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A review of navigation systems nowadays shows that new features are required in the automotive field. One such feature is suggesting a parking space within a positioning system. In the new global context of navigation, finding a parkingplace has become a central issue for all drivers. The research question for this study is what happens when you get to the destination or when you don’t need to use a GPS to arrive to your destination? This thesis has two major purposes:(1) to investigate an efficient solution for detecting the parking behavior of a moving car; (2) to implement and integrate an environment-friendly solution for HERE in a way that would give the company a competitive edge. By examining only the latitude and longitude from all the input GPS data received in a navigation system, the author defines the best configuration for a parking detection algorithm. Once the best configuration was found, an implementation was proposed. An extensive series of tests has been carried out on the final implementation. Data for tests was obtained using internal tools from HERE for producing different testing routes as navigation files (.nmea files). Creating the input files manually offers flexibility and gives the opportunity to touch all the unexpected behaviors, knowing the expected result in any case. The results obtained from the analysis of the algorithm are encouraging.It has been shown that the configuration chosen for implementation is cheap and effective in predicting parking behavior. In conclusion, the implementation of the algorithm was successfully integrated with the existing HERE SDK. The new feature will be available for the following three automotive companies: Audi, BMW, and Daimler. The algorithm is designed such that it can be easily extended and improved. Future work might include adding parameters that should be adjustable by the user or client like speed of the car. / En genomgång av nutida navigationssystem visar att nya funktioner krävs för fordonsområdet. En sådan funktion är att föreslå en parkeringsplats inom ett positioneringssystem. I det nya globala sammanhanget för navigering har problemet att hitta en pa parkeringsplats blivit en central fråga för alla förare. Frågeställningen för denna studie är vad som händer när du kommer till destinationen eller när du inte behöver använda en GPS för att komma fram till din destination? Denna avhandling har två huvudsakliga syften: (1) att undersöka en effektiv lösning för detektering av parkeringsbeteende hos en bil som rör sig; (2) att genomföra och integrera en miljövänlig lösning för HERE på ett sätt som skulle ge bolaget en konkurrensfördel. Genom att endast undersöka latitud och longitud från all GPS-indata som mottags i ett navigationssystem definierar författaren den bästa konfigurationen för en parkeringdetekteringsalgoritm. När väl den bästa konfigurationen funnits föreslots ett genomförande. En omfattande serie tester har utförts på det slutliga genomförandet. Data för prov erhölls med hjälp av interna verktygfrån HERE för att producera olika provvägar som navigationsfiler (.nmea filer). Att skapa indatafiler manuellt erbjuder flexibilitet och ger möjlighet att vidröra alla oväntade beteenden, för att veta det förväntade resultatet i vilket fall som helst. De resultat som erhållits från analysen av algoritmen är uppmuntrande. Det har visats att konfigurationen som valts för genomförandet är billig och effektiv i att förutsäga parkeringsbeteende. Sammanfattningsvis har genomförandet av algoritmen framgångsrikt integrerats med den befintliga HERE SDK:n. Den nya funktionen kommer att finnas tillgänglig för följande tre bilföretag: Audi,BMW och Daimler. Algoritmen är utformad så att den lätt kan utvidgas och förbättras. Framtida arbete kan omfatta att lägga till parametrar som bör vara inställningsbara av användaren eller kunden som till exmpel hastigheten på bilen.

Transportsektorn dras med ett antal problem som är proportionerliga mot antalet bilresor. Kommuner som vill begränsa dessa kan utnyttja markanvändningspolitiken, där kommunen ofta har rådighet över parkeringstalen, d.v.s. kraven på antal bilparkeringsplatser som ska anläggas. Forskningen pekar på att sänkta parkeringstal är effektivt för att minska antalet bilresor, men ju mer effektiv sådan policy är, desto mindre acceptabel anses den ofta vara hos allmänheten. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka vilka faktorer som är betydelsefulla för acceptansgraden och om kommuner kan påverka dessa för att öka acceptansen. Detta görs med en enkätstudie (n=245) bland boende i femtio olika flerbostadshus i Huddinge kommun, där samband mellan enkätsvaren och uppgifter om bostadshusets fysiska miljö samt dess parkeringsplanering undersöks med hjälp av multipel regression. Resultatet visar att individers upplevelse av andra medborgares grad av acceptans, individers uppfattning den befintliga trafikproblematiken samt individens preferenser för sitt eget resande är de viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar acceptansgraden. Studien visar vidare att sänkt parkeringstal vid bostaden är korrelerat med lägre acceptans för kommunens parkeringsriktlinjer, och att det därmed är angeläget att hitta sätt att skapa mer av den acceptans som annars riskerar att urholkas när låga parkeringstal tillämpas i allt fler flerbostadshus. De flesta faktorer som kommunen har kontroll över saknar samband med acceptansgraden, men resultatet pekar på att några möjligheter finns inom cykelparkeringsförbättringar och kort gångavstånd till kollektivtrafiken. Vidare skulle kommuner kunna använda sig av placering av parkeringsplatser längre från bostaden i stället för sänkt parkeringstal för att uppnå sina mål, eftersom forskning visar på liknande effekter, samtidigt som denna studie pekar på att avståndet från bostaden inte har något samband med acceptansen. / The transportation sector is affected by multiple issues that are proportional to the number of car trips. Municipalities who wish to mitigate these issues can alter their land use policy, in which it typically has the power to set minimum parking requirements (MPRs) for properties within its boundaries. Previous research shows that lowered MPRs are effective in reducing the number of car trips, but the more effective such policy is, the less acceptable it is typically deemed to be by the public. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to determine which factors affect policy acceptance and how the municipality can influence this. The study is conducted using a self-administered questionnaire (n=245) with participants from fifty different apartment buildings across the Huddinge municipality. Relationships among the questionnaire data, data about the physical environment at the respondent’s house and the land use policy applied during its construction are then examined using multiple regression. The results show that individuals’ perception of acceptance among other citizens, individuals’ perceptions of traffic problems and individuals’ own preferences related to travel behaviour are the most important factors affecting acceptance. Furthermore, the study shows that lower MPRs at the respondent’s residence is correlated with lower acceptance for the municipality’s present parking policy. Therefore, it is important to find ways to engender acceptance, since support for the policy might otherwise be undermined as low MPRs get implemented in a greater share of apartment buildings. Most factors that the municipality can control are not correlated with the degree of acceptance, but the results suggest some possibilities in residential bicycle parking improvements and shorter walking distances to public transport stops. Additionally, the municipality could shift the focus of its land use policy measures toward placement of parking spaces further away from entrances, since previous research show that this may have a similar effect on car trips, and this study shows that it is not correlated with the degree of acceptance.

<p dir="ltr">Airport parking revenues become essential in maintaining daily aeronautical and non-aeronautical operations and financing capital expenditures. There exist significant variations between different airports in terms of their parking revenues, and such variations will not be eliminated when airport parking revenue is standardized by passenger volume. Given the limited empirical research on airport parking revenues, this study examines the variation of airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger using random-effects regression on a five-year panel dataset. Our regression results reveal a significant positive relationship between airport economy parking price and airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger. Additionally, we find a significant positive relationship between household vehicle ownership and airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger. However, the number of offsite parking service providers can lead to a significant negative effect on airport parking revenue per locally originating passenger. Based on these findings, airport operators can implement strategic management initiatives tailored to local market conditions, with the goal of optimizing airport parking revenues and improving passenger welfare.</p>

The main campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) has a current parking inventory of approximately 14,310 parking spaces in 88 surface lots. Of the available parking spaces 92% are designated for the use of Virginia Tech students, faculty and staff members. The share of visitor usage of these parking spaces is approximately 2%. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the current visitor parking system and develop techniques to enhance the parking facility operations. The current visitor parking demand is determined by conducting a field evaluation of the visitor parking in five parking lots. Personal and follow-up interviews were conducted with university visitors to determine their satisfaction levels with the existing parking facilities. While the survey results demonstrated that 52% of visitors rated the parking services to be good or very good, the study also showed that approximately 28% of the visitors did not know the location of the most convenient parking lot to access their destination and almost 6% were not satisfied with the parking services offered by Virginia Tech. Apart from this, about 32% of the visitors had to visit at least 2 parking lots before finding a parking space. These figures clearly demonstrate a need for a better management of the parking lots to serve the visitors in an efficient way. In an attempt to enhance the visitor parking system a web-based interactive framework is proposed. This framework identifies the best possible parking lot(s) for a selected destination considering various factors like - distance of the parking lot to the destination and typical occupancy of the parking lot at specific times of the day and other relevant factors. The web-based interactive system is designed to provide the visitor with two or more choices for the parking in order to arrive at their desired destination. / Master of Science

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The interest in autonomous vehicles has never been higher and there are several components that need to function for a vehicle to be fully autonomous; one of which is the ability to perform a parking at the end of a mission. The objective of this thesis work is to develop and implement an automatic parking system (APS) for a heavy-duty vehicle (HDV). A delimitation in this thesis work is that the parking lot has a known structure and the HDV is a truck without any trailer and access to more computational power and sensors than today's commercial trucks. An automatic system for searching the parking lot has been developed which updates an occupancy grid map (OGM) based on measurements from GPS and LIDAR sensors mounted on the truck. Based on the OGM and the known structure of the parking lot, the state of the parking spots is determined and a path can be computed between the current and desired position. Based on a kinematic model of the HDV, a gain-scheduled linear quadratic (LQ) controller with feedforward action is developed. The controller's objective is to stabilize the lateral error dynamics of the system around a precomputed path. The LQ controller explicitly takes into account that there exist an input delay in the system. Due to minor complications with the precomputed path the LQ controller causes the steering wheel turn too rapidly which makes the backup driver nervous. To limit these rapid changes of the steering wheel a controller based on model predictive control (MPC) is developed with the goal of making the steering wheel behave more human-like. A constraint for maximum allowed changes of the controller output is added to the MPC formulation as well as physical restrictions and the resulting MPC controller is smoother and more human-like, but due to computational limitations the controller turns out less effective than desired. Development and testing of the two controllers are evaluated in three different environments of varying complexity; the simplest simulation environment contains a basic vehicle model and serves as a proof of concept environment, the second simulation environment uses a more realistic vehicle model and finally the controllers are evaluated on a full-scale HDV. Finally, system tests of the APS are performed and the HDV successfully parks with the LQ controller as well as the MPC controller. The concept of a self-parking HDV has been demonstrated even though more tuning and development needs to be done before the proposed APS can be used in a commercial HDV.

The aim of this diploma thesis is reconstruction design of Húskova Street in Brno, which is located in Černovice district. Static traffic, cycling and movement of pedestrians will be solved within reconstruction. The project was processed in four variant solutions. Variant A is emphasised on maximal number of parking space in draft form 45° angled parking driving ahead, variant B takes into account existing condition, the number of parking space and cycling, variant C leaves current status and adjustment consists of marking by horizontal road marking, in variant D is once again effort for maximal number of parking space, but with driving to the place by reversing. Evaluation of variants was done and variant B was chosen for detailed processing