<p>Predmet istraživanja u ovom radu jeste identifikacija i osvetljavanje dominantnih obrazaca avangardnog i hri&scaron;ćanskog identiteta u delu Rastka Petrovića. Rastko uvek nastupa sa pozicije nekog ko je blisko upoznat sa umetno&scaron;ću, istorijom i njenim nepredvidivim i nepravednim političkim projektima. Poku&scaron;avajući da rastumači njihove uzroke i posledice, stalno ističe potrebu za integralnim čovekom, kulturom i dru&scaron;tvom uop&scaron;te, kako po pripadnike sopstvenog naroda, tako i na regionalnom i globalnom nivou. Rastkovo opredeljenje da je svet u nastajanju povezan s ideologijom deča&scaron;tva (mladića), znači da je čovek po njemu u događaju Bogomladenca doživeo vrhunac, tj. u potpunosti ispunio cilj ka kome oduvek teži. Su&scaron;tinsko, a ne tek sporedno, akcidentalno određenje čoveka jeste da nadiđe sebe i stremi ka Bogu. Centralnu ulogu u okviru ove transcedencije trebalo bi da ima analiza apriorne strukture čovekovog bića i u njima prepozna otvorenost i sposobnost da se avangardna/hri&scaron;ćanska poruka čuje i adekvatno razume. Rastko u tradiciji vidi istinsko upori&scaron;te transcendencije i afirmacije verodostojnog bića i odgovarajuće slobode gde apsolutna sloboda i apsolutni autoritet nisu suprotstavljena svojstva, već izraz istog bića. Rastkove ideolo&scaron;ke evropske pretenzije mogu se okvalifikovati kao veliki intelektualni napor i pregnuće da se stvori,&nbsp;usvoji i inkorporira jedan novi (obnovljeni) kulturni i religiozni mit koji se kao takav projektuje u praistoriju, a potom samoreguli&scaron;e mnoge savremene fenomene.</p> / <p>The main subject of this PhD thesis was to identify and shed the light on the dominant form of avant-garde and the Christian identity in the work of Rastko Petrovic. Rastko always acted from the perspective of someone who was closely familiar with the art, with history and its unpredictable and unjust political projects. Trying to understand its causes and consequences, Rastko Petrovic has repeatedly stressed the need for the integral and comprehensive man, culture and society in general, both in terms of his own people, and at the regional and global levels. Rastko&rsquo;s commitment to the idea that the emerging World is connected with the ideology of boyhood, means that the man as an individual has culminated in Divine Child event, and only through that event has fully met the purpose towards which it has always aspired. The essential and not only secondary and accidental determination of man is to transcend himself and strive towards God. An a priori analysis should have the central role within this transcendence of the structure of human beings with its ability to recognize in them the openness and the ability to properly hear and understand the avant-garde / Christian message. Tradition is in the eyes of Rastko Petrovic the only true stronghold of such transcendence and affirmation of one true and credible human being and adequate freedom where absolute&nbsp;freedom and absolute authority are not contradictory properties, but an expression of the one same being. Rastko&rsquo;s ideological European claims may be characterized as a great intellectual effort and endeavor to create, adopt and incorporate a new (renewed) cultural and religious myth which, as such, projects in prehistory, and then self-regulates many contemporary phenomena.</p>

The Cuban-born artist Ana Mendieta (1948-1985) created the Silueta Series during the 1970s and ‘80s. It consists of earth-body works in situ featuring the silhouette of the artist's body fashioned from mud, plants, rocks, gunpowder and other materials. Underlying the creation of the Silueta Series is Mendieta's belief that the elements are sentient and powerful beings. This perception is particularly strong in the Afro-Cuban religion Santeria, a creolized form of the Òrìsà tradition of the Yoruba of West Africa introduced to the Americas during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. While scholars have noted Mendieta's incorporation of Santeria in her art, a thorough analysis of the iconographical references to the deities have yet to be explored. This thesis aims to provide such an analysis of Mendieta's works; thus enriching the current discourse on the Silueta Series.

The Thesis "Philosophy and Early Christianity: Relationship Hellenism and Christianity in the works of Gregory of Nazianzus" attempts to look at the issue of dealing with the relationship between Hellenism and Christianity on the character of Gregory of Nazianzus. The work thus aims to show at the life, work and controversy Gregory of Nazianzus with the Emperor Julian the Apostate, one of the forms of searching solutions related to Hellenism and Christianity in the early church.

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Il s’agit d’une thèse en cotutelle élaborée dans la cadre d’une coopération francotunisienne, entre l’Université de Tunis et de Lyon 2, sous la conjointe direction de Dr. Samir Aounallah et de Dr. Paul Mattei. Le travail, commencé en mois d’avril 2010, se rapporte sur l’action de l’Église d’Afrique dans la cité de l’édit de tolérance constantinien jusqu’à l’invasion vandale. Le manque d’un travail approfondi et spécifié en ce qui concerne ce thème compte parmi les raisons qui nous ont poussé à entamer cette recherche. Au niveau thématique, nous avons essayé de déterminer en quoi la définition du terme abstrait auctoritas et du son nom d’agent auctor qui (celui qui donne la garantie et le concours à ses dépendants) peut exprimer l’action de l’évêque préoccupé de l’intérêt de ses fidèles. En ce qui concerne les différentes manifestions de l’autorité judiciaire civile de l’Église,nous avons essayé d’examiner attentivement les différences de sens entre audientia episcopalis et iudicium ecclesiasticum. L’audientia episcopalis se charge des litiges civils entre laïcs ; le iudicium ecclesiasticum s’occupe des litiges privés et des crimes publics mais relevant du for clérical, impliquant des clercs. De plus, la composition de l’audientia episcopalis, telle que nous l’avons précisé, est originale : elle se réduisait à un seul juge, l’évêque. Dans le domaine social, l’autorité de l’Église se manifeste essentiellement dans l’assistance aux pauvres. Pour mieux comprendre l’action de l’Église, nous avons d’abord essayé de définir la pauvreté en Afrique, en prenant en considération le paramètre économique. Sur le plan linguistique, nous avons pu remarquer l’emploi capital et générique de l’adjectif pauper et de ses divers dérivés dans la signification de la pauvreté à l’époque tardive en Afrique. En outre, l’enquête sur les termes signifiant la pauvreté économique dans les textes de saint Augustin nous a permis de dresser la liste suivante : debilis ; egens ; esuriens ; indigens ; inferior ; infirmus ; inops ; mediocris ; mendicus ; miser ; pauper ; plebs ; tenuis. Pareillement, l’emploi massif de pauper durant toute la période qui nous intéresse tendrait à prouver l’empreinte chrétienne sur le droit romain. En effet, nous dénombrons 20 occurrences du mot pauper dans le Code théodosien, dont 10 en rapport avec l’Église. Cependant, il est permis de dire que les textes tardifs se sont inspirés de ceux du Haut-Empire où le mot pauper apparaît, à 17 reprises. L’examen de l’œuvre de saint Augustin a permis de faire le portrait du pauvre en tenant compte d’un certain nombre de conditions différentes : condition matérielle (le pauvre est celuiqui a faim, qui est sans logis, qui vit dans la nudité et dont les vêtements sont très rudimentaires) et incapacité physique. Il faudrait aussi se fonder sur le paramètre juridique quand on est appelé à parler des esclaves, des colons et des étrangers. Dans la même optique, de nombreux traits ont contribué, à leur tour, au portrait exact du pauvre. La pauvreté peut concerner les détenus des prisons publiques, les captifs, les prostituées, les veuves, les orphelins, les mineurs et les victimes de l’usure. De plus, nous avons établi une échelle de la pauvreté : 1. l’entière pauvreté. 2. la pauvreté due aux contraintes de l’oppression et des crises accidentelles dans les zones urbaines aussi bien que dans les zones rurales. 3. la pauvreté relative : celle qui concerne les personnes qui disposent de ressources à peine suffisantes ou modestes (mediocres) pour vivre. Les textes africains montrent que, en Afrique, les pauvres opprimés étaient issus de milieux aussi bien urbains que ruraux, alors que les sources italiennes montrent que, en Italie, les pauvres opprimés viennent surtout des zones rurales.De surcroît, toujours en Afrique, des faits cités en rapport avec la prise en charge des pauvres, on déduit que les nécessiteux qui recourent àl’assistance de l’Église se concentrent dans les villes.... / This thesis was elaborated in the framework of a Franco-Tunisian cooperation between the University of Tunis and Lyon 2, under the joint direction of Dr. Samir AOUNALLAH and Dr. Paul MATTEI. The work which begun in April 2010 refers to the action of the Church in Africa in the city from the tolerance edict of Constantine until the Vandal invasion. The lack of a detailed and specified work regarding this subject is among the reasons that led us to begin this research. Thematically speaking, we have tried to determine how the definition of the term auctoritas and his agent name auctor (who gives the guarantee and support to its dependent) may express the bishop's action preoccupied by the interests of his faithfuls. As regards to the different manifestations of the civil judicial authority of the Church, we have tried to examine the differences in meaning between audientia episcopalis and iudicium ecclesiasticum. The audientia episcopalis takes care of the civil disputes between laity ; the iudicium ecclesiasticum was occupied by the private disputes and public crimes but evolving from the clerics. Moreover, the composition of the audientia episcopalis, as we mentioned, is original : it was reduced to a single judge : the bishop. In the social sphere, the Church's authority occurs mainly in helping poor. To better understand the action of the Church, we first tried to define poverty in Africa, taking into consideration the economic setting. Linguistically, we have noticed the capital employment and generic adjective pauper and its various derivatives in the meaning of poverty in the late period in Africa. Furthermore, the investigation of the terms mean economic poverty in St. Augustine texts enabled us to draw up the following list : debilis ; egens ; esuriens ; indigent ; inferior ; infirmus ; inops ; mediocris ; mendicus ; miser ; pauper ; plebs ; tenuis. Similarly, the massive use of pauper throughout the relevant period would tend to prove the Christian imprint on Roman law. Indeed, we count 20 occurrences of the word pauper in the Theodosian Code, 10 of which related to the Church. However, it is allowed to say that the later legal texts were inspired by those of the High Empire where the word pauper appears 17 times. The review of the work of St. Augustine has enabled us to portray the poor taking into account a number of different conditions : physical condition (the poor is one who is hungry, who is homeless, living in the nudity and whose clothes are very rudimentary) and physical disability. We should also be based on the legal parameter when we speak of slaves, colonos and foreigners. In the same meaninig, many features have contributed to explain the exact portrait of the poor. Poverty can concern prisoners, prostitutes, widows, orphans, minors and victims of usury. In addition, we have established a scale of poverty : 1. the entire poverty. 2. poverty due to constraints of oppression and accidental crises in urban areas as well as in rural areas. 3. relative poverty : it concerns people who have modest resources (mediocres) to live. African texts show, that in Africa, the poor were oppressed in both urban and rural areas,while Italian sources show the oppressed poor come mostly from rural areas in Italy. Moreover, always in Africa, we deduce that the needy who use the Church's assistance are concentrated in cities, while documents are mute, apparently, on the Church's assistance in rural areas. Therefore, we found a lack of charitable institutions of the Church in the rural areas where its action is concentrated mainly on the fight against injustice. We have also showed that the Church in Africa has established an assistance system based on a triple base : biblical, imperial and canon law. Then, we have found the constitution of the necessary bases from assistance to action, i.e. to enrich the church’s assets, establishment of the charitable institutions, admonition to help those in need....

This thesis explores the life and reign of Julian the Apostate the man who ruled over the Roman Empire from A.D. 361-363. The study of Julian the Apostate’s reign has historically been eclipsed due to his clash with Christianity. After the murder of his family in 337 by his Christian cousin Constantius, Julian was sent into exile. These emotional experiences would impact his view of the Christian religion for the remainder of his life. Julian did have conflict with the Christians but his main goal in the end was the revival of ancient paganism and the restoration of the Empire back to her glory. The purpose of this study is to trace the education and experiences that Julian had undergone and the effects they it had on his reign. Julian was able to have both a Christian and pagan education that would have a lifelong influence on his reign. Julian’s career was a short but significant one. Julian restored the cities of the empire and made beneficial reforms to the legal, educational, political and religious institutions throughout the Empire. The pagan historians praised him for his public services to the empire while the Christians have focused on his apostasy and “persecution” of their faith. With his untimely death in Persia, Julian’s successor Jovian, reversed most of his previous reforms and as such left Julian as the last pagan emperor of the Roman Empire.

La Vie de Porphyre de Gaza (BHG³ 1570) se présente comme un texte hagiographique de l’époque protobyzantine écrit par Marc le Diacre. Ce personnage se désigne lui-même comme le disciple du saint qui raconte la vie de son maître après sa mort en 420. Pourtant, à cause d’un emprunt à l’Histoire Philothée de Théodoret de Cyr, la Vie dans son état actuel est certainement postérieure à l’année 444 et ne peut pas provenir de la plume de Marc, qui n’est que le narrateur. Selon l’hypothèse des éditeurs Grégoire et Kugener, la Vie actuelle est le fruit du remaniement d’un texte plus ancien. Le texte nous offre un témoignage unique sur l’histoire du paganisme et du christianisme à Gaza à la fin du IVe et au début du Ve s. Ordonné évêque de Gaza en 395, Porphyre contribue activement à la christianisation de la ville, qui était alors majoritairement païenne. Le point culminant de son activité est la démolition du Marneion et la fondation sur ses débris de la « Grande Église » de Gaza. Cependant, outre les problèmes concernant l’identité de son auteur et sa datation, la Vie s’est trouvée dès l’époque de Tillemont au centre d’un grand débat concernant sa valeur historique, à cause des anachronismes qui ont été relevés. Dans le cadre de notre thèse, nous avons entrepris une nouvelle édition critique du texte, accompagnée d’une traduction française. La brève étude littéraire du texte est suivie par un commentaire historique guidé par le problème d’authenticité que pose la Vie. L’édition critique est précédée d’un examen de la tradition directe et indirecte du texte. Finalement, les notes de la traduction visent à faire ressortir sa valeur documentaire. / The Life of Porphyry of Gaza (BHG³ 1570) is a hagiographical text of the protobyzantine period written by Mark the Deacon. He introduces himself as the saint’s loyal disciple, who narrates his master’s life after his death in 420. However, due to the plagiarism of Theodoret of Cyrrhus’s Philotheos History, the current form of the Vita dates certainly later than 444 and cannot have been written by Mark, who is just the narrator. According to the hypothesis of the editors Grégoire and Kugener, the current form of the Vita is the result of the revision of an older text. The text provides us with a unique account of the history of paganism and christianism in Gaza at the end of the 4th and the beginnings of the 5th century. Appointed bishop of Gaza in 395, Porphyry contributes actively to the christianisation of the city, which was largely pagan. The peak of his activity is the demolition of the Marneion and the erection of the “Great Church” of Gaza on the site of the former temple. However, in addition to the problems concerning its authorship and its datation, the Vita was found in the centre of a great debate concerning its historical value since the time of Tillemont. In the frame of our PhD thesis, we undertook a new critical edition, accompanied by a french translation. The brief literary study of the text is followed by a historical commentary guided by the problem of the Vita’s authenticity. The critical edition is preceded by an examination of the direct and the indirect text tradition. Finally, the notes of the translation aim to reveal its documentary value.

<p>Den här uppsatsen handlar om modern gnosticism, tolkat utifrån fyra nygnostiska rörelser jag fann på Internet. Efter att ha läst dessa valda rörelsers texter slog det mig att en fundamental förändring hade skett, med tanke på texter om antik gnosticism. Framför allt hade den mörka synen på materian förändrats, och därmed synen på de feminina och maskulina aspekterna samt ondskan också. Om man går på linjen att de var materia- och kvinnofientliga samt ville undfly reinkarnation. De här aspekterna, materian, människan och ondska, reflekteras dock fortfarande i ljuset av de antika gnostiska myterna. Myter som bär upp denna andliga filosofis ramverk kring människans existentiella villkor. Grundtemat är på så sätt detsamma, men tolkningarna om universum, livet och människans livsvillkor är modifierad från äldre skrifters beskrivning av och om gnostikernas världsbild.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka några nygnostiska rörelser i det sekulära väst, och hitta likheter och skillnader speglat mot den antika gnosticismen. Sättet att finna dem gick via Internet och synliggörandet av dem, och deras mytiska världsbild, gick via deras myter om materian, människan och ondska.</p>

Labraunda has a long and manifold history. The sanctuary starts out small in the Archaic period, is the most important in Karia during the Hekatomnid dynasty, reverts to a more normal position during the Hellenistic time, and is finally converted into a Christian sanctuary in the Late Roman period. This study aims to investigate the spatial pattern of what the visitor could have been perceived as religiously important at the sanctuary, in four different phases. Plans of the architecture and theory about ritual activity have formed the basis for analysing religious importance. What this study has shown is that a movement of religiously important space can be observed at Labraunda. Moving away from the origins at the Split Rock, for a long period being concentrated to the Temple Terrace, and consequently moving out to the two churches built outside the temenos.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om modern gnosticism, tolkat utifrån fyra nygnostiska rörelser jag fann på Internet. Efter att ha läst dessa valda rörelsers texter slog det mig att en fundamental förändring hade skett, med tanke på texter om antik gnosticism. Framför allt hade den mörka synen på materian förändrats, och därmed synen på de feminina och maskulina aspekterna samt ondskan också. Om man går på linjen att de var materia- och kvinnofientliga samt ville undfly reinkarnation. De här aspekterna, materian, människan och ondska, reflekteras dock fortfarande i ljuset av de antika gnostiska myterna. Myter som bär upp denna andliga filosofis ramverk kring människans existentiella villkor. Grundtemat är på så sätt detsamma, men tolkningarna om universum, livet och människans livsvillkor är modifierad från äldre skrifters beskrivning av och om gnostikernas världsbild. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka några nygnostiska rörelser i det sekulära väst, och hitta likheter och skillnader speglat mot den antika gnosticismen. Sättet att finna dem gick via Internet och synliggörandet av dem, och deras mytiska världsbild, gick via deras myter om materian, människan och ondska.