduces the overall processing times and costs. Hence, inherent bottom-up filling is financially advantageous because it will eliminate a large portion of the metal overburden and associated planarization costs. Additive-free deposition is preferable from both lower production cost and quality management perspectives since it results in higher reliability of deposited metal. Our new bottom-up technique was initially examined and successfully demonstrated on blanket silicon wafers and shown to supply electrons to provide bottom-up filling advantage of through-hole plating and the depth tailorability of blind vias. In order to understand the driving mechanism and limits of this process, we have also conducted a fundamental study that investigated the effect of various process parameters on the characteristics of deposited Cu and Ni and established correlations between metal filling properties and various electrochemical and solution variables. A copper sulfate solution with temperature of about 65 °C was shown to be suitable for achieving stable and high values of current density that translated to copper deposition rates of ~2.4 μm/min with good deposition uniformity. The importance of backside silicon oxidation and subsequent oxide etching on the kinetics of metal deposition on front side silicon has also been highlighted. Further, a process model was also developed to simulate the through silicon via copper filling process using conventional and contactless electrodeposition methods with no additives being used in the electrolyte solution. A series of electrochemical measurements were employed and integrated in the development of the comprehensive process simulator. The experimental data not only provided the necessary parameters for the model but also validated the simulation accuracy. From the simulation results, the “pinch-off” effect was observed for the additive-free conventional deposition process, which further causes partial filling and void formation. By contrast, a void-free filling with higher deposition rates was achieved by the use of the contactless technique. Moreover, experimental results of contactless electrodeposition on patterned wafers showed fast rate bottom-up filling (~3.3 μm/min) in vias of 4 μm diameter and 50 μm depth (aspect ratio = 12.5) without void formation and no copper overburden in the regions outside the vias. Efforts were also made to extend the use of the contactless technique to other applications such as synthesis of porous silicon, which is known to be an excellent material with fascinating physical and chemical properties. We were able to fabricate porous silicon with a morphological gradient using a novel design of the experimental cell. The resulted porous silicon layers show a large distribution in porosity, pore size and depth along the radius of the samples. Symmetrical arrangements were attributed to decreasing current density radially inward on the silicon surface exposed to surfactant containing HF based etchant solution. The formation mechanism as well as morphological properties and their dependence on different process parameters, such as HF concentration, solution pH, surfactant concentration, current density and wafer resistivity, has been investigated in detail. In the presence of surfactants, an increase in the distribution range of porosity, pore diameter and depth was observed by increasing HF concentration or lowering pH of the etchant solution, as the formation of pores was considered to be limited by the etch rates of silicon dioxide. Gradient porous silicon was also found to be successfully formulated both at high and low current densities. Interestingly, the morphological gradient was not developed when dimethyl sulfoxide (instead of surfactants) was used in etchant solution potentially due to limitations in the availability of oxidizing species at the silicon-etchant solution interface. In the last part of the dissertation, we have discussed the gradient bottom up filling of Cu in porous silicon substrates using the contactless electrochemical method. The radially symmetric current that gradually varied across the radius of the sample area was achieved by utilizing the modified cell design, which resulted in gradient filling in the vias. Effect of different deposition parameters such as applied current density, copper sulfate concentration and etching to deposition area ratio has been examined and discussed. Increasing the current density from 10 to 15 mA/cm2 resulted in bottom up deposition with less sharp gradients. Further, the study on the effect of copper sulfate concentration highlighted the importance of mass transfer in this process, as either bottom-up deposition or gradient filling could not be achieved at lower CuSO4 concentrations (0.1 and 0.25 M). Additionally, the filling gradient of deposited Cu was obtained with etching to deposition area ratio of 1.6 and 2.7, while a more uniform deposition was observed when the ratio was increased to 3.8. This suggested that the gradient filling may only be accomplished within a certain range of the etching to deposition area ratios.

This report is a part of the research project "A New Model for Deformation of Carton Board Packages by Manual Handling". This project is a collaboration between Örebro University and two companies engaged in carton board packages. This report describes whether Syntouch's BioTac is an appropriate tool, compared with a consumer study when investigating the grip stiffness of consumer packaging. Syntouch's BioTac is an artificial sensor designed to imitate the force of a human fingertip. The concept of grip stiffness is used in the packaging industry to describe the packaging’s properties to withstand clamping pressure when handling by the user. That is, the robustness of the packaging. The carton board packaging should perceive as stiff, firm to grip and not deform during handling. The purpose is to perform laboratory tests with the BioTac sensor, to see if the sensor can be used as a measurement method for grip stiffness of card board materials. / Denna rapport som ingår i forskningsprojektet ”A New Model for Deformation of Carton Board Packages by Manual Handling”. Detta projekt är ett samarbete mellan Örebro Universitet och två företag som arbetar med förpackningar. I denna rapport beskrivs och analyseras om Syntouch’s BioTac är ett lämpligt verktyg, i jämförelse med en konsumentstudie vid undersökning av en förpacknings greppstyvhet. Syntouch’s BioTac är en konstgjord sensor som är utformad för att imitera kraften som en mänsklig fingertopp har. Greppstyvhet är ett begrepp som används i förpackningsindustrin och beskriver förpackningens egenskaper att kunna motstå klämtryck vid hantering. Det vill säga förpackningens robusthet. Förpackningen skall uppfattas som styv, greppvänlig och skall ej deformeras vid hantering. Syftet med det här arbetet är att utföra laborativa tester med sensorn BioTac, för att se om sensorn kan användas som en objektiv mätmetod för greppstyvhet för olika förpackningsmaterial.

This report focuses on the study of nanomaterials as a packaging material for the food industries. Reviews were carried out and the various properties exhibited by various nanomaterial used in the packaging industry were looked into. An investigation was also done on carbon nanotubes which are used to a large extent as reinforcing materials in the development of new class of nanocomposites. This report also traces the cause of sustainability problems associated with the use of nanomaterials in the food packaging industry. It analyzes and extrapolates the prospect of additional capabilities that human may gain from the development of nanomaterial in the food industry in order to ascertain environmental sustainability. / Kungsmarksvagen 71 Room 1329, 371 44, karlskrona,Sweden. Tel No: +46-737154801

Effizienz kann auch bei Maschinen als ein spezieller Faktor der Optimierung angesehen werden. Effiziente Maschinen und Prozesse arbeiten optimiert bezüglich der Kosten oder auch der Zeit. In einer Verpackungsmaschine trifft dies sowohl für den eigentlichen Prozess des Verpackens von Gütern, als auch für die Warenflüsse vor und nach dem Verpacken zu. Doch auch während der Planungsphase, der Erstellung und der Einrichtung einer Maschine, spielt Effizienz häufig in Form von Zeitersparnis eine gewisse Rolle. [... aus dem Text]

This study aimed to determine the potential of packaging to strengthen brand equity in female apparel retail stores. A field experiment was conducted in the Tshwane metropolitan - a key political, economic and urban area in South Africa - to investigate the potential of packaging to be acknowledged as an additional element of the marketing mix in terms of its influence on consumers’ perceptions of the service offering of retailers and their brand equity. The study was done in the context of an emerging economy, where international clothing brands have infiltrated the market and become widely accessible in recent years. The data was collected by using convenience sampling methods, and the self-completion of a structured questionnaire after respondents acted as mystery shoppers at a Single Brand Retailer (SBR) and a Department Store (DS) that carry the same footwear brand in a major shopping centre in this metropolitan. The SBR offers consumers a branded high quality canvas tote bag after purchase, whereas the DS offers a generic plastic bag irrespective of the type of purchase or the price paid. Willing females, all final year students at the University of Pretoria (n =103) were divided in two groups. Individuals visited the two retailers according to a schedule compiled by the researcher. One group visited the SBR first, followed by the DS. The other group did the task in the reverse order. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, specifically Principle Component analysis using PROMAX and PROCRUSTES rotation for the two scales that investigated the service offering and brand equity respectively, Means, Standard deviations, Cronbach’s Alpha as well as paired and non-paired 2-tailed t-tests. This study confirmed the potential of secondary packaging as an independent element of the marketing mix in the branded clothing retail industry. The packaging construct dissociated it from the construct ‘Product’ as the literature suggests, which confirms that marketing elements adapt over time and that these changes have to be acknowledged in retail. Respondents generally had a less favourable instore experience in the DS compared to the SBR. The packaging format of SBR was also evaluated more favourably, which enhanced perceptions of the overall service offering. This suggests that respondents’ less favourable evaluation of the less prestigious packaging offered in the DS, is partly to blame for the lower overall evaluations of the service offering of the DS. Packaging also contributed/enhanced brand equity as consumers’ perceptions of the packaging formats – irrespective of whether it was a SBR or a DS – positively contributed to consumers’ perceptions of the brand equity of the retailers that they visited. The contribution of packaging towards brand equity was mostly more prominent than the contribution of other marketing elements such Advertising and Promotion. An order effect was noted. Respondents who visited the DS first, were significantly more impressed with the SBR. Those who went to the SBR first, seemed more forgiving and evaluated the service offering and the brand equity lower compared to the SBR but nevertheless evaluated it more favourably than the group that patronized the DS first. Packaging does not seem to relieve post purchase regret. Respondents were more regretful after their SBR experience. Several explanations may be used to explain this and future studies are envisaged to expand the findings. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Consumer Science / unrestricted