This thesis deals with the current functions and roles of fathers in the family. It focuses on identifying the importance of fathers for child development and education. Pursues opportunities can contribute to the family and the participation rate of fathers in child care. It also deals with the phenomenon of new fathers and fathers on parental leave. The aim of this work is to comprehensively capture aspects of the paternal role in relation to the child from his early age and to map the role of fathers in the family while the child is of preschool age.

Determination of Parenthood The topic of my thesis is Determination of parenthood. The reason why I chose this topic is because it combines legal, historical, social and ethical aspects. Goal of my thesis is to analyse legal institute and raise awareness about its problems. The thesis is concerned with determination of maternity, determination of paternity and denying of paternity. Diploma thesis is divided into five chapters. First chapter is Introduction, in which I determine the extent of the thesis. Second chapter deals with historical development of legal regulation of determination of parenthood. This chapter comprises of three subchapters. First is concerned with determination of parenthood in ancient Rome. Second explains determination of parenthood in ABGB. Third explains the Czech legal regulation between 1948 and 2014. Third chapter is about contemporary legal regulation. Chapter is divided in three subchapters. First deals with determination of maternity. Second deals with determination of paternity. Third deals with denying of paternity. Fourth chapter reports on decisions of European Court of Human Rights. It outlines concrete cases a tries to summarise, how the court decides in question of determination of parenthood. Last chapter summarises the whole thesis with conclusion that...

Establishing parentage The subject of this master thesis is the issue of establishing parentage. The thesis targets areas of establishing parenthood, issues of three legal presumptions and last but not least, parenthood denial. The question of establishing maternity is examined mainly from perspectives including surrogate maternity, assisted reproduction method and secret and anonymous delivery. All matters are reviewed based on the valid amendment to Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code that has come into effect on 1.1.2014. The goal of the thesis is it to introduce, describe and analyze the new amendment to the Family Act. Further, it aims to compare individual institutions with respect to changes made to the Family Act in the past and those made as a part of the new amendment. The thesis consists of eight key chapters. The initial chapter targets relationships among parents and their children, protection of children's legal rights as well as a child's right to know its biological origin. Following, the second and the third chapters concentrate in depth on legislation of the paternity establishment per se. While the second chapter covers the historical development of the legislation from the ancient Rome era until present, the latter chapter intends to introduce the legislation from domestic,...

Determination of Parenthood Determination of parenthood is very actual topic due to the constant changes of the traditional understanding of the family and family relationships. It is primarily the development of modern medical science, biology or genetics that has brought new concepts into the issue of determination of parenthood. For example surrogacy, assisted reproduction or baby boxes. The legislation must responds to these changes in order to stabilized family relationships and to ensure their protection. The aim of this thesis is to describe and to analyze Czech legal regulation of determination of parenthood and to compare it with not only European but also global legislation. The analyse of valid legal regulation highlights questionable passages that may cause difficulties in its interpretation or practical application. The thesis is composed of nine chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of determination of parenthood. Opening chapter introduces the historical development of relationships between parents and children in Roman and European law. It focuses on legal standards applicable in our country during the period of time from the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic to the present times. Chapter Three is devoted to determination of maternity. It focuses on concealed birth,...

L’hybridation est un processus aux conséquences diverses sur l’évolution des espèces qui est difficile à étudier lorsque les espèces se distinguent mal au niveau morphologique. Afin de comprendre le rôle de l'hybridation dans l’évolution du complexe d’espèces des chênes blancs européen, nous avons utilisé des outils de la génétique des populations pour quantifier les flux de gènes interspécifiques contemporains et étudier le système de reproduction de quatre espèces. Un protocole d'analyse génétique rapide a été développé et des méthodes d’assignations génétiques, permettant de déterminer l’espèce de chaque arbre et d’identifier les hybrides, ont été testées par simulations. Cette méthode a été appliquée en populations naturelles révélant un pourcentage d'hybrides variant de 10 à 30% en fonction des populations et impliquant tous les couples d'espèces. Nous avons montré que les effectifs des espèces dans les parcelles influencent la dynamique d'hybridation et la directionalité de l'introgression. Nous avons étudié le système de reproduction de ces espèces en croisements contrôlées et en forêt pour expliquer le maintien des espèces malgré la présence de flux de gènes interspécifiques. L'existence de plusieurs barrières reproductives contribue à un isolement partiel des espèces qui dépend principalement de barrières pré-reproductives et prézygotiques. Une analyse de paternité pratiquée sur des descendances récoltées en forêt montre que l'hybridation de première génération est rare mais que ces hybrides F1 sont fertiles et se reproduisent principalement avec l'une des espèces parentales, produisant de nombreux rétrocroisements qui expliquent le fort pourcentage d'hybrides observé dans les populations naturelles étudiées. L'hybridation et l'introgression sont donc des processus à l'œuvre chez les chênes qui contribuent à l'évolution du complexe d'espèces. / Hybridisation is a complex process with diverse consequences on species evolution. Hybridisation is difficult to study when species are not clearly morphologically distinguished. Our aim was to study the role of hybridisation in the evolution of the European white oak species complex. We used population genetic tools to quantify contemporary interspecific gene flow and to study the mating system of four oak species. A fast genetic analysis protocol was developed and genetic assignment methods were first tested by simulation and then used to determine the species of each tree and to identify hybrids. These methods revealed that hybrid percentages were between 10 to 30% depending on the natural population studied and that all species pairs were involved. We showed that the census number of species in the stands had an influence on hybridisation dynamics and on introgression direction. We studied the mating system of these species in controlled crosses and in the forest to understand the maintenance of species despite interspecific gene flow. Several reproductive barriers contribute to a partial isolation of species, mostly pre-reproductive and prezygotic. A paternity analysis of maternal progenies sampled in the forest showed that first generation hybridisation was rare but that F1 hybrids were fertile and were mating mostly with one of the two parental species, creating numerous backcrosses that explain the high percentages of hybrids observed in the natural populations studied. Hybridisation and introgression are active processes in oaks and contribute to the evolution of the species complex.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa de Maria Outtone Holanda.pdf: 1459550 bytes, checksum: 938a50be5adc50231a09f5c77a6cc87f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-02 / The present work analyzes the procedural aspects in actions relâted to filiation, in special those in which the objective is its establishment and opposition, conceming the reality of the filiation rights, introduced by the Brazilian Constitution and Civil Code in force nowadays. Apart from legislative changes, that reflected the social modifications revealing a new concept of family, the evolution of medicine, allowing the discovery of biological descendants by the ADN analyzes and artificial procreation revealed the need to be revisited the procedural aspects of such actions in arder to promote a systematization of the subject. Initially, it is presented the historical and legislative evolution of the Brazilian rights offiliation, as well as the ways of voluntary recognition ofnone-marital children and their main features. Just because the action of establishment and opposition of the filiation are in fact actions abolir the state of persons there are some features, in particular regarding res iudicata, that distinguishes from other actions. The deep analysis of the identified elements of each of these actions, beyond the applicable jurisdiction ruIes; the judgment and its effects on the patemity and maternity actions, defense of patemity; defense of the recognition; annulment of civil registry intends the elements of the substantive law to the procedural institutes available in the procedural law. In Suill, this work intents to demonstrare that the current Brazilian civil procedure provides the required elements to the full realization of the rights in discussion of those kind of actions, and it is possible that the rights arising from the filiation is safe, without aiming the security of legal relationships, according to the current procedurallaw / O presente trabalho analisa os aspectos processuais das ações relativas à filiação, em especial daquelas em que se objetiva o seu estabelecimento e a sua impugnação, à luz da nova realidade no direito de filiação, introduzida pela Constituição da República e pelo Código Civil vigente. Além das alterações legislativas, que refletiram as modificações sociais revelando um novo conceito de família, a evolução da medicina, permitindo a descoberta da ascendência biológica pela análise do DNA, e a procriação artificial demonstraram a necessidade de serem revisitados os aspectos processuais de tais ações com a intenção de promover uma sistematização da matéria. Apresenta-se, inicialmente, a evolução histórica e legislativa do direito de filiação no Brasil, as formas de reconhecimento voluntário dos filhos não-matrimoniais e as suas principais características. Justamente porque as ações de estabelecimento e de impugnação da filiação são verdadeiras ações de Estado, possuem peculiaridades, em especial no concernente à coisa julgada, que as diferenciam das demais ações. A aprofundada análise dos elementos identificadores de cada uma dessas ações, além das regras aplicáveis de competência, da sentença e seus efeitos nas investigatórias de paternidade e de maternidade, na contestação de paternidade, na impugnação ao reconhecimerlto e na anulação do registro civil, procura ajustar os elementos de direito material aos institutos processuais disponíveis na lei adjetiva. Procura-se demonstrar, com este estudo, que o processo civil brasileiro atual fornece os elementos necessários à plena realização dos direitos postos em jogo em demandas desse tipo, tomando absolutamente possível que os direitos decorrentes da filiação sejam assegurados, sem ferir a segurança jurídica, pelas regras processuais em vigor

O presente estudo disserta sobre a importância do Programa Pai Presente idealizado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça com o objetivo de assegurar ao ser humano o direito fundamental à paternidade, segundo os preceitos da dignidade da pessoa humana que incide sobre as relações familiares. Todavia, as normas do programa que se restringem aos casos de paternidade biológica, destoam-se da nova família constitucional lastreada nos laços de afeto. O aperfeiçoamento normativo do Programa faz-se necessário para alcançar os casos de paternidade socioafetiva identificados durante a execução do projeto, a fim de assegurar aos filhos afetivos os importantes efeitos de ordem jurídica e psicológica, decorrentes do estabelecimento da paternidade, em observância ao princípio da isonomia do estado de filiação. A partir do problema causado pela falta de norma específica, a pesquisa identifica o público alvo do Programa e procura entender os motivos que impossibilitaram o reconhecimento da paternidade biológica nos processos e ao final constata um grande número de casos de paternidade socioafetiva que não tiveram o atendimento jurisdicional adequado. Assim, em razão da relevância do vínculo de afeto como novo critério de fixação da paternidade, propõe-se uma alteração normativa para regulamentar os casos de paternidade socioafetiva no âmbito do Programa Pai Presente. / The present study discusses the importance of the Pai Presente, a program conceived by the National Justice Counsil aiming to assure to human person the fundamental right to paternity according to the precepts of the dignity of the human person that covers family relations. Nonetheless, the norms of the program related to cases of biological paternity disregard the new constitutional concept of family which is derived from ties of affection. Some normative improvement of the Program is necessary to reach out to cases of socio-affective paternity that identified during the implementation of the project, in order to assure to socioaffective children important legal and psychological effects, resulting from the establishment of paternity in compliance with the principle of isonomy of the state of affiliation. Based on the problem caused by the lack of a specific norm, the research identifies the target audience of the Program and seeks to understand the reasons that made it impossible to recognize the biological paternity in the processes and, in the end, finds a large number of cases of socioaffective paternity that did not have the proper jurisdictional care. Thus, considering the relevance of the bond of affection as a new criterion for determining paternity, a normative development is proposed to regulate cases of socioaffective paternity within the scope of the Pai Presente Program.

Testes de paternidade geralmente são feitos analisando amostras de DNA do suposto pai, mãe e criança. Para realizar esse exame antes de a criança nascer era preciso recorrer à métodos invasivos, tais como amniocentese e biópsia de vilo corial. Com a descoberta de DNA fetal livre (fcfDNA) no soro e plasma materno, hoje é possível utilizar técnicas que usem esse fcfDNA diminuindo assim os riscos à saúde do feto e da mãe. Testes de pa- ternidade que analisam Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) do fcfDNA, embora possíveis, não são confiáveis, pois muitas vezes há degradação do DNA. Por sua vez, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) têm sido demonstrados como bons candidatos para identificação humana e podem ser obtidos de fragmentos pequenos de DNA (ou seja, mesmo com o DNA degradado). No entanto, SNPs possuem um número limitado de alelos diferentes (entre dois e quatro). Micro-haplótipos são segmentos cromossomais menores do que 200 pb (pares de bases), contendo dois ou mais SNPs que formam pelo menos três haplótipos distintos. Ao utilizá-los como marcadores genéticos, aumentamos o número de possíveis alelos formados a partir dos SNPs. Como o fcfDNA possui um tamanho de aproximada- mente 145 pb, isso é suficiente para conter micro-haplótipos que podem ser sequenciados usando tecnologia de Sequenciamento de Nova Geração (NGS). O objetivo desse projeto é determinar a probabilidade de paternidade usando SNPs dentro de micro-haplótipos. Os micro-haplótipos foram escolhidos com base em literatura prévia e as frequências relativas destes foram calculadas com base nos grupos étnicos dos dados do 1000 Genomes. Dados brutos de sequenciamento de três amostras de DNA são analisados: o suposto pai, a mãe e o plasma materno (mistura de DNA livre da mãe e do feto). Em seguida, desenvolvemos scripts para obter e analisar os genótipos do suposto pai e da mãe, para cada um dos micro-haplótipos escolhidos. Combinando informação genotípica, frequências populacio- nais e frações fetais (plasma), desenvolvemos um método para calcular a probabilidade de paternidade em casos de não exclusão da mesma. / Paternity tests are usually done by analyzing DNA samples from the alleged father, the mother, and the child. To perform this exam before the birth, invasive methods such as am- niocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are usually necessary. Fortunately, the discovery of fetal cell-free DNA (fcfDNA) in maternal plasma and serum, and the development of te- chniques to analyze this fcfDNA have allowed researchers to reduce the health risk for both fetus and mother. Although paternity tests that analyze Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) from fcfDNA are possible, they are not reliable because DNA degradation often occurs. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have been demonstrated as good candidates for human identification and they can be obtained from small DNA fragments (even from de- graded DNA). However, SNPs have a limited number of different alleles (between two and four). Microhaplotypes are chromosomal segments smaller than 200 bp (base pairs) con- taining two or more SNPs that form at least three distinct haplotypes. By using them as genetic markers, we increased the number of possible alleles formed from the SNPs. Since fcfDNA has approximately 145 bp, this is sufficient to contain microhaplotypes that can be sequenced using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. The aim of this project is to determine the probability of paternity using SNPs within microhaplotypes. Microha- plotypes were chosen based on previous literature review. The haplotype frequencies were calculated based on the ethnic groups from 1000 Genomes database. Raw DNA sequence data from three DNA samples were analyzed: the alleged father, the mother, and the maternal plasma (mixture of mother and fcfDNA). Then, we developed scripts to analyse and obtain the genotypes of the alleged father and mother, for each microhaplotype. By combining genotypic information, population frequencies, and fetal fractions (plasma), we developed a method to calculate the probability of paternity in cases of non-exclusion.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Lucia Moris.pdf: 831728 bytes, checksum: 965d9ecc3543653f50a7fcd1091e0b25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / We conducted a qualitative study based on individual and group interviews with seventeen men, who are fathers involved in homoaffective relationships. Our clinical-theoretical approach was supported by critical studies on men and masculinities and homoaffectivity. We sought to understand the processes underlying the secrecy and disclosure of these fathers homoaffective relationships to their children. The group was quite heterogeneous and had different ages and professions. Most of these men come from privileged social backgrounds, and became aware of their homoaffectivity when they were already adults and fathers. These are modern fathers engaged in their children s daily routine and care; many of them are experiencing conflicts associated with divorce and separation from their children. Such conflicts can be heightened by inner homophobia and by their feeling threatened of losing privileges that they enjoy as hegemonic men. The results not only show that they take a distinct stand upon the disclosure of their homoaffectivity to their children, but also reveal their continuous clash with mainstream heteronormative ideas, which engenders a need for resignifying their concept of masculinity and paternity ruled by heterosexuality. The continuous confrontation associated with their need to seek other ideological vectors mark their personal emotional life inexorably. Their homoaffective orientation was a personal aspect which they resisted, while experiencing great difficulties to integrate it into their personality as they perceived themselves to be different from what is ascribed to men and fathers in their family, peer group and even internally. The practice of maintaining secrecy about their homosexuality towards their children, as an expression of their own resistance, may be an instrumental resource or may function as a repression domain that causes great psychic suffering and pain. These fathers are alone, and find it difficult to equip themselves, and to bring about the inner transformation necessary to assume their homosexuality and come out to their children. Overcoming these inner aspects coping instrumental resource or resistance or integrating aspects related to their new self-concept as man and father are demands that imply the need for clinical psychological support / Realizamos um estudo qualitativo por meio de entrevistas individuais e em grupo com dezessete homens, pais que têm envolvimento homoafetivo. Nosso aporte teórico clínico remonta aos estudos críticos sobre homens e homoafetividade. Buscamos compreender os processos subjacentes à manutenção de segredo e à revelação para os filhos do relacionamento homoafetivo por parte do pai. Tratou-se de um grupo diversificado com profissão e faixa etária ampla. São homens em sua maioria provenientes de camadas sociais privilegiadas, tendo tomado consciência da homoafetividade já adultos e pais. São pais modernos atuais, envolvidos com a rotina diária e cuidados próximo de seus filhos; muitos estão vivenciando conflitos associados ao divórcio e distanciamento dos filhos, que podem ser acirrados pelos temores homofóbicos internalizados e por sentirem-se ameaçados de perder os privilégios que como homens de grupos hegemônicos desfrutam. Os resultados além de mostrar que se posicionam de formas distintas diante da revelação de sua homoafetividade para os filhos, também desvelam o continuo confronto com o ideário heteronormativo, que engendra uma necessidade de re-significar sua concepção de masculinidade e parentalidade, pautada na heterossexualidade. Os enfretamentos continuados associados a esse confronto, à necessária busca de outros vetores ideológicos que os contemplem marcam sua vida afetiva emocional de forma implacável. Sua orientação homoafetiva foi um aspecto pessoal a qual resistiram, sofreram para integrar em sua personalidade, à medida que se percebiam diferentes do que era prescrito para os homens e pais em seu grupo, em sua família e mesmo internamente. A manutenção de segredos para os filhos em torno da homoafetividade do pai, como expressão dessa resistência pode ser instrumental, como um recurso, ou pode ter caráter de repressão gerando sofrimento psíquico. Esses homens pais estão sós para enfrentar suas incertezas e proceder às necessárias transformações. A superação tanto desse movimento interno recurso instrumental ou de resistência como a integração de aspectos de sua nova concepção como homem e pai despontam como demanda por suporte para a psicologia clínica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Fernando Pereira de Souza.pdf: 797399 bytes, checksum: f76dbbc4597362269df8868d377c111c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aimed at understanding the identity of men benefited from social policies destined to the families in situation of social vulnerability. This study, of qualitative base, used the resource of the history of life and focused on subjects benefited from the Programa Ação Família (Family Action Program) of the Municipal City Hall of São Paulo, in the period from 2005 to 2008, and chose to deepen in the history of life of one of the subjects, which presented emblematic possibilities of configurations of masculinity and paternity. Ciampa s (1996) concept of identity and Connel s (1995) concept of masculinities were used as a support for the process of understanding. The contextualization required an explicitation of the data collection process, research concerning paternity, poor/migrant families and social policies directed at the families. Special emphasis was given to the social problem that consists in the absence of men, especially of fathers, in the social accompaniments to the families in situation of vulnerability; an absence which presents itself in spite of the fact that most of the benefited families are composed by men (IBGE/PNAD/2007). The difficulties of men in providing support and the absence of expectations that they may have a positive participation in the family be among the elements that allow them to be little considered by the social policies directed at the families in situation of vulnerability. The analysis of the history of life showed mobility in the way that the subject understands and exercises his masculinity, allowing new configurations of affective relationships and the incorporation of activities previously seen as women s responsibility. It also showed how paternity exerted by a poor father can expand itself and incorporate direct and affectionate care for the sons, as well as the exercise of citizenship / Esta dissertação buscou compreender a identidade de homens atendidos pelas políticas sociais de atenção às famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade social. O estudo, de base qualitativa, utilizou-se do recurso à história de vida e focalizou sujeitos atendidos pelo Programa Ação Família , da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo, no período de 2005 a 2008, tendo sido escolhido o aprofundamento na história de vida de um dos sujeitos, que apresentou possibilidades emblemáticas de configurações de masculinidade e de paternidade. Foram utilizados os conceitos de identidade de Ciampa (1996) e de masculinidades de Connel (1995) como suporte para o trabalho de compreensão. A contextualização requereu explicitação do processo de coleta de dados, pesquisa sobre paternidade, sobre famílias pobres/migrantes e sobre políticas sociais dirigidas às famílias. Foi dado especial destaque ao problema social que consiste na ausência dos homens, em especial dos pais, nos acompanhamentos sociais às famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade; ausência que se dá apesar de a maioria das famílias atendidas apresentar homens em sua composição (IBGE/PNAD/2007). As dificuldades dos homens em prover e a ausência de expectativas de que eles tenham participação positiva na família estão entre os elementos que permitem que eles sejam pouco considerados pelas políticas sociais de atenção às famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade. A análise da história de vida mostrou mobilidade na maneira de o sujeito entender e exercitar sua masculinidade, permitindo novas configurações de relações afetivas e a incorporação de atividades anteriormente entendidas como de responsabilidade da mulher. Mostrou, também, como a paternidade exercida por um pai pobre pode expandir-se e incorporar cuidados diretos e afetuosos com os filhos, bem como o exercício de cidadania