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Otrygghet är ett komplext fenomen med stor utbredning i samhället. Den mest otrygga gruppen utgörs av unga kvinnor, vilka samtidigt är minst utsatta för brott i det offentliga rummet. Det paradoxala förhållandet benämns som the fear of crime paradox och genomsyrar studien. Syftet med studien är att belysa den upplevda (o)tryggheten hos unga kvinnor i Björns Trädgård i Stockholm, en park som länge präglats av otrygghet och ett negativt rykte. Genom sex kvalitativa intervjuer skapar studien en inblick i huruvida platsers utformning utifrån teorin Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) påverkar (o)tryggheten hos unga kvinnor. Resultatet visar att otryggheten påverkas av den negativa uppfattningen om Björns Trädgård, vilken kvinnornas föräldrar bidrar till att reproducera. Bristande synlighet i form av försämrad belysning, att inte se eller bli sedd samt avsaknaden av andra människor framträder som otryggt. Samtidigt föreslås förbättringar av de nämnda aspekterna som åtgärder med potential att öka tryggheten i parken. Slutsatsen betonar vidare att otryggheten är förenlig med hur kvinnor socialiseras in i att känna sig otrygga ensamma ute på kvällen, vilket resulterar i en ständigt närvarande riskmedvetenhet som i sin tur bidrar till att kvinnor tenderar att undvika otrygga platser.

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This study presents an exploration of the autonomy-dependence paradox inherent in organization-public relationships that is informed by paradox theory, structuration theory and scholarly and philosophical literature on authenticity. These theories suggest that relationships between organizations and their publics are defined by interdependence, or the centripetal and centrifugal forces of autonomy and dependence that cause tensions that can influence the decision making of the relational partners. They also suggest that organizations must use their agency, their knowledge of relational structures, and their understanding of their authentic selves to manage their own behavior and communication rather than that of their publics. The case studies presented in this paper were assembled from fourteen semi-structured in-depth interviews of museum professionals at the Brigham Young University Museum of Art, museum archival documents, and news media reports. The data shows that organizations can benefit from adopting a framework based paradox theory, structuration theory, and authentic leadership theory to avoid harmful defensive mechanisms and vicious cycles by seeking divergent solutions. The value of this study is that it illustrates how paradoxical tensions can influence the decision-making process in organizations, as well as the ways in which organizations can manage their own behavior and communication in spite of natural tendencies to manage and control stakeholders and publics. This study also shows a need for future research to explore other paradoxes in the field of public relations, conduct more case studies of different types of organizations, and develop methodologies to evaluate the effect of these strategies on the health of organization-public relationships.

This thesis within Industrial Economics and Applied Mathematics investigates the relationship between economic development and subjective well-being. The Easterlin Paradox, originally stated by Richard Easterlin in 1974, is reassessed by utilizing cross-sectional and time series data. A simple regression model is applied, using average happiness within a country as dependent variable, and gross national product per capita as regressor. In addition, an extensive study of previous research is conducted, focusing on reliability of data and earlier methodologies. The Easterlin Paradox is confirmed to still be valid when analyzing the United States over the time period 1972{2016, and 140 of the countries across the world 2012. / Det här kandidatexamensarbetet inom Industriell Ekonomi och Tillämpad Matematik undersöker relationen mellan ekonomisk utveckling och subjektivt välmående. Easterlinparadoxen, ursprungligen fastställd av Richard Easterlin 1974, omprövas med hjälp av tvärsnitts- och tidsseriedata. En enkel linjär regressionsmodell appliceras med genomsnittlig lycka i ett land som beroende variabel och bruttonationalprodukt per capita som oberoende variabel. Dessutom utförs en omfattande studie av tidigare forskning med fokus på tillförlitlighet av data samt tidigare metodologier. Easterlinparadoxen bekräftas fortfarande gälla vid analys av USA over tidsperioden 1972-2016, och 140 av världens länder år 2012.

Several researchers in happiness studies have called for an increased sociopolitical interest in indicators of societal happiness. However, recent evidence for the proposed paradoxical effects of valuing happiness suggest that an increase in society’s perceived value of happiness may exert a detrimental, inverse influence on well-being. This notion is based on previous research demonstrating that manipulating participants to value happiness causes them to experience less positive emotions, compared to controls, when viewing positive film clips. Following the humanistic notion that the maximization of societal happiness is an advantageous sociopolitical endeavor, the proposed paradoxical effects of valuing happiness present a psychological barrier that researchers must strive to understand and, ideally, overcome. Previous experimental research on the paradoxical effects of valuing happiness has focused on participants’ emotionality as an operational definition of happiness. However, drawing from the Subjective Well-Being construct, emotionality is only one of several components of happiness. Building from this Subjective-Well Being framework, this study expands upon previous research by investigating whether a valuing happiness manipulation influences participants’ emotionality while they contemplate their own happiness. To examine this, nineteen participants were divided into two groups, one which received a valuing happiness manipulation (n=9) and the others served as a control group (n=10), and instructed to contemplate their personal happiness for 45 seconds. To measure participants’ emotions during this task, facial electromyography data were collected from the corrugator supercilii and the zygomaticus major facial muscles, a measure that previous research suggests is sensitive to the emotional value of thought. Results indicated that participants manipulated to value happiness did not experience significant differences in facial electromyography activation compared to controls. However, although non-significant, the correlation between facial electromyography activation and participants’ rating of happiness differed substantially for participants manipulated to value happiness (average r=.41 for corrugator, average r=-.09 for zygomaticus) and controls (average r=.-.29 for corrugator, average r=.14 for zygomaticus). The counterintuitive correlations for participants led to value happiness, despite not experiencing significant difference in the emotional value of the happiness contemplation task, provide preliminary evidence that these participants utilize the information retrieved from the contemplative stage in a qualitatively different way than controls when judging their own happiness. More specifically, the correlations for participants led to value happiness trend in the opposite direction of controls, demonstrating that increases in positive emotion during happiness contemplation actually are associated with lower scores on a self-report of happiness. This study suggests that the paradoxical effects of valuing happiness does not influence the retrieval of information when contemplating ones’ happiness, but may influence (in an apparently detrimental fashion) how this information is utilized when judging one’s happiness. Although the between-condition differences in correlations failed to reach statistical significance (more specifically, p=.09 for corrugator), this study provides preliminary evidence for the existence of a new dynamic of the proposed paradoxical effects of valuing happiness that is novel to the happiness studies discourse. Limitations, implications, and future directions are discussed.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka samband mellan läroplanernas värde-grundsbeskrivning och kurs-/ämnesplanerna i svenskämnet för att se vilka möjligheter som finns för ett svenskämne genomsyrat av värdegrunden. Det är framför allt två fak-torer som föranledde undersökningen i denna uppsats. För det första innebär de nya styrdokumenten att lärarna måste analysera och diskutera dem för att se hur man kan arbeta med dem. För det andra måste värdegrunden numera genomsyra skolans verk-samhet, vilket även inbegriper all undervisning i alla ämnen. Undersökningen har inne-burit att läroplanernas värdegrundsbeskrivningar och svenskämnets kurs-/ämnesplaner har analyserats och jämförts från årskurs 7 till och med gymnasiet. Problemformule-ringarna har varit (i) hur framställs värdegrunden i läroplanerna?, (ii) vilka kopplingar till värdegrunden finns i kurs-/ämnesplanerna?, och (iii) vilka möjligheter ges i kurs-/ämnesplanerna för värdegrundsarbete? Resultaten från undersökningen visar till exem-pel att skönlitteratur, deliberativa samtal och ett erfarenhetspedagogiskt perspektiv på undervisningen skapar möjligheter för värdegrundsarbete. Undersökningen visar också att läroplanerna uttrycker övertygelsen att sakliga prövningar leder fram till påståenden förenliga med skolans värdegrund eftersom kunskap och logik kommer att leda oss rätt. Kurs-/ämnesplanerna ger också eleverna utrymme åt att arbeta med saklig prövning i olika former.

In highly competitive markets, product-centric businesses often seek to differentiate from competitors by including services into their core offering. In literature, this is described as servitization, and has been widely researched. Nonetheless, there is still ambiguity in when different services should be provided, and what forms the basis for these. Consequently, the authors of this thesis identified a need for clarification on when- and how servitization can be applied. Hence, this explorative study investigated how servitization could be applied by a rental company operating in the construction industry, in order to gain competitive advantage and address customer needs. This thesis used a qualitative approach, and collected primary data from two different perspectives, namely customers- and salespeople, by the use of semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Empirical findings reveal customer needs in the market, and market circumstances that constitute a paradox for servitizing rental companies in the construction industry. The conclusions drawn from this paradox contributes to understanding that market circumstances affect when- and how servitization should be applied. Additionally, the conclusions contribute to alternative ways to use services- and achieve competitive advantages for rental companies in the construction industry.

A gap, known as the privacy paradox, often exists between peoples' privacy concerns and the actions they take to protect their privacy. This thesis investigates how a small sample of undergraduate students perceive their online privacy, the measures they take to protect their online privacy, and the reasons for their action/inaction. In so doing, it seeks to ascertain whether the findings of Hinds et al.'s (2020) regarding Facebook users' perceptions of online privacy issues are replicable among a sample of undergraduate students who are regular users of Instagram. Interviews with 20 undergraduate students were conducted to gather information about their online privacy concerns, their attitudes toward social media platforms collecting their information, and the privacy protection strategies they employ. The findings suggest that in enacting protection strategies, the participants delineate between both social and institutional conceptions of privacy, and the notion of privacy as a right requiring protecting versus viewing privacy as a negotiable commodity. This, in turn, suggests a possible need to re-consider how privacy-related education is approached as well as privacy policy.

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