The dissertation deals with interbank payment systems with finality of settlement in Czech Republic and Slovakia. First chapter defines each payment system based on different criteria and deals with risks related to operation of payment systems. As both countries are members of European Union, same legal documents of European Union apply for both of them. These documents are described in the second chapter. A brief description of payment systems used in European Union is included in the third chapter. There is also described the development of payment flows in European payment systems TARGET, TARGET2 and EURO1. Forth chapter contains global analysis of Czech payment system CERTIS and Slovak payment systems EURO SIPS and TARGET2-SK from different perspectives. Very important part of this dissertation is fifth chapter, where payment systems are analyzed based on the comparison -- number of participants, number of process payments and volumes of these transactions.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-01, page: 0311. Adviser: Osama Mikhail. Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of the dissertation is to establish a framework with which to assess the prospective gains from regional monetary integration among five neighboring countries in East Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The neo-classical theory assumes that economic and monetary union would stimulate additional growth in such a union as a whole, with the trickle-down effects of overall development, and would enhance factor mobility, solving the problem of regional disparity automatically. Past experiences of African regionalism have shown that countries that participated in a monetary union were able to pursue credible monetary policies. This economic performance has been credited to their monetary policy discipline. Since countries in East Africa are small both in terms of their individual populations and the respective sizes of their economies, the study concludes that regional integration is a useful way of increasing their economic clout and bargaining power on the global scene. / Economics / Thesis (M. Comm.)

The remuneration system and motivation of employees are very important part of every company. It is very resisting in how the system is adjusted and if it works not only for company, but for employees as well. The remuneration system together with motivation of employees are better matching with all the processes in company, which are in progress in the company, the final result can be taken for the employees as bigger motivation for the work and they will be worked more effectively, which is the main goal of the remuneration system and motivation.

The outcome of this thesis are the weights of each parameter of payment methods that are used to interpret consumer recommendations and conclusions. The research revealed that consumers mostly used payment method for purchases from online stores is delivery, although it does not seem like a good choice. Instead of delivery, I may recommend credit card payment, which has only one weakness and that is security. This weakness can be put down by purchasing only at trusted sellers. It is also meant to be the fastest way of payment. Also payment through a text message is convenient and easy. The results of my thesis can be used by consumers to help orient themeselves between the payment systems used for online store purchases, as well as the operators themselves.

Comment les coûts et les tarifs hospitaliers sont-ils devenus des objets politiques centraux depuis le début des années 1980, quels espaces controversés produisent-ils aujourd'hui et comment ces controverses agissent-elles sur ces instruments gestionnaires d'action publique ? C'est à ces questions que la thèse se propose de répondre en étudiant la genèse, les usages et les déplacements de plusieurs instruments d'action publique en matière hospitalière : système d'information, calcul de coûts par séjours, instruments d'ajustement budgétaire et système de tarification. En articulant sociologie politique des instruments de gouvernement et sociologie des techniques et de l'innovation, ces dispositifs sont étudiés dans les multiples sites où ils se déploient : ministère de la Santé, agence technique, centres de recherche en gestion, instances d'expertise, fédérations hospitalières, associations de malade et hôpital public. La thèse montre comment ces instruments ont profondément transformé l'hôpital en un être de gestion et de finances. La tarification à l'activité, appelée T2A, tient une place centrale dans ces transformations et est ici analysée comme un instrument de qualcul visant à quantifier et à qualifier les patients, les séjours, les maladies, voire l'hôpital public lui-même. La thèse montre comment ce processus de qualculation génère des controverses métrologiques où des acteurs se saisissent des dispositifs pour refaire les qualculs, ces controverses supposant une forme relativement nouvelle de travail critique. / How costs and tariffs have become pivotal policy instruments to govern public hospitals in France since the early 1980's? What kind of controversies do they produce and what feedback effect do these controversies have on these instruments? These are the questions I propose to answer in this PhD dissertation by analysing the genealogy, the uses and the transformations of several policy devices: information system, cost accounting, budgetary regulation instrument and pricing payment system. Combining a sociology of policy instruments and science and technology studies, these devices are analysed in the multiple sites where they spread: ministry of Health, public agency, research centres in management studies, hospital federations, patients organizations and public hospitals. The dissertation exposes how these devices have turned public hospitals into accounting and financial entities. I specially focus on the pricing payment system (called T2A) which is analysed as a qualculation instrument as it qualifies and quantifies patients, stays in hospitals, diseases, and public hospital itself. The dissertation shows how this qualculation process produces metrological controversies in which actors put into question the way things are qualculated.

The object of this work is cash management of concrete business. The objective is an analysis of this system and illustration his working on plan of year 2010. The work is intent on valuation of metods, instruments and sources, these are useful for cash management. It solves at first time a temporary absence of own sources for financing of business needs. The result of this work is proposal of improvement and recommendation for efficiency of system.

支付是商業交易活動中很重要的一環，是買家和賣家之間價值的交換。隨著經濟的發展，支付的需求日趨增長，也因此促使支付方式持續地進化發展。從最早的以物易物方式，以商品貨幣作為價值交換的媒介，到現金以錢幣紙幣的形態出現，一直到訊息通訊技術的蓬勃發展，在電腦和網路的普及下發展出許多線上支付的相關創新服務。支付領域經歷了一連串的演進轉變，現代生活中，市場上有非常多支付方式供我們選擇，我們能夠透過簡單的點擊操作快速完成線上付款，也能利用行動裝置輕易的在刷卡機前感應付款，在我們能夠方便快速地完成支付行為的同時，卻對於支付系統背後的實際運作不甚了解。此篇研究希望透過不同種類支付方式的解構來深入探討支付創新。 此篇研究以支付系統的角度建構了由支付活動參與角色所組成的架構圖，架構圖中包含了付款者、收款者、付款者的銀行、收款者的銀行、負責結算與清算的清算所與信用卡公司等角色。透過多重個案分析，研究多個支付服務案例，在架構圖中依步驟流程拆解、呈現其資訊流和金流，了解各種支付方式的實際運作過程，觀察各個支付系統及角色間互動合作的關係。不僅透過多個案例的流程解構與套用來強化、驗證此研究所建立的架構圖，針對每個挑選出的個案也進行深入分析，分別以付款者和收款者的角度，呈現相關關鍵特性包含支付服務的手續費及收款與付款的時間。此外，經過多重個案的深度觀察與解析，此研究也根據支付系統現況提出相關現象的討論。此篇研究提供一個解構支付服務的工具，希望透過多重個案的解析與觀察更深入了解支付創新。 / Payment is a crucial part of commercial activity that occurs in our daily lives. As an economy expands, the requirements of payment increase rapidly, which gives rise to the continuous evolvement of various payment methods. We have evolved from a barter system to the use of cash and paper-based payment instruments, to the advent of information communication technology (ICT) which contributes to online payments, along with the creation of many types of innovative payment methods. This process has been a series of innovations in payment domains. Although many payment methods currently exist, there is a limited understanding of how payment systems work and what actually happens when we pay with a single click online or complete the payment in a flash by placing a mobile phone close to a merchant point-of-sale terminal. This study is dedicated to deconstructing various kinds of payment systems to understand payment innovations in depth. To explore the information flow and cash flow operating in the ecosystem, this study develops a framework for analyzing a payment system based on the literature. The framework consists of a payer and payee who connect through transactions and launch a series of payment processes that include institutions such as the payer’s and payee’s bank, and intermediaries such as a credit card association, a settlement bank, and a clearing house that handles the clearing and settlement process. These components interact and cooperate to fulfill payment activities. The framework, which aims to illustrate the role that each component plays and how complicated payment systems work, is expected to cover all kinds of payment methods. We enhance and verify the framework by applying several cases for traditional and innovative payment methods. With these selected cases, we analyze payment processes between participants and clarify features relating to payment fees and time in respect to payers and payees. Through the observation of multiple cases, we also derive particular facts from the payment operation in the present ecosystem. We hope that the research will offer an instrument to better understand payment systems and provide an in-depth deconstruction and observation for payment innovation.

Finansiella institut behöver en säker och tillförlitlig infrastruktur för att utföra transaktioner mellan varandra. I dagsläget finns det en rad olika lösningar för detta, som SWIFT och SEPA. Dessa lösningar har dock problem. SEPA omfattar enbart eurozonen och den övriga Europeiska unionen, och SWIFT har funnits sedan 1970-talet och har en äldre kommunikationsstandard som är dyr att ansluta sig till. SWIFTs standard är under processen av att fasas ut och ersättas av den nyare ISO 20022 standarden för finansiella meddelanden. Därför finns det ett behov av ett nytt digitalt betalningssystem som är lättillgängligt, billigt, säkert, och lättanvänt för finansiella institutioner. Detta problem kan lösas med hjälp av den nyare ISO 20022 standarden och HTTPS. I detta examensarbete konstrueras ett förslag till kommunikationssystem som följer dessa standarder och bibehåller integriteten hos de finansiella meddelandena. Kommunikationssystemets källkod är öppen för allmänheten och dokumenterad, vilket gör den lättillgänglig och ett simpelt ramverk för ISO 20022-kompatibla kommunikationssystem som gör att finansiella institutioner kan integrera det i sina existerande system. Kommunikationssystemet implementeras i Java, som är ett väletablerat programmeringsspråk inom finanssektorn. Denna implementation valideras genom integrationstester för de testfall som identifierats i det konstruerade systemet. Vidare inkluderar implementeringen även dokumentation med instruktioner om exempelvis hur det föreslagna systemet kan integreras i befintliga finansiella institutioners system. Kommunikationssystemet stödjer grundläggande funktionalitet för att skicka och ta emot meddelanden, men stöd för flera olika meddelandetyper är inte implementerat. Vidare är kommunikationssystemet beroende av ett externt system som tar emot och behandlar meddelandena efter att de validerats av komunikationssytemet. / Financial institutes need a secure and reliable infrastructure to make transactions with each other. In the current situation there are a few different solutions for this, like SWIFT and SEPA. These solutions have their own set of problems. SEPA only covers the eurozone and the rest of the European Union. SWIFT has been around since the 1970s and uses an old communication standard which is expensive to use. SWIFT’s standard is currently being replaced by the more modern ISO 20022 financial messaging standard. Due to this, there is a demand for a new digital communication system that is accessible, cheap, secure, and easy to use for financial institutions. This problem could be solved by the newer ISO 20022 standard and HTTPS. In this thesis, a proposal for a communication system that is compliant with these standards is constructed, keeping the integrity of the financial messages intact. The communication system’s source code is publicly available and documented, which keeps it accessible and makes it a simple ISO 20022 compatible communication system framework for financial institutions to integrate into their existing payment systems. The communication system solution is implemented in Java, which is a well-established programming language within the finance sector. The implementation is validated through integration tests for the test cases that have been identified for the constructed system. Furthermore, the implementation includes documentation with instructions for, for example, how the proposed communication system can be integrated in existing financial institution systems. The communication system supports basic functionality for sending and receiving messages, but support for multiple message types is not implemented. Furthermore, the communication system is dependent on an external system that receives and processes the messages after they have been validated by the communication system.

Актуальность данной диссертации обусловлена существующей необходимостью в использовании информационной системы для проведения проектной деятельности в образовательной организации. Целью магистерской диссертации является проведение анализа деятельности студентов в учебной платежной системе при выполнении ими заданий в рамках работы над проектным практикумом. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была подобрана и изучена литература по заданной тематике. Для целей исследования были собраны и обработаны данные, произведен анализ работы студентов внутри учебной платежной системы. Анализ деятельности студентов в учебной платежной системе составляет интерес не только с точки зрения исследования социально-экономических систем, но и может быть полезен преподавателям для оценки качества работы и эффективности студентов. Полученные результаты позволяют определить направления дальнейшей разработки и усовершенствования системы. По результатам проведенной оценки экономической эффективности проекта выгода от автоматизации анализа работы учебной платежной системы в годовой перспективе составит 126 890 рублей. Проект окупается в срок 7 месяцев. / The relevance of this thesis is due to the existing need to use an information system for project activities in an educational organization. The purpose of the master's thesis is to analyze the activities of students in the educational payment system in the performance of their tasks in the framework of the project workshop. During the writing of the master's thesis was selected and studied literature on a given subject. For research purposes, data were collected and processed, the analysis of students ' work within the educational payment system. The analysis of students ' activities in the educational payment system is of interest not only from the point of view of the study of socio-economic systems, but also can be useful for teachers to assess the quality of work and efficiency of students. The results allow us to determine the direction of further development and improvement of the system. According to the results of the evaluation of the economic efficiency of the project, the benefit from the automation of the analysis of the educational payment system in the annual term will be 126 890 rubles. The project pays off within 7 months.