The objective of this thesis is to design the appropriate parking management for downtown of Jindrichuv Hradec. The theoretical part is focused on the traffic problem and its negative effects on environment of cities in relation to increase in private car transport in recent years. In the next chapter, parking management and its specific strategies are described as instruments solving problems with urban transport including its static and dynamic part. Practical part includes description of current traffic conditions and accessibility of the town centre of Jindrichuv Hradec. The description results from information obtained by personal mapping of location and measuring of parking occupancy. The proposed solution of certain parking policies that result in more efficient use of parking resources with minimized traffic impacts on historical centre of town follows.

La complexité croissante de l'environnement routier et le souci d'amélioration de la sécurité routière expliquent un nombre important de travaux sur l'aide à la conduite. De nombreux systèmes (ultrasons, laser, radar, ...) ont déjà été mis en oeuvre pour percevoir l'environnement autour d'un véhicule. Tous se heurtent à la diversité des scènes observées, que ce soit en milieu urbain ou routier. Il est donc nécessaire d'exploiter des capteurs qui donnent une information riche pouvant être analysée dans plusieurs fonctions et quelle que soit la configuration. La vision semble tout à fait adéquate ; elle est d'ailleurs une source sensorielle capitale dans la prise de décision chez l'humain. Les méthodes décrites dans cette thèse consistent donc à proposer un système complet et autonome de stéréovision passive pour la détection d'obstacles sur un véhicule, dit intelligent, évoluant en milieu urbain ou routier. La problématique majeure relative à l'exploitation d'un banc de stéréovision sur un robot ou un véhicule concerne la qualité du calibrage qui tend à varier au cours du temps. Un tel système n'est en effet viable que si les paramètres qui décrivent la géométrie du capteur peuvent être correctement estimés, y compris en présence de chocs et vibrations. Nous présentons donc d'abord une méthode de recalibrage en ligne d'un système initialement calibré, consistant en une correction dynamique de ses paramètres. Affranchi des problèmes de calibrage, le deuxième problème abordé est la détection d'obstacles en milieu routier. Les méthodes décrites dans ce document proposent une construction du profil longitudinal de la route afin d'en extraire un modèle d'obstacle tenant compte des variations de pente et du dévers et/ou roulis. Notre approche exploite les données 3D fournies par la stéréo-vision. La dernière application concerne un système de perception pour l'aide au parking; nous présentons une méthode générique de con struction incrémentale d'un modèle 3D de l'espace libre. Cette méthode suppose que le déplacement du véhicule est estimé avec une bonne précision. Le modèle est alors analysé pour détecter et caractériser une place de parking; le but est d'alimenter un planificateur de mouvement permettant la réalisation automatique de la manoeuvre. Toutes les méthodes ont été intégrées dans l'environnement RT-MAPS, et ont été validées soit en ligne sur le démonstrateur du LAAS, soit sur des séquences d'images acquises sur des véhicules.

<p>En bil står i genomsnitt parkerad 95 procent av dygnets timmar och använder under denna tid oftast flera parkeringar. Det ses som en självklarhet för bilisten att finna en ledig parkering relativt lätt och centralt. Befolkningstillväxten i städerna och det allt större bilinnehavet skapar en ökad efterfråga på central parkering. I städerna råder hög konkurrens om de alltmer begränsade centrala markområdena. Kostnaden för att tillgodose centralt belägna parkeringar utifrån dagens norm blir allt mer kännbar och den ökade bilismen bidrar dessutom till negativa externa effekter såsom trängsel, utsläpp och buller. Frågor som Linköpings kommun funderar på i samband med den nya trafikstrategin är: Hur kan ett effektivare marknyttjande nås samt parkeringens alternativa användning? Vem betalar för parkeringskostnaden? Hur är betalningsviljan hos kommunens invånare?</p><p>Vilka är Linköpings kommuns möjligheter att med hjälp av parkeringspolitik och prispolitik effektivisera parkeringsmarknaden i Linköpings innerstad? </p><p>För att kunna svara på detta har tre befintliga anläggningar använts som studieobjekt. Kontakt har tagits med tjänstemän på kommunen samt med parkeringsbolaget Dukaten. Utifrån den information de bidragit med har kostnader och intäkter för dessa anläggningar beräknats. Beräkningarna visar på att ingen av de tre anläggningarna täcker sina egna kostnader, vilket till stor del beror på de höga alternativkostnaderna och de relativt låga beläggningsgraderna. Det visar sig också att desto större anläggning desto mindre kostnader, vilket tyder på stordriftsfördelar. Marginalkostnaderna för Dukaten, upp till kapacitetstaket, är låga på alla anläggningar. Beräkningar som gjorts på parkeringsköp har visat att dessa är kraftigt subventionerade. En subvention som finansieras av kommunens invånare i allmänhet och i synnerhet de centralt boende utan bil.</p><p>Genom parkeringspolitik kan kommunen främst styra utbudet och lokalisering av parkering och på så sätt påverka den generaliserade kostnaden för bilisten. För att bestämma det långsiktiga utbudet bör kommunen ha en uppfattning om dess totala nytta och dess totala kostnad. Toppar i efterfrågan kan lösas på andra sätt än genom utbyggnad, som till exempel ett ökat samnyttjande och satsning på kollektivtrafik. Med hjälp av prispolitik kan kommunen uppnå en jämnare beläggning och se till att bilisten står för sina negativa externa effekter, vilket medför att dess privata marginalkostnad blir den samma som den sociala marginalkostnaden och bidrar till en mer samhällsekonomiskt effektiv parkeringsmarknad.</p> / <p>A car is in general parked for 95 percent of the day, and during that period it often occupies more than one space. Car owners take for granted that they will find a central unoccupied space relatively easily.</p><p>The population growth in urban areas and the rising car ownership creates a greater demand for parking in town centers. In the cities there is increased competition for the more and more of the limited land in central areas. The cost of supplying these central parking lots on the basis today's parking requirements becomes more taxing and the increased car ownership and motoring also leads to more negative externalities like, congestion, emissions and noise.</p><p>Questions that the municipality of Linkoping faces are: How can a more efficient land use be achieved and the alternative use for parking? Who pays the cost for parking? Is there a willingness to pay for parking on the part of the Linkoping citizens? What are the possibilities for the municipality of Linkoping through parking policy and price policy to create a more efficient parking market in central Linkoping?</p><p>To answer these questions studies have been made of three parking facilities and discussions held with officials in the municipality and with the parking company Dukaten. From the information provided, costs and revenues for the facilities have been calculated. The result shows that none of the three facilities covers its own costs, which to a high degree are due to their high opportunity costs and relatively low occupancy rates. The study shows that the larger facility the lower the cost, which implies economics of scale. The marginal cost of the three facilities for Dukaten, up to full capacity, is low. The result also shows that in lieu fees are heavily subsidized. This subsidy is financed by the citizens of Linkoping in general and in particular by the residents in the centre who do not own a car.</p><p>Through parking policy the municipality can control the supply and the location of parking facilities and in this way affect the generalized cost for the car owner. To be able to determine the long run supply Linkoping should have a clear grasp of total utility and total costs of parking. Peaks in the demand can be met in other ways than through new parking facilities, for example increased shared parking and investments in public transport. With a price policy the municipality can achieve a more even occupancy rate and force the car owner to pay for his/her negative externalities, which means that the private marginal cost would equal the social marginal costs and contribute to a more efficient parking market.</p>

En bil står i genomsnitt parkerad 95 procent av dygnets timmar och använder under denna tid oftast flera parkeringar. Det ses som en självklarhet för bilisten att finna en ledig parkering relativt lätt och centralt. Befolkningstillväxten i städerna och det allt större bilinnehavet skapar en ökad efterfråga på central parkering. I städerna råder hög konkurrens om de alltmer begränsade centrala markområdena. Kostnaden för att tillgodose centralt belägna parkeringar utifrån dagens norm blir allt mer kännbar och den ökade bilismen bidrar dessutom till negativa externa effekter såsom trängsel, utsläpp och buller. Frågor som Linköpings kommun funderar på i samband med den nya trafikstrategin är: Hur kan ett effektivare marknyttjande nås samt parkeringens alternativa användning? Vem betalar för parkeringskostnaden? Hur är betalningsviljan hos kommunens invånare? Vilka är Linköpings kommuns möjligheter att med hjälp av parkeringspolitik och prispolitik effektivisera parkeringsmarknaden i Linköpings innerstad?  För att kunna svara på detta har tre befintliga anläggningar använts som studieobjekt. Kontakt har tagits med tjänstemän på kommunen samt med parkeringsbolaget Dukaten. Utifrån den information de bidragit med har kostnader och intäkter för dessa anläggningar beräknats. Beräkningarna visar på att ingen av de tre anläggningarna täcker sina egna kostnader, vilket till stor del beror på de höga alternativkostnaderna och de relativt låga beläggningsgraderna. Det visar sig också att desto större anläggning desto mindre kostnader, vilket tyder på stordriftsfördelar. Marginalkostnaderna för Dukaten, upp till kapacitetstaket, är låga på alla anläggningar. Beräkningar som gjorts på parkeringsköp har visat att dessa är kraftigt subventionerade. En subvention som finansieras av kommunens invånare i allmänhet och i synnerhet de centralt boende utan bil. Genom parkeringspolitik kan kommunen främst styra utbudet och lokalisering av parkering och på så sätt påverka den generaliserade kostnaden för bilisten. För att bestämma det långsiktiga utbudet bör kommunen ha en uppfattning om dess totala nytta och dess totala kostnad. Toppar i efterfrågan kan lösas på andra sätt än genom utbyggnad, som till exempel ett ökat samnyttjande och satsning på kollektivtrafik. Med hjälp av prispolitik kan kommunen uppnå en jämnare beläggning och se till att bilisten står för sina negativa externa effekter, vilket medför att dess privata marginalkostnad blir den samma som den sociala marginalkostnaden och bidrar till en mer samhällsekonomiskt effektiv parkeringsmarknad. / A car is in general parked for 95 percent of the day, and during that period it often occupies more than one space. Car owners take for granted that they will find a central unoccupied space relatively easily. The population growth in urban areas and the rising car ownership creates a greater demand for parking in town centers. In the cities there is increased competition for the more and more of the limited land in central areas. The cost of supplying these central parking lots on the basis today's parking requirements becomes more taxing and the increased car ownership and motoring also leads to more negative externalities like, congestion, emissions and noise. Questions that the municipality of Linkoping faces are: How can a more efficient land use be achieved and the alternative use for parking? Who pays the cost for parking? Is there a willingness to pay for parking on the part of the Linkoping citizens? What are the possibilities for the municipality of Linkoping through parking policy and price policy to create a more efficient parking market in central Linkoping? To answer these questions studies have been made of three parking facilities and discussions held with officials in the municipality and with the parking company Dukaten. From the information provided, costs and revenues for the facilities have been calculated. The result shows that none of the three facilities covers its own costs, which to a high degree are due to their high opportunity costs and relatively low occupancy rates. The study shows that the larger facility the lower the cost, which implies economics of scale. The marginal cost of the three facilities for Dukaten, up to full capacity, is low. The result also shows that in lieu fees are heavily subsidized. This subsidy is financed by the citizens of Linkoping in general and in particular by the residents in the centre who do not own a car. Through parking policy the municipality can control the supply and the location of parking facilities and in this way affect the generalized cost for the car owner. To be able to determine the long run supply Linkoping should have a clear grasp of total utility and total costs of parking. Peaks in the demand can be met in other ways than through new parking facilities, for example increased shared parking and investments in public transport. With a price policy the municipality can achieve a more even occupancy rate and force the car owner to pay for his/her negative externalities, which means that the private marginal cost would equal the social marginal costs and contribute to a more efficient parking market.

This work describe a theoretical model to integrate the parking traffic into the traffic demand modelling. Placed at program VISUM served from the PTV AG Karlsruhe for the traffic system modelling and rating, as well as the EVA demand model developed by LOHSE. / In dieser Arbeit wird ein modelltheoretischer Ansatz beschrieben, der neben dem fließenden Verkehr, auch den ruhenden Verkehr innerhalb der Verkehrsangebots- und Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung berechnet. Dazu dient das von der PTV AG Karlsruhe zur Verfügung gestellte Programm VISUM zur Verkehrsnetzmodellierung und Umlegung, sowie das von LOHSE entwickelte EVA-Modell zur Verkehrserzeugung, -verteilung und -aufteilung als Grundlage.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

This research explores how community leaders could use Corbett’s Spectrum of Environmental Ideologies (2006) to analyze the ideologies of communication campaigns before adopting one into a community. In this research, a mixed age class of elementary students and local artisans created two “parks” in public parking spaces and participated in an arts contest in Nelson, BC. This action research used analytic coding to reflect on participants’ relationship with nature based on their response to: international Park(ing) Day and Transition Nelson. Additionally, participant recommendations for greening Nelson’s downtown core were compared with four models of social change for generating ecocentric solutions. Ecocentric solutions stem from the belief that humans and nature are interdependent. Found to be key were nurturing participants’ nascent ecocentric values and investigating the campaign materials deeply. Additionally building motivation, exploring alternatives, problem-solving, partnerships and improved organizational communication are important elements of social change.

Cette thèse traite de la navigation autonome en environnement encombré pour des véhicules à roues soumis à des contraintes cinématiques de type nonholonome. Les applications de ces travaux sont par exemple l'automatisation de véhicules ou l'assistance au parking. Afin de se déplacer de façon autonome, un robot doit mettre en oeuvre un certain nombre de fonctionnalités : planification d'une trajectoire sans collision, localisation, évitement réactif d'obstacles, suivi de trajectoire, etc. Nous montrons que les spécificités des applications envisagées et des systèmes auxquels nous nous intéressons requièrent des méthodes originales de résolution de ces fonctionnalités, qui tiennent explicitement compte de ces spécificités. Notre contribution porte sur le développement de méthodes permettant de réaliser certaines de ces fonctionnalités et sur l'intégration des différentes fonctionnalités de la navigation au sein d'une architecture générique. Nous présentons tout d'abord une méthode d'évitement réactif d'obstacles qui consiste à déformer en cours d'exécution une trajectoire initiale calculée dans un modèle de l'environnement, de façon à ce qu'elle s'éloigne des obstacles perçus et qu'elle respecte les contraintes cinématiques du système. Puis nous proposons une méthode de parking référencé sur des amers pour systèmes nonholonomes. Le principe est de définir la position de parking désirée relativement à des éléments de l'environnement, et de déformer la trajectoire pour rejoindre cette position. Ensuite nous présentons une architecture générique pour l'intégration des fonctionnalités de localisation, d'évitement d'obstacles et de suivi de trajectoire. Enfin nous illustrons l'ensemble de ces travaux par des résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec plusieurs robots.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaMSC.pdf: 2960475 bytes, checksum: ff925978b7f6c5c27eed0072ef0251db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The recent tendency to utilize parking lots for other purposes has demonstrated that more time has been spent by visitors, mainly in great cities. Therefore, this paper investigates the thermal comfort and the air quality indoors in areas specifically used as parking lots by analyzing the direct relation between such environments and vehicular pollution. The thermal comfort and the quality of air indoors in parking lots with different architectonic typology (ground-floor and underground) are also studied, aiming to contribute to the proposition of suitable new areas designated to human usage. Field research was done, in two distinct periods within different weather conditions (January and July) in, two naturally cooled, parking lots located in Natal - RN. The internal environment agents were measured by using tools for air temperature, humidity, speed and direction; interviews with employees and visitors and chemical analysis through appropriate tools to analyze specific material, carbon monoxide and ozone. The results showed that chemical agents densely concentrate mostly in the closed parking space, aggravated by weather conditions, which dissatisfied the visitors. Still, it was shown that architectonic typology, alongside topographical aspects compromise internal environmental conditions, which increases the retention of pollution, leading to dissatisfactory thermal comfort levels and becoming less suitable for usage by visitors considering air and thermal comfort aspects. Consequently, they are not suitable for human stay due to the poor quality of the indoor air / A atual tend?ncia de utiliza??o dos espa?os destinados a estacionamento veicular para outras finalidades tem resultado num tempo maior de perman?ncia dos usu?rios nestes espa?os, principalmente nas grandes cidades. Por esta raz?o, o presente trabalho investiga a qualidade do ar interior e o conforto t?rmico em ?reas reservadas a estacionamentos, atrav?s da rela??o direta destes ambientes com a polui??o veicular. Para realiza??o deste estudo, optou-se por estacionamentos com tipologias arquitet?nicas diferenciadas, sendo um estacionamento aberto e um estacionamento fechado, ambos ventilados naturalmente, situados em Natal/RN, com o intuito de contribuir para a proposi??o de novos espa?os desta natureza adequados ? perman?ncia humana. Para tal, realizou-se pesquisa de campo nos dois estacionamentos em per?odos distintos (janeiro e julho), espa?o de tempo condizente com os per?odos clim?ticos caracter?sticos (ver?o e inverno, respectivamente) da referida cidade. As condicionantes ambientais internas foram mensuradas atrav?s de instrumentos de medi??es da temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do ar e dire??o dos ventos; as humanas, atrav?s de entrevistas aplicadas com usu?rios dos locais (visitantes e funcion?rios); e as qu?micas, atrav?s de instrumentos de medi??o apropriados para material particulado, mon?xido de carbono e oz?nio. Na an?lise dos resultados, constatou-se que as condicionantes qu?micas atingiram maiores concentra??es no estacionamento fechado. Este quadro foi agravado pelas condi??es clim?ticas do local (maiores temperaturas do ar), resultando num maior registro de usu?rios insatisfeitos. Constatou-se que a tipologia arquitet?nica de estacionamentos fechados, com contribui??o tamb?m de seu aspecto topogr?fico, compromete as condi??es ambientais internas, potencializando a reten??o de poluentes, acarretando espa?os com baixo ?ndice de conforto t?rmico para seus usu?rios, sendo, assim, menos adequados do ponto de vista da qualidade do ar interior e do conforto t?rmico

In the world of increasing car sales and limited count of available parking spaces it is hard to imagine the parking space management issues would fade away anytime near. In a simi-lar way the Business Intelligence holds its position as one of the continuous trends in company IT environment. After the parking space navigation systems started to make its first appearance into the public parking lots, it started to be clear that their outputs could be potentially used to gain new information about the way the drivers behave and how the parking space is being used. That is the reason this thesis covers the field of acquirement of data from the parking space navigation system and its initial analytical use using the BI tools. Following the theoretic introduction of both Business Intelligence and BI project management comes the detailed info about the parking space navigation systems & the parking lot covered in the practical part of this text. These are followed by details of how the data collection procedures and navigation system data processing should be handled to allow building and filling of the data warehouse. On top of this DWH the analytic layer is both designed & implemented, followed by reports providing the information parking space owner requested. As the data warehouse contains a lot of additional data with expected possible use in the analytic processing, ie. using data mining tools, the last part of the thesis covers specifying single research question about the data available, which is later confirmed/denied using statistical analysis.