My research on Victor Brauner’s work in the first two decades of his affiliation with the Surrealist group in Paris re-establishes the role played by the Romanian Jewish artist in the definition of automatic Surrealist procedures of painting and mixed-technique objects that relied upon a new and unconventional understanding of the occult. In the three chapters of this study of Victor Brauner’s work in the 1930s and early 1940s, I analyse key notions, such as the fantastic, animal magnetism, and the occult practices of art making in a Surrealist context. The fantastic is discussed in the first chapter of the thesis from a literary perspective with political connotations in Surrealism, which resulted from a debate engaged in nineteenth-century French literature on the issue of the marvellous versus the fantastic. Due to the Surrealists’ interest in the fantastic a new category emerged, the fantastic art, which is examined in this first chapter in connection with Brauner’s artworks in the 1930s. The incursion into the fantastic, with focus on the premonition of the painter’s left eye loss in his artworks of the 1930s is completed with an approach to spiritualism that had a revival at the time. The second chapter of the thesis investigates the doctrine of animal magnetism and the state of magnetic somnambulism in eighteenth-century scholarship and shows how this experimentation had influenced the development of a new branch of the science, metapsychics or psychical research at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth one. I take into account and demonstrate that these outdated and modern domains of enquiry into the unknown and beyond reality were appealing to Surrealists, in particular to Brauner, due to their research into unconscious processes of the mind. I argue that through the attainment of a condition similar to the one of the somnambulist in sessions of magnetic sleep, the Surrealists aimed to generate automatic procedures of painting and object making. In the third chapter of the thesis I discuss Victor Brauner’s technique of drawing with a candle, or le cirage, as an automatic procedure of art developed in connection with the occult. This final part of the thesis makes also manifest the association of Brauner’s artworks in the early 1940s with practices of the occult in the near and centuries before past.

The eighteenth century witnessed a sea change in the French economy. In the century prior, Louis XIV had overseen a tightly regulated feudal economy, explicitly engineered to augment the wealth and power of the reigning monarch. His finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, pioneered a decidedly Gallic form of mercantilism, marked by a system of privileged monopolies whose operations were subject to exacting state control. However, in the decades following the Sun King’s death, the Colbertist paradigm came under threat – eroded by a series of liberalizing initiatives that edged the French economy towards a capitalist modernity. As Enlightenment philosophers touted the freedom and meritocracy of laissez-faire economics, segments of the Third Estate pushed back against the regulations which circumscribed their social autonomy. This tension between capitalist aspiration and mercantilist malaise reached a tipping point in the French Revolution, where a wave of liberalizing reforms wiped away the last vestiges of the Colbertist system. The Ancien Régime’s crumbling network of privileges, monopolies, and feudal hierarchies was replaced by a system of property rights designed to promote entrepreneurialism, free enterprise, and upward mobility. Opera became a key site of deregulation under the Revolution’s capitalist reforms. During the grand siècle, opera functioned as an extension of the absolutist state, with the Académie Royale de Musique – ostensibly a court institution – claiming a total monopoly over operatic performance. However, over the course of the eighteenth century, this primacy was undermined as new competitors challenged its share of the market. The introduction of a state subsidy for the Comédie-Italienne, the growing market for regional and colonial opera (in Marseille, Bordeaux, Saint-Domingue, etc.), and the popularity of commercial entertainments (like the fairground and boulevard theaters) threatened the Académie Royale de Musique’s stranglehold over operatic production, paving the way for the free-market reforms of the Revolution. Finally, in 1791, Isaac René Guy Le Chapelier introduced legislation to liberalize the French theater industry, abolishing theatrical monopolies and ending state subsidies. Theater was now a capitalist enterprise. This dissertation interrogates the relationship between opera and capitalism in eighteenth-century France and its colonies. Taking the Le Chapelier law as its endpoint, it seeks to demonstrate why opera became a central focus of the Revolution’s deregulatory zeal. I position opera at the vanguard of eighteenth-century liberalization efforts, showing how it embraced new commercial techniques and adapted to emerging economic freedoms. A series of institutional histories chart opera’s gradual induction into the capitalist marketplace during the Enlightenment, highlighting institutions that played a pivotal role in challenging Colbertist economic policy. Ultimately, I argue that opera houses, increasingly entangled in nascent forms of French capitalism, became cheerleaders for the burgeoning free market, profiting from affectionate, glamorous, or downright utopian portrayals of commercial life. Opera and capitalism became locked in a self-replicating feedback loop: the more that operatic institutions became enmeshed in the rise of capitalism, the more they promoted capitalist ideals. Seven chapters, proceeding chronologically from the Regency to the Terror, examine vital flashpoints in the intersection of opera and capitalism in eighteenth-century France – culminating in a reappraisal of the Le Chapelier law and its effects on the opera industry. Traversing a range of operatic institutions – in the metropole and in the colonies – these case studies not only show how opera companies embraced capitalist business practices, but also how they reconfigured operatic aesthetics to champion laissez-faire ideologies. The first chapter triangulates the symbiotic relationship between the Théâtres de la Foire, the finance industry, and urban capitalism through an analysis of financier characters in vaudeville comedy. The second chapter situates the vocalizing body of Madame de Pompadour at the intersection of pastoral opera, Italianate musical aesthetics, and physiocratic economic thought, offering a close reading of the operas she commissioned for Théâtre des Petits Cabinets. Chapter 3 explores the forced merger of the Théâtres de la Foire and the Comédie-Italienne in 1762, suggesting that the new hybrid troupe weathered this institutional shift by staging opéras-comiques that depicted the commercial sector. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 turn to the colonial theaters of Saint-Domingue. First, I dissect the business practices of these commercial enterprises, highlighting their reliance on planter capital. Then, I outline the effects of this colonial capitalism on local operatic aesthetics, arguing that Caribbean troupes used promises of celebrity and spectacle to boost ticket sales. I demonstrate that theaters in Saint-Domingue used these unique aesthetic practices to promote a deregulated plantation economy in which planters exercised unmitigated control over enslaved workers. Finally, in Chapter 7, I return to the Comédie-Italienne (now rebranded the Opéra-Comique National) to examine the effects of the Le Chapelier law on theatrical policy during the Terror. Here, I challenge the assumption that the Montagnard regime reversed the economic freedoms wrought by the Le Chapelier law and reposition the revolutionary pièce de circonstance as a decidedly commercial operatic genre. Ultimately, I argue that opera played a vital role in bringing aspects of early capitalism into French public discourse during the eighteenth century. Over the course of this dissertation, I show that lyric theater, in representing a nascent free market onstage, inducted liberal fiscal dogma into the cultural psyche, entrenching it as a central facet of cultural modernity.

Le Paris de la première moitié du XIXe siècle n'a que peu souvent été étudié du point de vue des migrantes vivant dans la capitale. Les études scientifiques, dont celles de Louis Chevalier, se sont le plus souvent concentré sur la présence masculine à Paris. Dans ce mémoire, nous constatons la ressemblance des migrations féminines et masculines : les migrantes forment environ les deux tiers de la population féminine de Paris et elles proviennent de zones semblables aux hommes. Nous constatons aussi que les migrantes à Paris s'inscrivent de façon dynamique dans tous les quartiers de la ville, dans une variété d'emplois qui facilitent les contacts entre les Parisiennes de toutes provenances et dans un marché matrimonial qui favorise les mariages exogames. D'autres indices, plus intérieurs et subtils, témoignent de leur appropriation du territoire urbain de Paris en soulignant les connaissances et l'attachement des migrantes pour la capitale, malgré les difficultés. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013

"Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec, Canada, Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) et Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), Paris, France" / Au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, la pacification de l'intérieur du territoire français et la stabilisation des frontières ont amené les élites intellectuelles et les administrateurs locaux et royaux à questionner le besoin d'enceintes urbaines à l'intérieur du royaume. La ville de Paris arrase ses remparts dans les années 1670, initiant par là une mutation du paysage urbain qui s'étendra aux territoires français métropolitains et coloniaux. Par l'ouverture des villes, les architectes et ingénieurs se voient confrontés à un nouveau problème architectural et urbain : la nécessité pratique d'une porte qui marque le seuil de la ville s'estompe, tandis que l'attachement citoyen à la charge symbolique des portes de ville persiste. Or, au Siècle des Lumières, la redéfinition de l'usage et de la forme de la porte de ville sont contemporains de l'émergence de nouveaux édifices publics, qui amorcent la réflexion sur le caractère des ouvrages d'architecture. Au sein de cette nouvelle théorie des caractères, la porte de ville devra trouver et affirmer sa place. Il en va de même à l'égard de l'intérêt croissant porté à la notion d'entrée de ville, qui signale une sensibilité nouvelle envers le paysage urbain et territorial et la mobilité qui accompagne la réfection des axes de circulation terrestre et maritime du royaume de France. / Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the pacification of French interior territories and the stabilization of their frontiers brought the intellectual elite and the local and royal administrations to question the necessity of city walls within the kingdom. The city of Paris razed its ramparts in the 1670's, initiating mutations in the urban landscape that will spread throughout the French territories. By opening their cities, architects and engineers will thus be confronted to a new architectural and urban problem: there is no longer a functional need for a city gate to limit the access, but the symbolic load of city gates as landmarks to which citizen are deeply attached remains.

Cette thèse se consacre à l’étude de la présence culturelle et littéraire du Portugal à Paris de 1880 à 1914. Depuis l’essor de la presse française, Paris est un pôle incontournable des réseaux d’organisation littéraires et culturels nationaux et internationaux non seulement à cause de sa consécration universelle en matière artistique et littéraire mais aussi parce que cette capitale symbolise la liberté créatrice, le lieu d’inspiration et de rencontre par excellence. Intellectuels, écrivains, diplomates et étudiants portugais voyagent ou s’installent à Paris pour s’imprégner de ce climat particulier, pour se former, pour exporter certaines idées dans leur pays mais aussi et surtout pour faire connaître leur culture et leur identité. Le cosmopolitisme et le nationalisme sont deux facteurs importants qui permettront non seulement les échanges bilatéraux mais aussi le rapprochement des deux nations soeurs, vérifié par la publication de revues pro-latines et pro-républicaines franco-portugaises. Cette étude permet, d’une part, de comprendre l’activité et la production des médiateurs parisiens de la culture portugaise, et d’analyser ces transferts dans leurs dimensions matérielles (supports utilisés, rythme de publication, diffusion, réseaux). D’autre part, l’analyse porte sur la production discursive qui émane de ce contexte, en prêtant attention aux représentations et mises en scène du Portugal à Paris. Notre volonté de couvrir au mieux le domaine nous mène également à ne pas négliger l’étude de productions dites mineures (programmes d’événements littéraires, invitations, affiches, prospectus). Quelques chercheurs, surtout français (Pageaux 1984, Piwnik 2008, Quint 2006, Rivas 2015), se sont penchés sur les rapports culturels et littéraires franco-portugais, montrant l'importance de ces échanges, mais sans toutefois se consacrer au tissage intellectuel dans son ensemble au tournant du siècle. En outre, la recherche récente a montré l’importance d’un mouvement international de développement de la presse et de l’imprimé à la fin du XIXe siècle, sans toutefois s’attarder au cas portugais (Thérenty et Vaillant 2010, Cooper-Richet 2016). Depuis 1880 jusqu’à l’avènement de la Première Guerre mondiale, Paris ne s’intéresse plus seulement à l’exotisme portugais mais à la spécificité d’une littérature moderne, notamment grâce à la réciprocité des symbolistes français et portugais et de différents agents culturels implantés à Paris. Le Paris de la Belle Époque assiste alors à une véritable transformation quant à la représentation du Portugal en France, à savoir le passage d’une image mythique basée sur le passé glorieux du Portugal grâce aux grandes découvertes à une image contemporaine véhiculée par la poésie, la politique, le voyage et les expositions. Camões, symbole littéraire, historique et politique du Portugal, est renouvelé en France grâce aux commémorations du tricentenaire de sa mort en 1880 et marque le début d’une nouvelle ère dans la représentation du Portugal en France. Camões, dans la grande presse, la presse d’avant-garde et la presse institutionnalisée, représente non seulement la gloire nationale d’une épopée mais il symbolise aussi le pays tout entier, le peuple, la nation, toutes les classes sociales, l’âme nationale, le centre républicain et la classe académique de Coimbra. Alors que les relations franco-portugaises culminent grâce aux imprimés portugais publiés en français à partir de 1900 et à la proclamation de la république portugaise en 1910, Camões apporte la consécration universelle au Portugal et à une Europe culte : son buste est inauguré près de la Tour-Eiffel en 1912 et une société littéraire, Les Amis de Camoens, composée de nombreux intellectuels français comme Anatole France et Pierre Loti, est fondée et imprime une revue consacrée à cette amitié littéraire bilatérale qui perdure jusqu’en 1914. En bref, ce travail analyse les entreprises médiatiques lancées par des Portugais à Paris, les réseaux culturels et littéraires, les échanges et les sociabilités qui les soustendent. La contribution essentielle de ce travail à la recherche consistera donc à proposer un panorama aussi complet que possible de la présence culturelle et littéraire du Portugal à Paris et de ses représentations au moment où la France et sa capitale constituent un pôle et un modèle intellectuels incontournables. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of Portugal’s literary and cultural presence in Paris from 1880 to 1914. Since the rise of the French press, Paris is an essential hub for the cultural and literary organization networks, both nationally and internationally, not only owing to the universal consecration it earned in the arts and literature but also because this capital city symbolizes creative freedom, inspiration and the meeting place of choice. Portuguese intellectuals, writers, diplomats and students travel or move to Paris to soak up the unique atmosphere, to learn, to bring back a number of ideas in their country but mainly to promote their culture and identity. Cosmopolitanism and nationalism are two major factors that foster not only bilateral exchanges but also a link between the two brotherly nations, as verified by pro-Latin and pro-republican Franco-Portuguese journal publications. This study, first of all, allows one to understand the activities and achievements of Parisian mediators of Portuguese culture, and to analyze these transfers in terms of their material aspects (media used, periodicity, distribution, networks). Furthermore, the analysis focuses on the discursive production that emanates from this context while paying attention to Portugal’s stagings and representations in Paris. Our intend to cover the field at best leads us to also consider so-called minor productions (literary event programs, invitations, posters, flyers). Some researchers, especially French (Pageaux 1984, Piwnik 2008, Quint 2006, Rivas 2015), have studied Franco-Portuguese literary and cultural relations, showing these exchanges’ importance without, however, focusing on intellectual weaving in general at the turn of the century. In addition, recent research has shown the extent of an international press development movement at the end of the nineteenth century without paying special attention to Portuguese implication (Thérenty and Vaillant 2010, Cooper-Richet, 2016). Since 1880 until the advent of World War I, Paris is interested in more than only Portugal's exoticism but by the specificity of its modern literature, especially through French and Portuguese Symbolists’ reciprocity and through various cultural agents established in Paris. The Paris of The Belle Epoque takes part in a real transformation in Portugal’s representation in France, namely the transition from a mythical depiction based on Portugal’s glorious past discoveries to a contemporary depiction conveyed by poetry, politics, travel and exhibitions. Camões as a political, historical and literary symbol of Portugal is renewed in France thanks to the tercentenary celebrations of his death in 1880 and sets the beginning of a new era in Portugal’s representation in France. Camões, in the mainstream press, in the press vanguard and in the institutional press, not only represents an epic national glory but he also symbolizes the whole country, the people, the nation, all social classes, the national soul, the Republican center and Coimbra’s academic class. While the Franco-Portugal relations culminated thanks to those Portuguese prints published in French by 1900 and to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910, Camões brings universal consecration to Portugal and to a worshiped Europe : his bust is unveiled near the Eiffel tower in 1912 and a literary society “Les amis de Camoens”, composed of many French intellectuals (Anatole France, Pierre Loti), is founded and prints a journal on this bilateral literary friendship that lasts until 1914. In short, this work analyzes the media initiatives launched by some Portuguese in Paris, cultural and literary networks, social exchanges and interactions that underlie them. The main contribution of this work for research will be to provide a view which is as comprehensive as possible of Portugal’s literary and cultural presence in Paris and of its representation at a time when France and its capital city is a hub and a key intellectual model.

Cette étude porte sur le fait littéraire afro-antillais de l’ère coloniale (1920-1960). Il s’agit d’examiner les stratégies des agents à partir des cas de René Maran, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Aimé Césaire, Édouard Glissant et Mongo Beti et de percevoir comment ils se définissent leur identité littéraire et sociale.<p>Pour ce faire, notre démarche s’articule en deux temps :(1) examiner les conditions de possibilité d’un champ littéraire afro-antillais à Paris (colonisation française et ses effets, configuration d’un champ littéraire pré-institutionnalisé, etc.) ;(2) analyser les processus de consolidation du champ, ainsi que les luttes internes qui opposent deux tendances émergentes représentées d’abord par Senghor et Césaire, ensuite par Beti et Glissant, dont les prises de position littéraires mettent en œuvre des « modèles empiriques » ;ceux-ci régulent et unifient leurs rapports au monde et à l’Afrique.<p><p>This study relates to afro-carribean literature in colonial period (1920-1960). We want to examine the strategies of agents like René Maran, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Aimé Césaire, Édouard Glissant and Mongo Beti ;and we want to understand how they invente literary and social identity.<p>Our approach is structured in two steps: we shall analyse (1) the conditions for an afro-carribean literary field to appear in Paris (french colonialism and its consequences, configuration of literay field.) ;(2) the consolidation of this field and the internal struggles between two tendances represented by Senghor and Césaire, by Glissant and Beti whose literary practice shows the “empirical model” that regularizes and consolidates their relation with the world and Africa. / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis is a study of royal acts printed in French before 1601. The kingdom of France is a natural place to begin a study of royal acts. It possessed one of the oldest judicial systems in Europe, which had been established during the reign of St Louis (1226-1270). By the sixteenth century, French kings were able to issue royal acts without any concern as to the distribution of their decrees. In addition, France was one of the leading printing centres in Europe. This research provides the first detailed analysis of this neglected category of texts, and examines the acts’ significance in French legal, political and printing culture. The analysis of royal acts reveals three key historical practices regarding the role of printing in judiciary matters and public affairs. The first is how the French crown communicated to the public. Chapters one and two discuss the royal process of dissemination of edicts and the language of royal acts. The second is how printers and publishers manoeuvred between the large number of royal promulgations and public demand. An overview of the printing industry of royal acts is provided in chapter three and the printers of these official documents are covered in chapter four. The study of royal acts also indicates which edicts were published frequently. The last two chapters examine the content of royal decrees and discuss the most reprinted acts. Chapter five explores the period before 1561 and the final chapter discusses the last forty years of the century. An appendix of all royal acts printed before 1601, which is the basis of my research for this study, is included. It is the first comprehensive catalogue of its kind and contains nearly six thousand entries of surviving royal acts printed before 1601.

This thesis is an examination of the printing industry in Paris between 1570 and 1590. These years represent a relatively under-researched period in the history of Parisian print. This period is of importance because of an event in 1572 – the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, and an event in 1588 – the Day of the Barricades and the subsequent exit from Paris of Henry III. This thesis concerns itself with the two years prior to 1572 and two years after 1588 in order to provide context, but the two supporting frames of this investigation are those important events. This thesis attempts to assess what effect those events had upon the printing industry in the foremost print centre of both France and Western Europe. With the religious situation in Paris quietened was there any concrete change in the 1570s and 1580s regarding the types of books printed in Paris? Was there any attempt to exploit this religious stability by pursuing the ‘retreating’ Protestant confession, or did the majority of printers turn away from confessional arguments and polemical literature? What were the markets for Paris books: were they predominantly local or international? The method by which these questions have been addressed is with a bibliometric analysis of the output of the Paris print shops. This statistical approach allows one to address the entire corpus of a city’s output and allows both broad surveys of the data in terms of categorisation of print, but also narrower studies of individual printers and their output. As such this approach allows the printing industry of Paris to be surveyed and analysed in a way that would otherwise be impossible. This statistical approach also allows the books to be seen as an economic item of industrial production instead of purely a culture item of artistic creation. This approach enhances rather than reduces the significance of a book’s cultural importance as it allows the researcher to fully appreciate the achievement and investment of both finance and time that was necessary for the completion of a well printed book.

Ce projet de mémoire entreprend de montrer dans quelles conditions artistiques et sociales ont évolués cinq peintres canadiens à Paris à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les artistes à l'origine de la décoration de la chapelle Sacré-Coeur de l'église Notre-Dame de Montréal; Henri Beau, Joseph Franchère, Charles Gill, Ludger Larose ainsi que Joseph Saint-Charles, se présentent ici, comme un prétexte à l'étude du parcours emprunté par nombreux peintres canadiens à Paris à cette époque. Le choix de la période d'étude est déterminé par le début de leur séjour en France et par la fin du projet de décoration de la chapelle (1887-1895). Dans un premier temps, la recherche dresse un portrait du contexte de formation dans lequel ils ont progressé. À ce propos, l'École Nationale Spéciale des Beaux-Arts, l'Académie Julian et Colarossi sont les principales institutions fréquentées par les artistes. Dans un deuxième temps, cette étude établit quelles étaient leurs conditions de vie et occupations sociales à Paris. Pour ce faire, elle définit leur situation économique par le type d'habitation dans lequel ils vivaient et leur emplacement. Quant à leur vie sociale comme étrangers, elle est reconstituée à partir des lieux et des personnes qu'ils côtoyaient. Dans un dernier temps, ce mémoire entreprend d'illustrer dans quelle mesure leur passage dans la capitale mondiale de l'art a influencé leur carrière artistique au Canada. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Henri Beau, Joseph-Charles Franchère, Charles Gill, Ludger Larose, Joseph Saint-Charles, Académies, Paris, Chapelle du Sacré-Coeur, Montréal.

Suivant les récents développements historiographiques dans le champ de l’histoire des animaux, cette thèse aborde l’histoire des jardins zoologiques du côté des bêtes elles-mêmes. Elle examine donc non seulement les politiques humaines de gestion des animaux de zoo, mais aussi leurs influences sur les corps et les comportements des animaux, et leurs évolutions mutuelles. <p>L’examen débute à la fondation du jardin zoologique, c’est-à-dire au moment de la création de la ménagerie parisienne du Jardin des Plantes en 1793, et se centre, outre sur cette institution originelle, sur le jardin zoologique de Londres, créé en 1828, et celui d’Anvers, fondé en 1843. <p>Pour écrire l’histoire des animaux de zoo, la thèse mobilise une méthodologie qui mêle des indicateurs descriptifs – témoignages sur les corps et comportements animaux, sur les infrastructures de captivité, sur les soins et l’alimentation dont bénéficient les bêtes, – et quantitatifs – étude sérielle sur la longue durée des entrées et sorties d’animaux ainsi que des longévités des primates et des grands félins. L’évolution de ces différents indices est examinée au sein d’un cadre chronologique régi par les politiques des gestionnaires de zoos. Ainsi, après une première partie débutant à la fondation des institutions étudiées, une seconde s’ouvre au début du XXe siècle, alors que le marchand allemand Carl Hagenbeck ouvre en 1907 un zoo privé à Stellingen, près de Hambourg, qui popularise un nouveau type de présentation des bêtes, par lequel celles-ci sont exposées durant la journée en plein air et séparées du public par des fossés. Enfin, une troisième partie s’amorce à partir des années 1950, lorsque les zoos s’attellent à la mise en œuvre d’une nouvelle fonction, celle de protection des espèces ex situ, s’ajoutant aux trois autres traditionnellement endossées (récréative, éducative, scientifique).<p>L’examen des vies des bêtes sous l’influence des politiques humaines aboutit à élaborer une nouvelle chronologie des zoos, qui distingue un long XIXe siècle, dévoreur de vies animales ;une seconde phase, hygiéniste, à partir de l’entre-deux-guerres, caractérisée par les volontés des gestionnaires de rationaliser les conditions de captivité, mais dont les incidences sur les vies animales sont toutefois réduites ;enfin une troisième, attentive aux animaux, du milieu des années 1970 à nos jours, qui permet la naissance d’une nouvelle économie animale des zoos, qui voit l’atténuation des ponctions en milieu naturel pour la plupart des taxons (spécifiquement les mammifères et les oiseaux).<p>Ce faisant, l’étude met aussi en évidence, à rebours des discours finalistes de l’historiographie officielle, des permanences, immanentes à la captivité des animaux dans le contexte des zoos. Il s’agit d’une part de l’expression par les bêtes de comportements anormaux dans des proportions qui dépassent le niveau anecdotique ;il s’agit d’autre part de l’approvisionnement en milieu naturel, qui, bien qu’en déclin dans le contexte du bouleversement de l’économie animale, persiste jusqu’à nos jours en nombre important pour les taxons moins considérés, soit les poissons et les invertébrés, et se réincarne en de nouveaux avatars pour les autres (ponctions dans le cadre des programmes de protection, captures scientifiques, )./<p><p>Following in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.<p>The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843). <p>In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.<p>This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).<p>The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ). / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished