Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:16:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Edna.pdf: 1607839 bytes, checksum: f05af573c70ccbf9969579a455c980a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-04 / This work is a qualitative research with a focus on what kind of perception adolescent mothers have concerning the baby‟s father participation during the whole period: conception, pregnancy, pre-natal care, childbirth and first months after the labor. Support for this work came from BRISA (Brazilian Data Bank of Ribeirão Preto and São Luís Notary‟s Office). Adolescents until 16 years of age were selected, according to their civil status, economic and educational condition and local of residence, most of them living in the outskirts of São Luís, the capital of the State of Maranhão, Northeast of Brazil. The whole work of research began with pre-scheduled interviews right after the authorization of the Ethics and Research Committee of the University Hospital (HU-UFMA). Out of twenty two adolescents only one refused to answer the questions. The interviews as a rule were made in their homes, having this author had the precaution of leaving them at ease to answer questions and free to talk with no restriction. This phase lasted from February to May of 2012. Contacts were made by telephone or by personal appointment in the Hospital Materno-Infantil (Mother and Child Hospital). Semi-structured interview was used, along with field observation. Next, the interview discourses were studied according to the method of thematic analysis. The main result was the complete or almost complete absence of the baby‟s father from the beginning of the pregnancy and sometimes after it, which can be explained by the nearly complete lack of a sound familiar and economic structure from both families. It‟s necessary and urgent that assistance family projects be implanted, including the baby father in the process. / Pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como objetivo analisar a percepção das mães adolescentes acerca da participação paterna durante os períodos pré, peri e pós-natal. A pesquisa partiu do Banco de Dados do Projeto BRISA (Coorte de Nascimento Brasileira de Ribeirão Preto e São Luís) selecionando as adolescentes com até 16 anos de idade, onde se buscou selecionar aquelas com menor e maior faixa etária, com diferente estado civil e bairros diversificados; sendo esta iniciada após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa (CEP) do Hospital Universitário da UFMA (HU-UFMA). Neste sentido, a amostra obedeceu aos critérios da metodologia de saturação em campo, tendo sido contatadas vinte e duas adolescentes, sendo que uma se recusou a participar da pesquisa, perfazendo então, um total de vinte e uma adolescentes. A coleta de dados foi efetuada de fevereiro a maio de 2012, através de primeiro contato realizado no Hospital Materno-Infantil ou via contato telefônico, agendando dia e horário para a realização da busca ativa das adolescentes em seus domicílios. Como instrumento utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada. O tratamento dos dados baseou-se em princípios do método da análise de conteúdo na modalidade de análise temática. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se que a participação paterna ainda é incipiente, onde há toda uma repercussão da estrutura e dinâmica familiar da qual pertencem os pais. Ressalta-se que se faz necessária a implantação de projetos assistenciais voltados também para o pai, onde este possa participar dos períodos em questão de forma mais ativa.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-11-06T17:11:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Laudeci B. Batista.pdf: 1307965 bytes, checksum: 9bb27e13fa5efbdc825d86a5205e63ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T17:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laudeci B. Batista.pdf: 1307965 bytes, checksum: 9bb27e13fa5efbdc825d86a5205e63ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / From the second half of the twentieth century Brazilian society presented socio-cultural, economic and family changes which marked the construction of masculinity and parental care and which culminated in the advent of the new paternity, proposing a masculine attention that gives to man a bigger parental presence in domestic space and implies new meaning in the affective dimension of the father in relation to the child. However, this transformation is not exempted of tensions and it includes to the man traditional attributes added to new convictions. In this sense, the new paternity occurs from the inclusion and amplification of the involvement of the man-father in the context of the labor and childbirth and acquires a new meaning. The objective of this study is to comprehend the meanings that man attributes to his perception in the performance of paternity in the context of labor and childbirth in a public maternity hospital of Brazilian Northeast. This is a study with a qualitative approach that used the triangulation of methods: ethnography and in-depth interview done at the Instituto de Saúde Elpídio de Almeida - ISEA in the city of Campina Grande - PB. The data were collected during the months of April to May 2016, which population was determined by intentionality, with the interviews recorded in digital devices and later transcribed in totality, and the number of interviews defined by the criterion of theoretical saturation. As for the analysis of the empirical data, from the study of content, three analytical categories were constructed: 1- Expressions of paternity; 2. Meaning of being a father; 3 - how it is for this man being in the process of labor and childbirth. This study evidenced as main results the differences and similarities in the ways of being a father and of taking care, depending on the sector unit and the stages of laboring experienced, highlighting the support and shelter focused on women, suggesting a perspective of care attribution mediated by the mother considering the corporality of the fetus and the conjugal relationship. Although the man-father expresses availability for the care and the follow-up of the woman in labor, he did in an inconsistently form and putting himself as a support. As for the meaning of being a father, there were parents who as soon as they perceived themselves still in gestation, others from the childbirth and some related to the value and quality of their conjugal relationship. Being present in the labor and childbirth scenario offered openness to the living of paternity assuring the man to live an unique moment in life through the birth of the child and, on the other hand, made a problem of his presence, since there are still barriers of man himself, professionally and institutionally which separate the father from the birth scene, interfering with the father and child relationship. Thereby, the new paternity in the maternity scenario permits the expressions of the different modalities of being a father and that is why it becomes a relevant theme for the field of collective health. / A partir da segunda metade do século XX a sociedade brasileira apresentou alterações socioculturais, econômicas e familiares que marcaram a construção da masculinidade e o cuidado parental e que culminou no advento da nova paternidade propondo uma atenção masculina que confere ao homem maior presença paterna no espaço doméstico e imprime novo significado na dimensão afetiva do pai em relação ao filho. Porém, essa transformação não é isenta de tensões e agrega ao homem atributos tradicionais somados a novas convicções. Neste sentido, a nova paternidade dar-se a partir da inclusão e ampliação da participação do homem-pai no contexto do parto e nascimento e adquire nova significação. O objetivo desse estudo é compreender os significados que o homem atribui a sua vivência no exercício da paternidade no contexto do parto e nascimento em uma maternidade pública do nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa que utilizou a triangulação de métodos: etnografia e entrevista em profundidade feito no Instituto de Saúde Elpídio de Almeida ¿ ISEA no município de Campina Grande ¿ PB. Os dados foram coletados durante os meses de abril a maio de 2016 cuja população foi determinada por intencionalidade sendo as entrevistas gravadas em aparelho digital e posteriormente transcritas na íntegra e o número de entrevistas definidos por critério de saturação teórica. Quanto à análise dos dados empíricos, a partir da análise de conteúdo, foram construídas três categorias analíticas: 1- Expressões da paternidade; 2- Significado de ser pai; 3 - Como é para este homem está no processo do parto e nascimento. Este estudo evidenciou como principais resultados diferenças e semelhanças nos modos de ser pai e de cuidar, dependendo da unidade setorial e das etapas do trabalho de parto vivenciadas, com destaque para apoio e amparo direcionado à mulher sugerindo uma perspectiva de atribuição de cuidado mediado através da mãe considerando a corporalidade do feto e a relação conjugal. Embora o homem-pai expresse disponibilidade para o cuidado e para o acompanhamento da mulher em trabalho de parto, ele o fez de modo inconsistente e posicionando-se como coadjuvante. Quanto ao significado de ser pai, houveram pais que assim perceberam-se ainda na gestação, outros a partir do nascimento e alguns relacionaram ao valor e qualidade da sua relação conjugal. Estar presente no cenário do parto e nascimento, por um lado, ofereceu abertura para vivência da paternidade garantindo ao homem viver um momento único na vida através do nascimento do filho e, por outro, problematizou a sua presença, haja vista ainda existirem barreiras do próprio homem, profissionais e institucionais que afastaram o pai da cena do parto interferindo na relação pai-filho. Deste modo, a nova paternidade no cenário da maternidade permite as expressões das modalidades diversas de ser pai e por isso torna-se uma temática relevante para o campo da saúde coletiva.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as formas de relacionamento de adolescentes e jovens de famílias recompostas de camadas populares, filhos de união anterior da mãe, com quem moravam e que se encontrava em nova união, consensual ou formalizada. Procurou-se descrever e analisar as relações vividas pelos sujeitos com a mãe, com seu parceiro, com parentes de ambos, com o pai biológico, com parentes paternos, com irmãos consangüíneos, uterinos e agnáticos, e também com filhos de uniões da madrasta e do padrasto, seus quase-irmãos. Cabe destacar que os relacionamentos com esses diversos parentes não se restringem ao espaço da moradia. Como conseqüência dessa multiplicidade de novos vínculos, muitos deles sem termo específico para definir o parentesco, objetivou-se pesquisar os estatutos atribuídos aos diferentes integrantes dessas famílias. Além disso, investigou-se como ocorreu a prática socializatória dos sujeitos, incluindo as diversas pessoas que participaram mais ativamente desse processo. Para essa pesquisa, foram entrevistados 11 adolescentes e jovens de ambos os sexos, entre 14 e 20 anos, de dez famílias recompostas. A partir das transcrições das entrevistas, foi efetuada análise qualitativa dos dados, tendo como referência trabalhos nas áreas da Antropologia e da Psicologia. A análise objetivou apreender situações em comum, bem como diferenças entre elas, vividas pelos sujeitos em suas famílias, a fim de se descrever o conjunto de seus relacionamentos de forma mais integrada. Os dados foram contrapostos à literatura da área, a fim de levantar semelhanças e divergências com ela, e foram interpretados à luz dessas ferramentas teóricas. A análise dos relatos dos sujeitos aponta a centralidade da mãe nos arranjos familiares, indicando maior proximidade com ela. Devido a essa centralidade, os parentes maternos são os mais presentes no cotidiano dos sujeitos, em detrimento dos parentes paternos e do padrasto. Como esse não tem parentesco consangüíneo com os enteados, é considerado por eles como parente menos importante. Mesmo assim, a relação que o padrasto tem com a mãe dos enteados e o convívio cotidiano com eles tende a fazer com que, em alguns casos, ele seja visto \"como um pai\", especialmente quando participou da socialização dos sujeitos durante sua infância. Por sua vez, a relação dos sujeitos com vários tipos de irmãos apresenta um estatuto mais estável e claro. Quando meio e quase-irmãos moram na mesma casa e convivem por períodos relativamente longos, tendem a ser classificados como irmãos, da mesma forma que seus irmãos biológicos. Do conjunto da análise dos dados pode-se constatar a imensa complexidade dos relacionamentos nas famílias recompostas, a tensão entre parentesco consangüíneo e aquele socialmente criado e a extensão de formas de relações geradas pelas diferentes uniões de pais e padrastos e que se espraiam para além da unidade doméstica, constituindo verdadeiras constelações familiares. / This study aimed at analyzing the forms of relationship established by teenagers and youngsters in stepfamilies with their several relatives. The subjects have been born into a previous union of their mother and were presently living with her and her new partner, either formally married or not. Hence, it was attempted to describe the relationships these subjects experienced with the mother, her present partner, and relatives of both of them; with the biological father and his relatives; with their siblings, half-siblings and stepsiblings, either children of their stepfather or stepmother. Once these relationships were not restricted to the household space, they involved a wide range of relatives, many of them without a term to define the kin ties. In order to keep track of this multiple new bounds, the identities and roles conferred to these diverse characters were also investigated. Lastly, the socialization practices of the subjects were also analyzed, also related to the people that took part in this process. For this research, 11 teenagers and youngsters of both sexes, at the age band between 14 and 20 years old, of 10 stepfamilies of low-income classes of Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, were interviewed. The transcripts of these interviews were analyzed through the standpoint of Anthropology and Psychology. The analysis aimed at apprehending recurring themes in their speeches, as well as particularities in the subjects\' experiences of relationships with relatives. These data were compared with the literature on the issue, in order to trace similarities and divergences, and were also interpreted through these theoretical tools. The analysis on the subjects\' reports pointed towards the centrality of the mother in the family life and indicated that they presented greater intimacy with her. Due to this centrality, the maternal relatives were also more present in the everyday life of the subjects, if compared to the paternal or the stepfather\'s ones. Because the latter does not bear blood ties with his stepchildren, he is prone to be considered a less important relative by them. However, despite this evaluation, due to the relation the stepfather had with the subjects\' mother and to their everyday living together, he may eventually be considered to be \"just like a father\", especially if he has participated in the socialization of the subjects. Related to their several siblings (blood, half and step ones), the subjects tended to confer a more steady and clear role to them. When half and stepsiblings lived in the same house for relatively long periods of time, they tended to consider each other as brothers and sisters, the same way as among blood siblings. From the set of the data analysis, it was possible to perceive the great complexity of relationships among stepfamilies, the tension between blood kinship and the socially established one, and the extension of family relations beyond the household limits due to the different unions established by parents and stepparents, which end up constituting the so-called family constellations.

Le sanglier (Sus scrofa scrofa) est une espèce à part entière. C'est une espèce de gibier particulièrement appréciée des chasseurs, un cauchemar pour les agriculteurs et un sujet de débat pour la société en général. La multiplication par dix des populations au cours des dernières décennies en France et dans toute l'Europe, malgré une pression de chasse accrue, a engendré de nombreux conflits entre les humains et la faune sauvage. Le sanglier est responsable de grandes pertes économiques dues aux collisions avec les véhicules, à la transmission de maladies et de dommages aux cultures et écosystèmes. L'amélioration des stratégies de gestion devient un intérêt majeur pour éviter, ou contrôler, de tels conflits. La récolte d'informations sur l'espèce problématique est un premier pas vers de bonnes stratégies de gestion. L'objectif de mon travail est, dans un premier temps, de caractériser le système d’appariement du sanglier et d'identifier certains paramètres influençant les processus de reproduction, notamment la chasse. Dans un deuxième temps, mon travail se concentre sur l'étude de l'influence du système d’appariement sur les traits d'histoire de vie du sanglier. Mes recherches sont basées sur l'étude de plusieurs populations contrastées dans leurs pratiques de chasse et sur des données longitudinales d'une population intensivement suivie. L'étude est basée sur des données recueillies sur des sangliers tués à la chasse. Les génotypes ont été obtenus pour les femelles gestantes et leur portée et des analyses de paternité ont été réalisées pour mesurer le nombre de pères dans une portée et estimer les taux de paternité multiples (proportion de portées engendrées par plus d'un père). J'ai été en mesure de montrer que le système d’appariement est principalement de promiscuite (plusieurs mâles s'accouplent avec plusieurs femelles) contrastant avec la polygynie (un mâle dominant monopolisant un groupe de femelles) habituellement décrite chez cette espèce. De plus, les processus de reproduction, estimés par le nombre de partenaires d'une femelle et les taux de paternité multiples, sont influencés par les variations de chasse dans une population. J'ai aussi montré que le nombre de pères avait un effet positif sur la fécondité des femelles. Des taux élevés de paternité multiple et une grande diversité génétique ont été constatés ensemble dans une population fortement chassée, ce qui suggère que la paternité multiple peut tamponner les goulots d'étranglement annuels. Cependant, l'augmentation du nombre de père n'est pas associée à une augmentation de la variation intraportée / The wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) is a peculiar species. It is an appreciated game species for hunters, a nightmare for farmers and a subject of debate for the society in general. The tenfold increase of the population over the last decades in France and all over Europe, despite increased hunting pressure, generated great human-wildlife conflict. The wild boar is responsible for great economic losses due to vehicle collision, diseases transmission and damaged crops and ecosystems. Improving management strategies becomes a prime interest to avoid such conflicts, or at least keep them under control. Obtaining information on the species is a first step toward good management strategies. The objective of my work is, in a first part, to characterize the mating system of the wild boar and to identify some parameters, especially hunting, influencing the reproductive processes. The second part focus on the investigation of the influence of the mating system on wild boar life history traits. My researches are based on the study of several populations contrasting in their hunting practices and on longitudinal data of a highly monitored population. The study is based on data collected on wild boars killed by hunting. Genotypes were obtained for pregnant females and their litter and paternity analyses were realized to measure the number of fathers in a litter and estimate multiple paternity rates (proportion of litter sired by more than one father). I was able to show that the mating system is mainly promiscuous (several males mate with several females) contrasting with the polygyny (a dominant male monopolizing a group of females) usually described in this species. Moreover, reproductive processes, estimated by the number of mates of a female and the multiple paternity rates, are influenced by hunting variations in a population. I also showed that number of fathers has positive effect on female fecundity. High rates of multiple paternity together with high genetic diversity were found in a heavily hunted population, suggesting multiple paternity may buffer yearly bottlenecks. However, the increase of number of fathers is not associated with increase of within-litter variation

Sex ratio theory suggests that the strength of intersexual selection will increase as a population more male-biased; reflecting increased selectivity in mate choice. Populations of pond turtle have varying adult sex ratios, in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), reported sex ratios range from female biased (1:3) to male biased (3:1). I investigated the effect of sex ratio on male reproductive success (quantified as “fertilization success”) in painted turtles. I examined the mating system of painted turtles in a female-biased population using microsatellite paternity analysis, relating variation in male fertilization success to male phenotype and offspring survival, employed ex situ behavioural observation to clarify the mechanism behind the variation in male fertilization success and used agent-based modeling to simulate the effects of changing sex ratio, population density and proportions of male phenotype on male fertilization success. Small males contributed sperm to a greater number of clutches than did larger males, but were not more likely to reproduce in a season than larger males. There was no offspring fitness advantage related to male body size and no relationship between male claw length and fertilization success. Large male painted turtles courted at a higher frequency than small males. I found no relationship between male courtship behavior and claw length. Females showed no preference for males of any phenotype. Agent-based simulations were based on the distribution of best fit from the observed data; an amalgam of two Poisson distributions, each with its own probability of success and proportional representation in the final distribution. Increased female sex ratio bias, increased population density and increased proportions of “more successful” males all increased the mean and variance of male fertilization success, based on increased encounter rate among turtles. Small and large male painted turtles enjoy different fertilization success. It is uncertain whether this difference is based on active female choice, cryptic female choice, sperm competition or a combination of factors. Sex ratio simulations predict the opposite result as that predicted by sex ratio theory. These contrary results should be compared to simulations manipulating choosiness and field data from painted turtle populations to clarify mechanisms influencing male reproductive success.

No description available.

The olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most ancient fruit trees and has been cultivated for its oil in the Mediterranean area for thousands of years. Today, the consumption of olive oil and table olives is increasing both in traditional producing countries and the entire world. Most olive cultivars are self-incompatible and do not produce a commercial yield after self pollination. In this thesis, inflorescence architecture and sexual compatibility relationships of some olive cultivars, and gene expression in olive pistils during flowering were studied. To study the inflorescence architecture of olive, 45 inflorescences in each of the cultivars Manzanillo, Mission, and Frantoio were checked every morning from flower opening to petal fall. The flower position on the inflorescence had a highly significant effect on the opening day in all cultivars. Terminal flowers and the flowers located on the primary branches opened earlier than flowers located on the secondary branches. Flower position also had a highly significant effect on gender in Manzanillo and Mission. In Manzanillo, the secondary branches had fewer perfect flowers than the primary branches. In Mission, the secondary branches had no perfect flowers at all. In Manzanillo, perfect flowers had significantly longer petal persistence than staminate flowers. To study flower competition within the inflorescence, the distal halves, on which the flowers tend to be perfect, of 120 inflorescences in three trees of Manzanillo were removed about one month before full bloom. This resulted in a highly significant increase in the percentage of perfect flowers on the proximal halves. The effects of shoot orientation and inflorescence location on inflorescence characteristics in the cultivars Frantoio, Kalamata, and Koroneiki were also studied. For each cultivar, inflorescence characteristics in three sections of shoots (top, middle, and base) and four sides of the three selected trees (north, south, east, and west) were recorded. The statistical analysis showed that basal inflorescences were shorter and with fewer flowers but with the same percentage of perfect flowers. Shoot orientation did not have any influence on these characteristics in any of the cultivars. Sexual compatibility was assessed using two methods. In the first method, controlled crossings were performed in the cultivars Frantoio, Koroneiki, and Kalamata. The pistils were harvested one week after hand pollination and stained with 0.1% aniline blue. The styles and ovules were separated, mounted in 80% glycerol, and observed under a fluorescence microscope. In Frantoio and Koroneiki, the number of ovules penetrated by a pollen tube was used to estimate the level of sexual compatibility. In Kalamata, the numbers of ovules penetrated by pollen tubes were not significantly different between treatments; therefore, the number of pollen tubes in the lower style was used. All the cultivars studied were self- incompatible. Frantoio (as a host) was incompatible with Koroneiki and Barnea but partially compatible with Mission. Koroneiki (as a host) was incompatible with Barnea but partially compatible with Frantoio and Mission. Kalamata (as a host) was compatible with Barnea, incompatible with Mission and Koroneiki in 2004, but partially compatible with them in 2005. In the second method, eight microsatellite markers were used for genotyping three Kalamata mother trees, 40 embryos per mother tree, and all the potential pollen donors. Genotyping data were analysed using FaMoz software, and the number of embryos assigned to each putative pollen donor was determined. Paternity analysis showed that Kalamata (as a host) was self-incompatible, compatible with Barnea, Benito, and Katsourela, but incompatible with Arbequina, Azapa, and Picual. To study the gene expression in olive pistils during flowering, a genomic approach was initiated using cDNA subtractive array analysis. Total RNA was isolated from olive pistils at two developmental stages, where self-incompatibility (SI) genes are expected to be differentially expressed: 1) small green flower buds (expression of SI genes not expected) and 2) large white flower buds containing receptive pistils just prior to opening (expression of SI genes expected). From each stage, cDNA libraries were prepared and put through forward and reverse subtractive hybridisations to enrich for differentially expressed cDNAs in stage 2. Macroarrays were prepared by printing 2304 differentially expressed cDNAs onto nylon membranes and hybridised with forwardand reverse-subtracted probes. The analysis identified 90 up-regulated cDNA clones highly expressed in receptive pistils. Further subtracted and unsubtracted hybridisations confirmed up-regulation of the majority of these cDNAs. Gene expression profiles across different tissues showed that most of the genes were pistil-specific. The expression pattern of the genes showed high similarity in Kalamata, Frantoio, Barnea, and Pendolino. All the screened genes were sequenced and their similarities were searched in the NCBI database. The most redundant and interesting up-regulated clones were those similar to a receptor protein kinase-like protein. Some versions of this protein play a role in the sporophytic SI system of Brassica and the gametophytic SI system of Papaver and rye. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1325369 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

The olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most ancient fruit trees and has been cultivated for its oil in the Mediterranean area for thousands of years. Today, the consumption of olive oil and table olives is increasing both in traditional producing countries and the entire world. Most olive cultivars are self-incompatible and do not produce a commercial yield after self pollination. In this thesis, inflorescence architecture and sexual compatibility relationships of some olive cultivars, and gene expression in olive pistils during flowering were studied. To study the inflorescence architecture of olive, 45 inflorescences in each of the cultivars Manzanillo, Mission, and Frantoio were checked every morning from flower opening to petal fall. The flower position on the inflorescence had a highly significant effect on the opening day in all cultivars. Terminal flowers and the flowers located on the primary branches opened earlier than flowers located on the secondary branches. Flower position also had a highly significant effect on gender in Manzanillo and Mission. In Manzanillo, the secondary branches had fewer perfect flowers than the primary branches. In Mission, the secondary branches had no perfect flowers at all. In Manzanillo, perfect flowers had significantly longer petal persistence than staminate flowers. To study flower competition within the inflorescence, the distal halves, on which the flowers tend to be perfect, of 120 inflorescences in three trees of Manzanillo were removed about one month before full bloom. This resulted in a highly significant increase in the percentage of perfect flowers on the proximal halves. The effects of shoot orientation and inflorescence location on inflorescence characteristics in the cultivars Frantoio, Kalamata, and Koroneiki were also studied. For each cultivar, inflorescence characteristics in three sections of shoots (top, middle, and base) and four sides of the three selected trees (north, south, east, and west) were recorded. The statistical analysis showed that basal inflorescences were shorter and with fewer flowers but with the same percentage of perfect flowers. Shoot orientation did not have any influence on these characteristics in any of the cultivars. Sexual compatibility was assessed using two methods. In the first method, controlled crossings were performed in the cultivars Frantoio, Koroneiki, and Kalamata. The pistils were harvested one week after hand pollination and stained with 0.1% aniline blue. The styles and ovules were separated, mounted in 80% glycerol, and observed under a fluorescence microscope. In Frantoio and Koroneiki, the number of ovules penetrated by a pollen tube was used to estimate the level of sexual compatibility. In Kalamata, the numbers of ovules penetrated by pollen tubes were not significantly different between treatments; therefore, the number of pollen tubes in the lower style was used. All the cultivars studied were self- incompatible. Frantoio (as a host) was incompatible with Koroneiki and Barnea but partially compatible with Mission. Koroneiki (as a host) was incompatible with Barnea but partially compatible with Frantoio and Mission. Kalamata (as a host) was compatible with Barnea, incompatible with Mission and Koroneiki in 2004, but partially compatible with them in 2005. In the second method, eight microsatellite markers were used for genotyping three Kalamata mother trees, 40 embryos per mother tree, and all the potential pollen donors. Genotyping data were analysed using FaMoz software, and the number of embryos assigned to each putative pollen donor was determined. Paternity analysis showed that Kalamata (as a host) was self-incompatible, compatible with Barnea, Benito, and Katsourela, but incompatible with Arbequina, Azapa, and Picual. To study the gene expression in olive pistils during flowering, a genomic approach was initiated using cDNA subtractive array analysis. Total RNA was isolated from olive pistils at two developmental stages, where self-incompatibility (SI) genes are expected to be differentially expressed: 1) small green flower buds (expression of SI genes not expected) and 2) large white flower buds containing receptive pistils just prior to opening (expression of SI genes expected). From each stage, cDNA libraries were prepared and put through forward and reverse subtractive hybridisations to enrich for differentially expressed cDNAs in stage 2. Macroarrays were prepared by printing 2304 differentially expressed cDNAs onto nylon membranes and hybridised with forwardand reverse-subtracted probes. The analysis identified 90 up-regulated cDNA clones highly expressed in receptive pistils. Further subtracted and unsubtracted hybridisations confirmed up-regulation of the majority of these cDNAs. Gene expression profiles across different tissues showed that most of the genes were pistil-specific. The expression pattern of the genes showed high similarity in Kalamata, Frantoio, Barnea, and Pendolino. All the screened genes were sequenced and their similarities were searched in the NCBI database. The most redundant and interesting up-regulated clones were those similar to a receptor protein kinase-like protein. Some versions of this protein play a role in the sporophytic SI system of Brassica and the gametophytic SI system of Papaver and rye. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1325369 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Several are the transformations that the family has going through, situations that also implied in changes in the performance of parental roles. Whereas motherhood has many of its assumptions well naturalized, the paternity, supposedly, was the one what has most changed into the familiar scenery. In this context, the research from which originates the present dissertation had as the main goal to understand the meanings attributed to paternity by women heads of household in urban periphery. For this, an exploratory qualitative study was performed in a group of ten women, mothers, who constituted a monoparental family and that lived in an urban periphery from a countryside city located in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The number of participants followed the definition of the saturation criterion. The data collection instruments used were the semi-structured interviews and the focus group, with the data obtained processed by the analysis of thematic content. The results of this research are presented and discussed in three articles that compose this dissertation. Thus, the results of the first article pointed out to the existence of traditional and contemporary conceptions regarding to the structure of the family, as well as the role that the father has within the family. The second article, on the other hand, referred to a discussion about the importance of the pregnancy being part of project shared by the couple, especially by highlighting that many relationships end, even before the birth of the child, a situation which contributes to the difficulty of many fathers in establish their affective position toward these children. The results of the third article showed the existence of a number of crossings situations that pervade the coparental relationship after the couple's separation. Furthermore, it was noticed that the participant´s understanding regarding to the parental roles seem to have been permeated by the belief that the mother is naturally better prepared to take care of the children, while the father was delegated to a peripheral function. The issue which appeared with more emphasis in this study was the coexistence of traditional and modern meanings regarding to the paternity. While the mothers reported that the father is the "foundation" of the house, the head of the family, many of them asserted their wish of a more attentive and affective former partner with their children, showing signs of what is called "contemporary father", in the speech of women heads of households in urban periphery. / Diversas são as transformações pelas quais a família tem passado, o que tem implicado também em mudanças no desempenho dos papéis parentais. Considerando que a maternidade mantém muitos de seus pressupostos naturalizados, pode-se pensar que a paternidade é a que mais tem se modificado no cenário familiar. Partindo deste pressuposto, a pesquisa da qual se origina a presente dissertação teve como objetivo geral compreender os significados atribuídos à paternidade por mulheres chefes de família de periferia urbana. Com este intuito, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo de caráter exploratório com dez mulheres, mães, que compunham uma família monoparental e que residiam em uma periferia urbana do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. O número de participantes respeitou a definição do critério de saturação. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram a entrevista semiestruturada e o grupo focal, tendo sido os dados analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados da presente pesquisa são apresentados e discutidos nos três artigos que compõe esta dissertação. Os resultados do primeiro artigo apontaram para a existência de concepções tradicionais e contemporâneas no que tange à configuração familiar e ao papel que o pai possui dentro da família. O segundo artigo, por sua vez, remeteu a uma reflexão a respeito da importância da gestação fazer parte de um projeto compartilhado pelo casal, em especial por se evidenciar que muitos relacionamentos terminam antes mesmo do nascimento da criança, o que acaba contribuindo para que muitos pais tenham dificuldades em se posicionar afetivamente frente a estes filhos. Os resultados do terceiro artigo apontaram para a existência de uma série de atravessamentos que perpassam o relacionamento coparental após a separação do casal. Ademais, foi possível perceber que o entendimento das participantes a respeito dos papéis parentais parecem terem sido permeados pela crença de que a mãe é naturalmente a mais bem preparada para cuidar dos filhos enquanto ao pai foi delegada uma função periférica. A questão que apareceu com mais ênfase neste estudo foi a coexistência de significados tradicionais e modernos no que diz respeito à paternidade. Ao mesmo tempo em que as mães referiram que o pai é o alicerce da casa, o chefe da família, muitas delas asseveraram seu desejo de que o ex-companheiro fosse mais atencioso e afetivo com os filhos, evidenciando indícios do que se denomina de pai contemporâneo no discurso de mulheres chefes de família de periferia urbana.

A maioria dos estudos sobre pais discute o desinteresse dos homens, em termos afetivos, pelos afazeres de seu filho. Porém, muito se tem falado sobre a construção de um novo papel de pai, embasado em novas perspectivas de gênero. Surge um pai sensível aos seus filhos e aberto ao diálogo. E o pai com formação militar e sua família não estão isentos dessas modificações sócio-culturais. Enquanto Oficial do Exército lidará com hierarquia e disciplina e, enquanto pai irá transmitir delegações, nos projetos pessoais e profissionais dos filhos. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar a influência exercida pelo pai, Oficial do Exército, na decisão do filho homem para seguir carreira militar. Para isso, entrevistamos 20 (vinte) cadetes filhos e netos de militares do Exército e que estão cursando a AMAN. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semidirigida realizada com os participantes individualmente. Elas foram transcritas e analisadas com base na técnica de Análise de Conteúdo (MINAYO, 2004), tendo sido identificados 12 (doze) núcleos de sentido. Esses núcleos foram categorias que se destacaram pela freqüência com que os cadetes as verbalizaram, apresentados em consonância com os objetivos específicos da pesquisa, que foram: investigar, na perspectiva do filho militar, as motivações e os sentimentos acerca da carreira militar, assim como, identificar os fatores facilitadores e críticos de sua carreira profissional e analisar as expectativas dele a respeito do futuro do próprio filho. Conclui-se, através dos cadetes entrevistados, o quanto é poderosa a influência do pai nas decisões dos projetos pessoais e profissionais do filho que escolhe ser oficial combatente do Exército. Observou-se o quanto a imagem do pai, homem militar é cultuada e legitimada como objeto a ser perpetuado nas gerações. O menino desde pequeno compreende a identidade masculina como símbolo de força e destemor, representada, inclusive, pela rusticidade da vida militar e o uniforme. Embora saibamos que não podemos generalizar os dados coletados, uma vez que se trata de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, podemos afirmar que esse pai direciona sistematicamente o cotidiano do filho, existindo uma espécie de mito inserido nestas famílias em torno do ser militar, estabelecendo que a meta familiar deverá manter, em pelo menos um dos filhos do sexo masculino um oficial combatente do Exército em cada geração. Observou-se também o modo de interação / expulsão estabelecido na família. Para que a delegação seja cumprida, e assim manter o compromisso de se ter um filho oficial do Exército, é necessário o afastamento, a saída do filho de casa para dedicação exclusiva as atividades militares através do sistema de internato na Academia. Parece - nos existir entre a família e o filho uma espécie de pacto que ora expulsa o filho e ao mesmo tempo rege o modo de vida deste. Esperamos que esse trabalho possa contribuir para a Psicologia Militar e outros estudos, uma vez que quase não há pesquisas voltadas para esse tema / Most studies about parents discuss the lack of interest by fathers, in emotional way, in their sons duties. However, these studies have shown trends towards the construction of a fathers new role based on new gender perspectives. It raises a sensible father, and opened to dialogue. The military father and his family are not isolated from these social cultural modifications. As an Army Officer he will deal with hierarchy and discipline, as father, he will transmit delegations about personal and professional projects to their sons. The main focus of this research is to analyze the Army officer; fathers influence on his sons decision whether or not to follow the military career. This way 20 (twenty) cadets sons and grandsons of Army militaries form, that are studying at AMAN, were interviewed. The data were then transcribed and analyzed according to the technique to analyze content (MINAYO, 2004) where 12 (twelve) core of meaning was identified. These cores were categories that were spoted by the frequency that the cadets talked about, showed in accordance with the specific aims of the search, that were: to investigate, from militarys sons view, the motivations and the feeling about the military career, as well, to identify easier and worst critical factors in this career and to analyze his expectations about his own sons future. So, we conclude through the cadets interviews, how much powerful is the fathers influence on the sons, decisions about personal and professional projects and choose to be an Army combatent officer. The frequency and the intensity of this image, of the father, military man is cultivated and legitimated as an object to be passed by through generation by generation was observed. Since a little boy, he understood the maybe identity as force and courage, represented, as well as, by rusticity of the male life and the uniform. Al though we know that we cant generalize the collected data, once its a research of qualitative nature, we can any that this father systematically drives his sons routine, creating ouch a kind of mith these families around the to be a military establishing that the familiar goal ought to be to keep, at least, one of the sons as an Armys combatent officer in each generation. In order to have the delegation fulfilled and so to keep the commitment of to have Army officer sons its necessary to be moved away, the sons move out from home to exclusive dedication to the militaries activities through the boarding school system in the Academy. It seems that should be, between family and son of agreement that once expulses the son and in the same time regency his way of life. Sons expect that this essay could contribute to the Military Psychology and other studies once there are few researches about this subjected, in Brazil