Introdução: O surgimento de uma nova cepa do vírus Influenza A, o H1N1, determinou uma pandemia no ano de 2009, com importante repercussão global. Esse vírus infectou principalmente adultos jovens e crianças menores de dois anos com grande aumento na morbimortalidade quando comparado com as taxas anuais decorrentes do influenza. Objetivo: Avaliar as características epidemiológicas e clínicas da infecção pelo vírus influenza A (H1N1) em crianças, a fim de agregar conhecimento para melhor abordagem em futuras pandemias. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal com revisão dos prontuários de todas as crianças, entre zero e 16 anos, hospitalizadas com quadro gripal no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) em 2009. A identificação do vírus H1N1 foi feita através de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em laboratório de referência. Resultados: Cento e noventa e uma crianças foram internadas com suspeita de infecção pelo H1N1, destas, 83 (43%) foram submetidos à pesquisa do vírus H1N1, sendo 28 positivos (34%) e 55 negativos (66%). Os pacientes positivos para H1N1 eram mais velhos, 27 (7-108) versus sete (3-32) meses (p=0,015), todos apresentaram febre versus 70% do outro grupo (p=0,015), chegaram ao hospital com menor saturação de hemoglobina, 80% (±20%) versus 95% (±4) (p<0,001) e precisaram de maior pressão expiratória final, dez (±3) versus cinco (±1) cm H2O (p=0,001) e de maior fração inspirada de oxigênio, um (0,65-1) versus 0,4 (0,4-1) (p=0,053) quando colocados em ventilação mecânica. Não houve diferença quanto à necessidade de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, indicação de suporte ventilatório, tempo de internação e óbito. Conclusão: As crianças acometidas pelo H1N1 apresentaram-se mais graves, embora tenham tido desfechos semelhantes às não infectadas. / Introduction: A new Influenza virus stem, H1N1, determined a pandemic in 2009 with great global repercussions. This virus infected mainly young adults and children under two years of age with marked increase in morbimortality when compared with annual rates. Objective: To analyze epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the infection by influenza A (H1N1) virus in children, in order to improve knowledge to a better approach in future pandemics. Methods: Cross section study with review of patient records for all children, between zero and 16 years, hospitalized with flu-like disease at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) in 2009. Identification of H1N1 virus was done through PCR technique on reference laboratory. Results: One hundred ninety-one children were hospitalized with suspected H1N1 infection. Of these, 83 (43%) patients were tested for the H1N1 virus, 28 (34%) being positive and 55 (66%) negative. H1N1 patients were older, 27 (7-108) versus seven months old (3-32) (p=0,015), all had fever versus 70% of the other group (p=0,015), they arrived at the hospital with lower oxygen hemoglobin saturation, 80% (±20%) versus 95% (±4%) (p<0,001) and when placed in mechanical ventilation they needed greater end expiratory pressures, ten (±3) to five (±1) cm H2O (p=0,001) and inspired oxygen fraction, one (0,65-1) versus 0,4 (0,4-1) (p= 0,053) . There was no difference in terms of need for hospitalization in intensive care unit, need of ventilatory support or death. Conclusion: Children infected by H1N1 were more severely ill at arrival to the hospital, although they had similar outcomes to non-infected patients.

The tourism sector in Stockholms city, Sweden, is a dynamic industry that through the years has generated large revenues and job openings. Unpredictable events such as terrorism, pandemics, natural disasters and climate changes, may have great imapct on the tourism sector. This may be true to most cities in the world including Stockholm. in this thesis, the effect of various unpredictable events has been investigated through interviews with city of Stockholm and the authority for community protection and preparedness. In use of strenghts, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT-analys). The main conclusion of this thesis is that the Covid-19 pandemic (year 2020) has shown that the emergency preparations for unpredictable events are incorrectly dimensiond. This means that the city of Stockholm needs to work more proactively in the future to ensure that the tourism sector is not jeopardized during upcoming unpredictable events.

Many studies find support that natural disaster events and post-conflict episodes increase the risk of organized violence. However, few are found to investigate if post-conflict countries become more violent in the aftermath of natural disasters. By combining research on post-conflict violence, natural disasters, and non-state violence, it is argued in this study that disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and pandemics strain the capacities of all governments, and in post-conflict countries, the weakened capacities of governments can cause public security gaps. These power vacuums, as a result of natural disasters, can incentivize non-state groups to expand and compete for control, and consequently causes the severity of violence to increase. This argument is estimated on country-year data consisting of 64 post-conflict countries between 1989‒2015. A statistically significant correlation between natural disasters and the increased severity of non-state violence is found when testing the argument using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic regression, control variables, and different dependent variables. However, due to limiting factors in the statistical models, the results are deemed too ambivalent to fully support the hypothesis.

Background: The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) spread globally from its outbreak in China in the beginning of 2020, causing numerous deaths and strained on the health care systems all over the world. Most countries gave answer to this pandemic by implementing national lockdowns, which often evoked panic among citizens and therefore lead to stockpiling or sometimes panic buying behaviours. However, Sweden decided to take another approach in handling the crisis and refrained from implementing a forced lockdown and mainly focused on the responsibility of individuals. Given the lack of research in the field of stockpiling behaviour among Swedish residents and the magnitude of difference in the “Swedish approach”, compared to other countries, this situation provides the perfect ground to research stockpiling behaviour in Sweden. Purpose: This research aims to identify patterns and drivers within stockpiling behaviour among Swedish residents during the Covid-19 outbreak. Method: The paper is based on a qualitative study. A frame of reference to support findings and provide important links to existing literature regarding the psychology behind consumer behaviour, in particular stockpiling during critical situations, has been presented. To create in-depth insight into the reasonings behind stockpiling behaviour in Sweden during the Covid-19 outbreak, six semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Conclusion: Two patterns, rational stockpiling and the absence of irrational stockpiling, along with five drivers, namely, governmental restrictions and recommendations, fear from the disease or transmission, risk mitigation, convenience, and level of trust in the government, have been observed.

The year 2020 has so far stood completely under the influence of Corona. The virus was first detected in China in late 2019, and spread all over the globe over the coming months. Nearly everyone was, and is, affected. People were afraid of getting infected and limited all sort of social interaction. Many countries implemented shutdowns with the goal of reducing the spread of the virus and saving lives. While the virus has spread, the world have experienced the severe recession in a long time. Beyond economics, Corona is present in every aspect of our daily life. On the one hand, there has been a tremendous number of touching examples of care for people at risk, and support for the parts of the population who are most affected by the consequences of the epidemic. On the other hand, some people deny the severity of the virus, question the need for social distancing and protest against public health measures. This work aims to summarise the economic literature as of June 2020 on the trade-off between saving lives and livelihoods. The authors wrote it during a Bachelor Seminar, while the whole world learned simultaneously about COVID-19.

Background: By focusing on efficiency, supply chains became increasingly extensive and complex during the past years. This led to higher vulnerability, and the COVID-19 pandemic caused an incomparable impact on global supply chains. Consequently, researchers demanded more investigation of the pandemic to prepare for future disruptions and create more resilient supply chains.   Purpose: This thesis examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on operations in supply chain management. It seeks to understand the challenges during a pandemic and acknowledge experiences to create more resilient supply chains in the future.   Method: We applied an explorative single-case study with a focus on individuals working in SCM-related departments. Therefore, we conducted semi-structured following theory-guided - and maximum-variation sampling to get a holistic view. Following an abductive approach, we constantly compared theory and empirical findings to further expand on previous theory about supply chain resilience. We also increased the validity by triangulating our findings with quantitative secondary data.   Conclusion: The results of this study show that a pandemic causes multiple reoccurring disruptions to supply chains. Companies have to react flexibly to adapt to the fast-changing environment, but the extensive supply chains hinder fast reactions. The findings of this study allow making different theoretical and managerial implications to create more resilience in supply chains to face future pandemics and other disruptions.

El aislamiento como medida restrictiva durante la pandemia por el virus SARS-COV-2 ha generado efectos negativos en la población, especialmente en la salud de los adultos mayores. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura empleando las bases de datos de SCOPUS, Google Scholar, PubMed y Scielo publicados a partir de diciembre de 2019. Para los resultados, se hizo la asociación de aislamiento social con COVID-19, consecuencias físicas, efectos psicológicos, enfermedades neurodegenerativas, y la evaluación y manejo. Los artículos empleados brindan información de un periodo de tiempo determinado, por lo cual se desconoce cuáles podrían ser los efectos a largo plazo, y si realmente hay una diferencia con el estado de salud previo a la pandemia. Sin embargo, es de suma importancia establecer medidas para mitigar los efectos tanto a nivel físico como mental, que estén adaptadas a la realidad de cada país.

This policy paper reviews the history, use and significance of telehealth in primary care. The emergence of telehealth as a primary strategy to continue to deliver value based, timely primary care during COVID-19 is discussed with recommendations for future applications, payment and preparation of providers to continue to provide quality care of clients in the future using telehealth.

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Escapism is a diversion of the mind into entertainment or imag- inative activity to escape from routines or reality. In this study, the researchers focused on how escapism impacts individuals while playing video games. The research goal was to find out what affective outcomes of the individuals that used gaming to escape from reality but also explored if the pandemic could have any impact on it since the study was conducted during a pandemic. The results show that recovery was the main form of escapism in non-harmful escapism and coping in harmful es- capism among the 7 participants. The pandemic did also have an impact on the respondents, and most of them thought es- capism had a positive affective outcome.