En undersökning om möjligheterna att använda återandvändningsbara pallband och de ekonomiska förutsättningarna för detta. En genomsökning av vad som finns på marknaden. Beräkning av de krafter som enhetslasten kan utsätta pallbanden för. Utveckling av egna förslag till återanvändningsbart pallband med snabbspänne och bandning på tre sidor. En översikt av de positiva och negativa effekter som blir vid ett byte från dagens bandning med PP-band till ett återanvändningsbart pallband / An investigation of the possibility to use reusable strapping and the economic conditions for this. Going trough what exist on the market. Calculation of the forces that the unit load can expose the strapping for. Developing of own suggestions for reusable strapping with quick buckle and strapping on three sides. A short look at the positive and negative effects that comes from a change from today’s strapping with PP-strap to a reusable strapping.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kitamura_bla_me_sjrp.pdf: 1729439 bytes, checksum: 6d17806c8b0fa8114efec74fe7820cab (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar um caso particular dos problemas de corte e empacotamento, denominado Problema de Carregamento de Paletes do Produtor. Inicialmente, uma formulação proposta na literatura é avaliada com um pacote computacional. Posteriormente, as heurísticas lagrangiana e surrogate são estudadas e um método de atualização dos multiplicadores surrogate é adaptado para este problema. A importância em se estudar o Problema de Carregamento de Paletes do Produtor é que, devido à escala e extensão de certos sistemas logísticos, um pequeno aumento do número de produtos a serem carregados sobre cada palete pode resultar em economias substanciais. A motivação em se estudar o método de atualização surrogate proposto é que, além da adaptação do presente trabalho não ter sido realizada na literatura, uma posterior aplicação desta heurística em conjunto com um procedimento branch and bound poderá render melhores resultados que outras heurísticas. / The aim of this work is studying a particular case of cutting and packing problem, so-called the Manufacturer’s Pallet Loading Problem. Initially, a formulation proposed in the literature is evaluated with a computer package. Subsequently, the lagrangian and surrogate heuristics are studied and a method to update the surrogate multiplier is adapted for this problem. The importance of studying the manufacturer’s pallet loading problem is that, due to the scale and scope of some logistics systems, a small increase in the number of products to be loaded on each pallet can result in substantial savings. The motivation of studying the proposed method of updating the surrogate multipliers is that, besides the adaptation of this work has not been carried out in the literature, further application of heuristics within a procedure branch and bound can yield better results than other heuristics.

Orientador: Silvio Alexandre de Araujo / Banca: Reinaldo Morabito / Banca: Geraldo Nunes Silva / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar um caso particular dos problemas de corte e empacotamento, denominado Problema de Carregamento de Paletes do Produtor. Inicialmente, uma formulação proposta na literatura é avaliada com um pacote computacional. Posteriormente, as heurísticas lagrangiana e surrogate são estudadas e um método de atualização dos multiplicadores surrogate é adaptado para este problema. A importância em se estudar o Problema de Carregamento de Paletes do Produtor é que, devido à escala e extensão de certos sistemas logísticos, um pequeno aumento do número de produtos a serem carregados sobre cada palete pode resultar em economias substanciais. A motivação em se estudar o método de atualização surrogate proposto é que, além da adaptação do presente trabalho não ter sido realizada na literatura, uma posterior aplicação desta heurística em conjunto com um procedimento branch and bound poderá render melhores resultados que outras heurísticas. / Abstract: The aim of this work is studying a particular case of cutting and packing problem, so-called the Manufacturer's Pallet Loading Problem. Initially, a formulation proposed in the literature is evaluated with a computer package. Subsequently, the lagrangian and surrogate heuristics are studied and a method to update the surrogate multiplier is adapted for this problem. The importance of studying the manufacturer's pallet loading problem is that, due to the scale and scope of some logistics systems, a small increase in the number of products to be loaded on each pallet can result in substantial savings. The motivation of studying the proposed method of updating the surrogate multipliers is that, besides the adaptation of this work has not been carried out in the literature, further application of heuristics within a procedure branch and bound can yield better results than other heuristics. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLKO.pdf: 834201 bytes, checksum: 994d7b70c6b1001f9dec962fafc8b72e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-13 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The purpose of this work is to develop exact methods, based on Lagrangean and Surrogate relaxation, with good performance to solve the manufacturer s pallet loading problem. This problem consists of orthogonally arranging the maximum number of rectangles of sizes (l,w) and (w,l) into a larger rectangle (L,W) without overlapping. Such methods involve a tree search procedure of branch and bound type and they use, in each node of the branch and bound tree, bounds derived from Lagrangean and/or Surrogate relaxations of a 0-1 linear programming formulation. Subgradient optimization algorithms are used to optimize such bounds. Problem reduction tests and Lagrangean and Surrogate heuristics are also applied in the subgradient optimization to obtain good feasible solution. Computational experiments were performed with instances from the literature and also real instances obtained from a carrier. The results show that the methods are able to solve these instances, on average, more quickly than other exact methods, including the software GAMS/CPLEX. / O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver métodos exatos, baseados em relaxação Lagrangiana e Surrogate, com bom desempenho para resolver o problema de carregamento de paletes do produtor. Tal problema consiste em arranjar ortogonalmente e sem sobreposição o máximo número de retângulos de dimensões ( , ) l w ou ( , ) w l sobre um retângulo maior ( , ) L W . Tais métodos exatos são procedimentos de busca em árvore do tipo branch and bound que, em cada nó, utilizam limitantes derivados de relaxações Lagrangiana e/ou Surrogate de uma formulação de programação linear 0 1 − . Algoritmos de otimização do subgradiente são usados para otimizar estes limitantes. São aplicados ainda testes de redução do problema e heurísticas Lagrangiana e Surrogate na otimização do subgradiente para obter boas soluções factíveis. Testes computacionais foram realizados utilizando exemplos da literatura e exemplos reais, obtidos de uma transportadora. Os resultados mostram que os métodos são capazes de resolvê-los, em média, mais rapidamente do que outros métodos exatos, incluindo o software GAMS/CPLEX.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2228.pdf: 979050 bytes, checksum: ffa6f96c8eada124b6f1e6ba3ebe02da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Cutting and packing problems are important in the production planning of various industrial segments involving goals such as minimizing the negative efects generated by waste of materials or idle spaces. The loss of material due to an inadequate programming of the cutting or packing patterns, can be substantial, and, in general, parts of these losses can be avoided only with a more eficient production planning, not resulting in additional investments in production processes. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of the Benders decomposition method, applied to the manufacturer and distributor pallet loading models. The manufacturer pallet loading model involves packing equal boxes on a pallet, so as to optimize its use. The distributor pallet loading model involves packing boxes of diferent sizes on a pallet, also a way to optimize its use. The approach based on Benders decomposition, defines a relaxation algorithm that partitions the original problem in two other problems easier to be solved. To check the effectiveness of the approach, computational tests were carried out by comparing the results with those obtained by a computational package composed of a modeling language (GAMS) and a last generation optimization solver (CPLEX ). / Os problemas de corte e empacotamento são importantes no planejamento da produção de vários segmentos industriais envolvendo objetivos como, por exemplo, minimizar os efeitos negativos gerados por desperdício de materiais ou espaços ociosos. As perdas de material, devido a uma programação pouco adequada dos padrões de corte ou empacotamento, podem ser substanciais, sendo que, em geral, parte destas perdas pode ser evitada apenas com uma programação da produção mais eficiente, não implicando em investimentos adicionais nos processos de produção. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o desempenho do método de decomposição de Benders aplicado a modelos de carregamento de paletes do produtor e do distribuidor. O problema de carregamento de paletes do produtor envolve empacotar caixas iguais sobre um palete, de maneira a otimizar o aproveitamento deste. O problema de carregamento de paletes do distribuidor envolve empacotar caixas de tamanhos diferentes sobre um palete, também de maneira a otimizar o aproveitamento deste. A abordagem baseada na reformulação de Benders define um algoritmo de relaxação que particiona o problema original em dois outros problemas mais simples de serem resolvidos. Para verificar a eficiência da abordagem, realizaram-se testes computacionais, comparando os resultados obtidos com os obtidos pelo pacote computacional composto de uma linguagem de modelagem (GAMS) e um software de otimização de última geração (CPLEX).

I Aitiks dagbrottsgruva i norra Lappland bryts kopparmalm med hjälp av metoden pallbrytning. I korthet innebär det att omkring 200 borrhål borras vertikalt i berget och fylls senare med sprängämne. Vid detonationen frigörs en horisontell skiva, så kallad pall, från det omgivande berget. Aitik använder i dagsläget sin borrplan för bestämning av borrhålens längd. Emellertid överensstämmer inte alltid dessa längder med de önskvärda borrhålslängderna. Målet med projektet var att föreslå förbättrade metoder och tillvägagångsätt för att nå önskad nivå vid produktionsborrning. Under projektet har det studerats hur mycket borrplanen avviker från önskade borrhålslängder. Det har också undersökts i vilken utsträckning borrmaskinerna autonomt klarar av att beräkna korrekta hål-längder med hjälp av sitt navigationssystem. En borrmaskin i Aitik använder Trimbles navigationsplattform medan de övriga fyra använder Leica. Analyserna visade att Trimbles navigationssystem var mycket tillförlitligt att använda för hål-längdsbestämning, förutsatt att noggrann kalibrering utförts. Leicas navigationssystem visade sig vara mindre tillförlitligt, då det ”svajade” i höjdled: för samma punkt i rummet visades olika höjdledskoordinater vid olika tidpunkter. Den Leica-utrustade borrmaskinen som svajade mest hade variationsbredden 31,9 cm. Rekommendationerna är: * Att om borrplanen fortsättningsvis ska användas för hållängdsbestämning, rekommenderas att ”nollning” av borrmaskinen skall ske utan rotation. Nollning är den punkt som bestäms till borrstartspunkt under borrningens utförande. Våra tester visade att om nollning sker med rotation, kan borrkronan sjunka ned 20 cm i pallytan innan borrstart registreras. På grund av detta kan borrhålen bli för långa. * Att under en testperiod, låta navigationssystemet på maskinerna autonomt beräkna borrhålens längd. Under denna period bör regelbundna kontroller av navigationssystemet ske, för att säkerställa att höjdkoordinaterna håller sig inom bestämda gränser. Kontrolleras maskinernas navigationssystem regelbundet kan ett stort statistiskt underlag skapas, vilket kan användas vid ett långsiktigt beslut om navigationssystemet fortsättningsvis skall användas för bestämning av borrhålslängder. / In the open pit mine Aitik, situated in the north of Lapland, copper ore is mined using the method pallet mining. In short, around two hundred boreholes are drilled vertically into the rock and subsequently filled with explosives. At detonation, a horizontal slice called a pallet is released from the surrounding rock. Today Aitik uses a drilling plan to decide the lengths of the boreholes. However, these lengths do not always correspond with the desired borehole lengths. The goal with the project was to find and suggest better methods and approaches to achieve desired levels of production drilling. During the project, studies have been made to see how much the drilling plan differs from the desired borehole lengths. The studies have also concerned the extent to which the drilling machines can make autonomic decisions determining the borehole lengths, using their navigation system. One drilling machine in Aitik uses a Trimble platform for navigation, while the other four use Leica. The analysis shows that the Trimble navigation platform was very reliable in deciding borehole lengths, provided that an accurate calibration was performed. The Leica navigation system turned out to be less reliable, since its height readings fluctuated: the same point in space would show as different coordinates of height at different points in time. The Leica-equipped power drill with the most fluctuation had a variation width of 31,9 cm. The recommendations are: * That, in the case of continuous use of the drill plan to determine borehole length, the “zero setting” of the power drill shall be made without drill rotation. The zero setting is starting point of the drilling operation. The tests showed that if the zero setting is done with rotation, the drill crown can sink 20 cm down into the pallet surface before drill start is registered. Because of this, the drilling holes can become too long. * That, during a test period, the navigation systems of the machines shall autonomously calculate and decide the borehole length. During this period, regular controls of the navigation systems should be made to ascertain that the coordinates of height remain within certain limits. Regular controls of the navigation systems can provide large amounts of statistical data, which can be used to make a long-term decision whether the navigation systems should continue to determine the borehole lengths.

In this master thesis is structural design modular roller conveyor which is part of the flexible assembly line automotive seats. The work includes design and functional solution for driven roller track. Present structural design of roller conveyors is summarized in the first part work.

Urbaniseringen världen över ökar och allt fler människor flyttar in till städerna. Samtidigt ökar också kraven på att tillgodose alla dessa människor behov. Hållbar utveckling består av tre dimensioner: ekonomisk, ekologisk och social hållbarhet (WCED, 1987). Social hållbarhet handlar om social jämlikhet och innefattar bland annat begreppen socialt kapital och social sammanhållning (Dempsey et al., 2009). I denna uppsats undersöks det om stadsodling kan fungera som ett verktyg för att uppnå social hållbarhet i städer. En fallstudie utfördes i Gävle där fyra pallkrageodlingsprojekt undersöktes genom en kombination av olika metoder: intervjuer, enkäter och observationsanalyser. Resultatet visar att stadsodling är ett verktyg för att skapa nya kontakter och integration mellan olika människor men resultatet visar också att det är svårt att påvisa positiva effekter på miljön runt odlingarna samt om odlingarna kan bidra till att en ökad känsla av stolthet för sitt bostadsområde. En annan effekt av stadsodling är den ekologiska dimensionen, en stor andel av odlarna anser att den viktigaste drivkraften till att odla är att kunna odla egna giftfria råvaror och att kunna bidra till biologisk mångfald i urban miljö. Resultatet visar även att de vanligaste negativa effekterna av stadsodling är stöld och vandalisering av odlingarna. För att uppnå social hållbarhet i städer verkar stadsodling kunna fungera som ett bra verktyg. / Urbanisation around the world is increasing as more and more people move into cities. This trend is magnified by increasing demands requirements for people living in cities. Sustainable development consists of three dimensions: the economic, the ecological, and the social (WCED, 1987). Social sustainability is about social equity and includes the concepts of social capital and social cohesion. In this thesis, urban gardening is investigated as a tool for increasing social sustainability in cities. The case study focusses on different urban gardening projects that used pallet boxes in Gävle. A combination of different methods was used: interviews, surveys, and observation analysis. The results from all the methods shows that urban gardening is a good way to create new contacts and integrate different people. The results also show however that it is difficult to demonstrate positive environmental effects and if the results of gardening can contribute to an increased sense of pride and sense of place. Another effect of urban gardening is the ecological dimension, a large proportion the partipicants said that their main motivation was to grow poison-free, raw product and to contribute to biodiversity in the urban environment. The results also show that the most common negative aspect of urban cultivation are theft and vandalization. Urban gardening seems to be an effective tool for improving social sustainability in cities.

This diploma thesis describes a logistic problem of the company JACER-CZ Ltd. The main focus is on identifying optimal routes about the Euro pallets distribution. The Euro pallets are standardized at length replaceable transport pallets which are in Europe. The aim of this thesis is to find a solution which will meet requirements of all thirteen customers and simultaneously a total route length of all vans will be minimalized. At first there is the mathematical model about the delivery assignment with the split delivery vehicle calculated by solvers CPLEX and Gurobi. Then the original and the modified example is solved manually by heuristic algorithms. It is concerned the nearest neighbour algorithm, savings algorithm, the insertion algorithm and the heuristic method for the split delivery vehicle routing problem.

The main result of this thesis is a deep learning model named BearNet, which can be trained to detect an arbitrary amount of objects as a set of points. The model is trained using the Weighted Hausdorff distance as loss function. BearNet has been applied and tested on two problems from the industry. These are: From an intensity image, detect two pocket points of an EU-pallet which an autonomous forklift could utilize when determining where to insert its forks. From a depth image, detect the start, bend and end points of a straw attached to a juice package, in order to help determine if the straw has been attached correctly. In the development process of BearNet I took inspiration from the designs of U-Net, UNet++ and a high resolution network named HRNet. Further, I used a dataset containing RGB-images from a surveillance camera located inside a mall, on which the aim was to detect head positions of all pedestrians. In an attempt to reproduce a result from another study, I found that the mall dataset suffers from training set contamination when a model is trained, validated, and tested on it with random sampling. Hence, I propose that the mall dataset is evaluated with a sequential data split strategy, to limit the problem. I found that the BearNet architecture is well suited for both the EU-pallet and straw datasets, and that it can be successfully used on either RGB,  intensity or depth images. On the EU-pallet and straw datasets, BearNet consistently produces point estimates within five and six pixels of ground truth, respectively. I also show that the straw dataset only constitutes a small subset of all the challenges that exist in the problem domain related to the attachment of a straw to a juice package, and that one therefore cannot train a robust deep learning model on it. As an example of this, models trained on the straw dataset cannot correctly handle samples in which there is no straw visible.