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61	參與治理下的公共政策決策品質管理--以全民健保牙醫總額預算制度為例 / Quality management for policy-making in an era of participatory governance: A study of dental global Budget payment system in Taiwan’s NHI. 吳芳瑜, Wu, Fang Yu Unknown Date (has links) 在民主改革之浪潮中，政府的運作已從過往獨斷統治模式走向參與治理的型態。參與式治理的呈現方式包括了審議式民主、以公民為中心之協力公共管理、協力治理等型態。公共政策的制定本應以民意為基礎；因此，引導多元利害關係人至公共政策過程之中，共同制定決策即是參與治理的核心，而決策品質的形成關鍵在於政府如何有效管理、促進多元行動者互動以達成決策的參與過程；然而，回顧文獻發現，決策品質主題卻為學界所忽略。因此，本文從參與式治理觀點出發，以利害關係人之角度切入，選擇全民健保總額制度下的牙醫門診總額支付委員會作為個案，嘗試建構出決策品質評估架構。研究發現，由下至上的利害關係人參與過程不但有助於資訊的蒐集與分享、正確地界定問題，亦促進了利害關係人凝聚共識；同時，平等尊重的溝通態度，增強了政策學習功能；加上公共管理者適時地扮演領導角色，有效解決衝突，促進了決策過程的互動與效率。然而，研究亦顯示支委會決策過程仍有不足之處；參與決策行動者之包容性與代表性仍有改善之空間、決策資訊未達公開透明化、法律規範的模糊不清、以及決策原則標準的缺乏。因此，本文建議應該擴大參與團體類別並考量其行動能力，具體強化多元代表參與之可能；同時，應建立法規和參與機制之適當連結，確立相關法律規範，實踐權責分明的決策過程；最後，更應強調互動討論過程的公共商議精神，促進理性決策的落實。此外，也建議學界未來可著力於相關實務經驗研究，設計更為完善的評估架構，以期對於決策品質面向提供更為豐富完整的論述。 / Under the trend of democratic reform, the way of public administration has changed from despotic to participatory governance. The forms of participatory governance include deliberative democracy, citizen-centered collaborative public management, and collaborative governance. The core of participatory governance is threefold which includes involving multiple stakeholders into policy-making process, to make decisions collectively, and to base public policy making on public opinion. However, after reviewing the literature, it can be found that seldom are there studies of decision-making quality. The quality of decision making lies in effective management of the process; that is, how to encourage and manage different stakeholders’ interactions to make decisions counts a lot. Consequently, this thesis intends to fill the gap by studying the quality of participatory governance and choosing the committee of Dental Global Budget Payment System as a case to establish evaluation framework of decision-making quality based on policy stakeholder participation theory. The research findings reveal several important insights of committee governance. First, on the good side, bottom-up stakeholders’ participation is beneficial not only to the collection and share of policy information to define proper policy questions, but also to the cohesion of stakeholders’ consensus. The way of equal and respectful attitude to communicate accentuates policy-learning function during the process. Furthermore, public managers play a leading role at the right moment to solve a conflict effectively and to promote the efficiency of decision-making interactions. However, there are some defects about the process. There is some room for improvement about the inclusiveness and representativeness of participation groups. Also, the openness of decision-making information is still far from the standard of transparency. The ambiguity of statutes interpretations and the lack of decision-making principles are critical problems to solve as well. Therefore, this study suggests that the government should include even more diverse and complete stakeholders into the decision-making process and help to increase their competence to participate. Also, an effort to closing the gap between regulations and participative mechanism should be made in order to increase the outside-accountability of the process. Thirdly, the spirit of public deliberation should be highlighted during the interactions to increase the rationality of decision-making. Lastly, in order to create a more adequate evaluation framework, this thesis suggests that academia should devote more time to study the issue of public decision-making quality in the era of participatory governance. 參與治理政策利害關係人決策品質牙醫總額預算制度 participatory governance policy stakeholders decision quality Dental Global Budget Payment System
62	電子票據發展趨勢之研究 / The Trend of Electronic Note 林占山, Lin,Jan Shan Unknown Date (has links) 現今資訊科技發展突飛猛進、通訊工具與網際網路日益普及，深深影響了人類的經濟活動，從傳統商務活動中，延展了物流、金流、資訊流的範圍，電子化提升了處理速度，改變使用模式，進而改變企業經營模式、人類思考模式與生活習慣。加上金融自由化、金融全球化等衝擊，除金融產業有擴大規模、擴大範疇之變革，金融服務亦為了因應客戶需求，趨向多元化與個人化。時至今日，商務活動中以金流的進展為最待加強，其中支付工具之電子化尤為重要。本論文研究電子票據之整體發展方向，探討電子票據能否成為安全、便利、有效、低成本之電子支付工具。票據為支付工具之一種，其使用已久亦廣，為了能將其改進並予以電子化應用，乃有「電子票據」之電子支付工具產生。本研究旨在以票據之使用及電子票據之規劃設計機制，以我國之經濟、社會、技術、制度面等不同層面需求考量，參考歐美國家文獻與實務資料，從電子支付之角度，安全性、規模度、可靠度、低交易成本、用戶基礎等關鍵因素分析，針對電子票據發展趨勢探討，分析現行紙本票據與電子票據之優缺點，並進行電子票據與其他支付工具之比較，且比較國內外電子票據之差異性，期能對現行電子票據流程及架構提供改善及建議。此外，本研究亦研擬電子票據實施之程序及所需相關資源的配合，期能提供主管機關管理電子票據業務等之參考，進而更提昇電子支付之效率。 / Nowadays the rapid development and population of the information technology, the media, and the Internet has deeply affected all the economical movements of the human beings. The traditional commercial activities have expanded in the areas of distribution, finance, and information, because the entire entrepreneurial management strategies along with the ways that people think and live have all changed with the electronicalization that accelerates and modifies the process and usage. In addition, the financial deregulation and globalization forces the finance industry to expand in size and areas. Moreover, the financial services have become more and more various and personalized to respond the demands of their customers. Up to the present day, the development in finance area has been the one that needs to be strengthened most, especially the electronicalization of the payment tools. This essay is to study the entire development focus of the electronic note, and to find out whether the electronic note could be a safe, convenient, effective, and low-cost e-payment tool. Note is one of the payment tools and has been widely used for a long time. The so-called “electronic note” is produced in order to improve and electronicalize the traditional note. This study refers to the national documentation and practical data of the European and American countries and the different demands of Taiwan’s economics, society, technology, and regulations. It analyzes the electronic note’s design and usage in terms of safety, standard, credibility, low-cost, and user’s backgrounds. Furthermore, it discusses the development trend of the electronic note and demonstrates the pros and cons of the paper-note and electronic note. By the comparison between the electronic note and other payment tools and exploring the differences of the electronic note’s usage in Taiwan and in other countries, it is expected to come out some advice for improving the current electronic note infrastructure and the required resources. It maybe provides helpful suggestions for many financial organizations and increases the effectiveness of the e-payment systems. 電子票據發展趨勢電子支付付款系統電子商務 Electronic Note Electronic Check E-Check Trend E-Payment Payment System E-Commerce
63	Regsaspekte van die rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel Meiring, Gezina Aletta 11 1900 (has links) Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / The development of sophisticated computer technology and the consequent computerisation of the payment system has had a far-reaching effect on fund transfer systems all over the world. The most important purpose of this thesis is to indicate the nature of an electronic fund transfer; to set out the relationships of the parties involved in an electronic funds transfer and to show by comparison with other legal systems where our law may be deficient in the regulation of the computerised payment system. At the outset, the nature and functions of money are compared to electronic fund transfers and a distinction drawn between paper-based transactions and electronic fund transfers. In this regard, electronic fund transfers as method of payment is also discussed. Automatic computer processing also gave rise to a variety of new kinds of financial services. A distinction is made between customer-initiated systems (A TM' s, EFTPOS and home-banking services) and systems used by the banks to effect electronic funds transfers between banks and to send financial messages. In this regard, the settlement function of clearing houses and the legal nature thereof are examined. A description of a local clearing house, the ACB, is included as well as a discussion of the clearing of cheques, the moment of payment of cheques and the status of the ACB. Other relevant legal aspects of the computerisation of the payment system which are examined and discussed are the following: the use of the so-called electronic signature; the regulation of risks in electronic payments and the creation of sufficient security measures; the criminal liability of an accused in the case of an unauthorised withdrawal or transfer; questions and problems surrounding evidential matters; the putting into operation of procedures to correct errors and the creation of an ombudsman to settle and resolve disputes; cheque truncation and the right of an individual to privacy in the milieu of electronic payments. Finally, the legal relationships between the parties involved in a credit transfer and the moment of payment is examined. Regulation in this regard is also considered. / Die ontwikkeling van gesofistikeerde rekenaartegnologie en die gevolglike rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel het 'n verreikende effek op die fondsoordragstelsels van banke regoor die wereld gehad. Die belangrikste doelstellings van hierdie proefskrif is gevolglik om die aard van 'n elektroniese fondsoordrag aan te dui; om die verhoudinge tussen die partye betrokke by 'n elektroniese fondsoordrag nader te omskryf en om by wyse van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek aan te toon waar daar leemtes in ons reg ten opsigte van die regulering van die gerekenariseerde betalingstelsel bestaan. Die aard en funksies van geld is ter aanvang met elektroniese fondsoordrag vergelyk en 'n onderskeid is tussen papierbasistransaksies en elektroniese fondsoordragte getref. In hierdie verband is elektroniese fondsoordrag as betalingsmetode ook bespreek. Outomatiese rekenaarverwerking het ook tot 'n verskeidenheid van nuwe soorte finansiele dienste aanleiding gegee. Daar is onderskei tussen klient-geaktiveerde stelsels (OTM'e, EFTPOS en tuisbankdienste) en fondsoordragstelsels wat deur die banke aangewend word om elektroniese fondsoordragte tussen banke te bewerkstellig en om finansiele boodskappe te versend. In die verband is die verrekeningsfunksie van klaringshuise en die regsaard daarvan ondersoek. 'n Beskrywing van die werksaamhede van die ACB, as plaaslike klaringshuis, is hierby ingesluit asook 'n bespreking van die verrekening van tjeks, die tydstip van betaling van tjeks en die status van die ACB. Ander relevante regsaspekte van die rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel wat ondersoek en bespreek is, is die gebruik van die sogenaamde elektroniese handtekening; die risikoreeling in die elektroniese betalingsverkeer en die daarstelling van voldoende sekuriteitsprosedures; die strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid van 'n beskuldigde in die geval van 'n ongemagtigde onttrekking of oordrag; vrae en probleme rondom bewysregtelike aangeleenthede; die inwerkingstelling van foutoplossingsprosedures en die daarstelling van 'n ombudsman om geskille te voorkom en te besleg; tjekretensie en die reg van die individu op sy privaatheid in die milieu van die elektroniese betalingsverkeer. Laastens is die regsverhoudinge tussen die deelnemende partye en die tydstip van betaling in die geval van 'n kredietoordrag ondersoek, en oorweging is aan regulering in die verband geskenk. / Private law / LL. D. Computerisation of payment system Electronic fund transfers Clearing houses Settlement Moment of payment Electronic signature Credit transfer ATM EFTPOS Home-banking services 346.8210285068 Payment -- South Africa
64	O sistema de pagamentos brasileiro à luz do código civil / The Brazilian payment system in the light of Civil Code. Henrique Paulo de Brida 20 May 2014 (has links) O estudo jurídico do sistema de pagamentos sob o enfoque do direito obrigacional requer exame prévio do fenômeno socioeconômico representado pela moeda, enquanto elemento fundamental da relação obrigacional de compra e venda, determinante do preço e objeto do pagamento. Antes, porém, da análise do pagamento e de seus instrumentos jurídicos, ou seja, da moeda (em sentido largo) como efeito jurídico, tem-se de perquirir sobre sua natureza com o auxílio dos conceitos elaborados sobretudo pela ciência econômica, mas também pela sociologia e pela história social. O exame da realidade socioeconômica sob o prisma da essência dos fatos, não apenas de sua aparência, busca na materialidade do fenômeno monetário o suporte teórico para o encaminhamento da análise jurídica desse mesmo fenômeno e seus correlatos, tanto sob o enfoque positivista (dogmático) quanto sob o interativo, ou seja, enquanto relação entre o mundo jurídico positivo e a globalidade social por meio da interpretação ou aplicação das normas. A partir desse quadro analítico, procura o presente trabalho apresentar, primeiramente, um panorama do sistema monetário, situando o problema da moeda no contexto econômico e jurídico. Na segunda parte são expostos os fundamentos analíticos da economia em sua forma monetária (análise econômica da moeda). A terceira seção abrange o efetivo funcionamento do sistema monetário, particularmente examinando as funções do dinheiro numa economia monetária. A quarta e última parte apresenta o Sistema de Pagamentos Brasileiro (SPB) em seus moldes institucionais, situando-o no arcabouço do ordenamento jurídico nacional. A partir de seus fundamentos jurídicos, procede-se ao exame das matérias específicas do Direito obrigacional, em particular do pagamento e de suas garantias institucionais. / The legal study of the system of payments under the focus given by law requires prior examination of the economic phenomenon represented by currency as a key element of the obligational relationship given by purchase agreement, as by establishing the price and also as an object of payment. However, previously to the analysis of the payment and its legal instruments, i.e. the currency (in broad sense) as a legal effect, one should assess his nature with the aid of concepts specially developed by economic science, but also by sociology and social history. The examination of the socio-economic reality lit by the essence of the facts, not just by their appearance, search through the materiality of monetary phenomenon for the theoretical support for legally dealing with such a phenomenon and the correlated ones, both under the positivist approach (dogmatic) as under the interactive one, that is, as a relationship between the effective legal world and the social universe as a result of the interpretation or application of law. From this analytical framework, the ongoing writing seeks firstly to show a panorama of the monetary system by focusing the currency problem in the economic and legal context. The second part deals with the analytical foundations of the economy in its monetary form (economic analysis of currency). The third section covers the effective functioning of the monetary system, particularly by assessing the functions of money in the context of a monetary economy. The fourth and last part deals with the Brazilian Payment System (SPB) in its institutional patterns, by placing it in the framework of the national legal system. From their legal grounds, one assesses the specific matters concerning the Law of obligations, in particular the payment and its institutional collaterals. Código civil Economia monetária Brasil Pagamento (direito das obrigações) Política monetária Brasil Brazilian payment system Civil code Collaterals Compensation Law of obligations Monetary economics Monetary policy Money Payment Special property
65	Účet / Bank account Láníková, Kristýna January 2016 (has links) Title of the Diploma Thesis Bank account Abstract The first part of the thesis deals with the account from the perspective of legal theory. It is examined the nature, characteristic elements and brief historical development. Following an analysis of the account as an object of property rights. In the chapter Legislation of the account under the Civil Code the thesis provides an analysis of provisions that affect the obligations of the account agreement. A part of this chapter is dedicated to a division of accounts under the existing scheme of the Civil Code. Regulation of other than a payment account and bankbook will be mentioned only in passing. Furthermore, the work deals with the analysis of rights and obligations being performed in relation to the provision of payment services, comprehensively regulated by the Payment System Act. Due to the fact, that the form of the Payment System Act has been significantly influenced by the european legislation, the thesis reflects, in appropriate cases, to the wording of the so-called Payment Services Directive. The final part describes fundamental changes in the provision of payment services going in connection with the adoption of the Directive 2014/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on the comparability of fees related to payment...
66	Bankovní klient a jeho ochrana v českém právním systému / The bank klient and his protection in Czech system of law Cahová, Pavlína January 2008 (has links) The diploma work is concerned with the topic of bank client security, as a consumer and an investor, captured in the Czech law, incorporating elements of EU directives. The thesis defines terms of "consumer" and "investor", explains why they are considered bank clients and introduces reasons of their protection. It describes elements of bank clients' protection such as: deposit insurance (including comparison of foreign systems - Switzerland and New Zealand), consumer credits rules, payment system and Bureau of Financial Arbiter, personal information security and bank secret. The last chapter addresses investor protection, falling under European directive MiFID (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive).
67	Cash is [no longer] king: is an e-krona the answer? : - a de lege ferenda investigation of the Swedish Riksbank's issuing mandate and other legal callenges in relation to economic effects on the payment market Imamovic, Arnela January 2019 (has links) For the past decades, the Swedish public’s payment habits have changed, where the majority of the public has abandoned the old way of making payments, using cash, and instead opted for more modern payment solutions, digital money. The difference between cash and digital money is that cash is physical and only issued by the Riksbank, whereas digital money is created by and stored on accounts at commercial banks. The question of what role the state should have on the payment market is an important point of discussion. But it is not categorically a new question; the Swedish government is tackling essentially the same problem today as it has been doing many times before. Today’s problem is to some extent however manifested in a different way. During the 20th century, discussions were held whether or not the Riksbank should have the exclusive right to issue banknotes. It was considered unnecessary, inappropriate and dangerous. The idea that the Riksbank could cover the entire economy’s need for banknotes was, according to the commercial banks, unreasonable. Nonetheless, in 1904 the exclusive right became fait accompli; the government intervened and gave the Riksbank the banknote monopoly. We are now finding ourselves facing a similar situation, where there is a difference of opinion regarding the Riksbank’s role on the payment market. It is therefore nothing new, but rather an expected task for the government, and thus the central bank, to analyze major changes and draw conclusions from them. The problem is essentially about cash being phased out by digital means of payment. In order to therefore solve the problem, the Riksbank has started a project to investigate whether or not the Riksbank should issue digital cash to the Swedish public, what the Riksbank calls an e-krona. To introduce an e-krona would be a major step, but for the public to not have access to a government alternative, seeing as cash usage is declining, is also a major step. No decision has been made yet regarding whether the e-krona will be introduced on the market or not. A decision that however has been made, is that the Riksbank is now working on building an e-krona to develop and assess the technique. Nonetheless, an introduction would undoubtedly have consequences for both the Riksbank and the commercial banks, which ultimately means it would have effects on the economy as a whole. What about regulatory aspects; is the Riksbank even allowed to issue an e-krona under current legislation? The answer is affirmative, to a certain extent. There are furthermore many other uncertainties regarding how an e-krona would affect the economy; the Riksbank does not fully answer many of the system issues in its project reports. The question of whether or not it even is up to the Riksbank to make a decision on the matter of an introduction is also questioned by the author in the thesis. E-crown e-crown project central bank digital currency money cash banknotes and coins physical money tangibles currency legal tender the Swedish Riksbank Act commercial bank money digital money the Swedish Riksbank central bank commercial bank bank banking law law jurisprudence monetary policy safe and efficient payment system cash-provision economy the payment system digitalization development of society fractional reserve banking bank run zero lower bound E-krona e-kronaprojekt digital centralbankspeng pengar kontanter sedlar och mynt fysiska pengar valuta lagliga betalningsmedel affärsbankspengar digitala pengar Riksbanken centralbank affärsbank bank bankrätt juridik Lag (1988:1385) om Sveriges riksbank penningpolitik säkert och effektivt betalningsväsende kontantförsörjning ekonomi betalningssystemet digitalisering samhällsutveckling fractional reserve banking bankrusning zero lower bound Law and Society Juridik och samhälle
68	長期照顧服務提供體系暨支付制度之研究 —以日本介護保險制度之變革為比較對象 / A study on Long-term care service providing and payment system- take the evolvement of public Long-term care insurance in Japan as a comparative object 蔡璧竹 Unknown Date (has links) 在高齡少子化的浪潮下，家庭照顧機能與國家公共長照服務體系之界限逐漸浮現，不論是採稅收制或是社會保險制的國家，均紛紛發動改革，發展新型的照顧服務體系，更有效率地結合社會中各種資源，並且透過報酬支付制度的設計，回應長期照顧需求的多元性，以達成充實長期照顧服務量能、發展創新並符合在地需求之照顧服務。本文以日本介護保險制度自2000年創設以來，在服務供給體系與支付制度上之轉變作為比較對象，觀察其社會價值理念的變遷如何反應到法制設計層面，同時報酬支付制度是如何回應社會現實的需求與政策方向；擬自日本介護保險經驗中萃取值得我國參考借鑑之處，減少台灣長期照顧體系發展過程中可能產生的試誤成本。本文首先對我國長期照顧服務提供體系之法制發展進行分析，包括釐清長照服務提供之法律關係、長照服務供給體系之構造，以及在長照十年計畫下，政府與民間服務提供者合作模式之建構等；並具體地以數份國內地方政府公布之服務提供契約範本為例，嘗試勾勒出台灣長照服務體系公私協力法律關係之圖像，同時探討我國長照服務提供體系與報酬支付制度現存之問題。在日本介護保險制度部分，本文歸整介護保險法之制定和改革歷程及其基本構造、初探日本介護保險制度與其他社會保障制度之連動性，並集中分析其服務提供者指定制度之法制設計與問題。接著本文將對比台灣長照體系之發展軌跡與挑戰，分析台日兩國公共長照服務供給體系的幾個議題，包括：總體面的公共長照體系理念變遷、國家資源的公平分配、服務品質之管理等。最末於結論歸納日本介護保險經驗值得我國借鏡或反思之處，並簡評目前我國長期照顧服務法修正，以及長期照顧十年計畫2.0之內涵，是否足以回應社會中的長期照顧需求，並有助於實現在地老化之理想。長期照顧支付制度服務提供契約介護保險社區整合性照護 Long-term care Payment system Service providing contract Long-term care insurance Community care Caring community
69	La BCE et l’Eurosystème : exemple d’intégration verticale / The ECB and the Eurosystem : example of vertical integration Adalid, Sébastien 09 November 2012 (has links) La banque centrale européenne (bce) n'est pas une institution au sens des traités communautaires. pourtant elle dispose, à l'image des institutions, de pouvoirs législatifs et exécutifs. au sens du droit communautaire, la bce est un <<organe>>, elle jouit donc de la personnalité juridique. dans le paysage institutionnel de l'union, la bce est la seule à disposer à la fois de pouvoirs législatifs et exécutifs et de la personnalité morale. il convient de ce fait de se poser la question de la place de la bce dans ce paysage institutionnel. de plus, les pouvoirs de la bce et leur exercice sont extrêmement flous. tout d'abord, la bce partage certains pouvoirs avec le conseil ecofin, qui lui mêne en partage avec l'eurogroupe. ensuite, les pouvoirs de la bce sont exercés soit par le conseil des gouverneurs, soit par le directoire. les décisions prises par ces organes, sont ensuite mises en oeuvre par la bce elle même ou par les banques centrales nationales. il se pose donc la question des réels pouvoirs de la bce, du fait de son intégration au sein du système européen de banques centrales. beaucoup d'auteurs ont apporté des réponses à ces questions, la bce : banque centrale de la communauté, la bce autorité administrative indépedante, le bce communauté internationale à part. malgré, l'intérêt de ces travaux aucun n'a pris en compte la bce dans sa globalité et dans sa complexité. notre travail de tèse se propose de reprendre l'ensemble des questions relatives à la place de la bce dans les institutions et organes de l'union, afin de mieux définir et comprendre cet organe à part. / The Eurosystem is a unique structure of European Union law which includes the central banks of States that have adopted the euro and the European Central Bank. A theoretical study of the evolution of the exercise of power within the Union demonstrates the emergence of a new methode of integration called "vertical integration." In a dialectical process between theory and reality of the Eurosystem, the main features of the the vertical integration method can be tested and its main qualities and defects disclosed.The method of vertical integration led to the construction of sub-systems composed of national bodies and body of the Union. The method operates in four directions. The sub- system thereby producted relates formally and functionally to the EU and operates in a specific sector which imposes the specificities of its action. It can be said "organized" (its components are interconnected by complex interrelationships guaranteeing the unity and effectiveness of the system). It is independent from the states as it is from the political institutions of the Union.The study of the Eurosystem through this perspective allows to elucidate the nature of this unusual construction whose action in crises - the financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis - was crucial. Such research can also highlight, under a new perspective, the recent developments in the institutional system of the EU as a whole. Banque Banque centrale Banque centrale européenne Crise financière Crise des dettes souveraines Eurosystème Euro Indépendance Institutions de l'Union européenne Intégration Méthode communautaire Sebc Stabilité des prix Système Systèmes de paiement Monaie Bank Central bank European central bank Financial crisis European debt crisis Eurosystem Euro Independence European Union institution Integration Methode communautaire Money Escb Price stability System Payment system 340
70	Towards an ICT artefact for financial inclusion in Ghana: a critical realist perspective Agyepong, Stephen 02 1900 (has links) Financial exclusion is a major developmental problem. Perception has it that financial exclusion emanates from the lack of access to banking and financial services, and the general understanding is that ICT-based access to such services is the solution. In this research, which was undertaken in Ghana, Critical Realism (CR) revealed deeper causes (generative mechanisms) that underlie financial exclusion. The research followed a mixed-method approach. The CR approach guided the research to create an initial model from which hypotheses were deduced and tested; the design science approach, guided the research to create the design theory and an instantiation of an application that uses the design theory; and the quantitative method, was used to evaluate the hypotheses. CR revealed how, in a credit economy, people have a need for credit to pursue business or education opportunities. The generative mechanisms identified have revealed how the credit market for the unbanked includes the reality that a wellfunctioning credit market is self-sustaining with two mechanisms: signalling and adoption. The signalling mechanism facilitates users’ access to credit, which they in turn are able to spend on more services. On the other hand, the adoption mechanism enables the development of more services making the market more valuable, thus attracting more users in a self-feeding loop. The key findings suggest that being banked does not necessarily lead to financial inclusion and financial wellbeing. Transactional banking only serves as an "enrichment agenda for the banks", with minimal benefit to the people. There are also other non-financial technologies such as sharing and social technologies that have an effect on the provision of credit; in addition to their main purpose of saving and/or earning income, for the unbanked, by sharing resources. In Ghana, despite having bank accounts, most of the banked do not use them, because of cost and inappropriate services. This research reveals that the unexamined notion of being banked as a fundamental requirement for financial inclusion may require further investigation. The research has found that the unbanked keeping to themselves and the use of cash creates anonymity and makes them invisible to formal financial institutions, who prefer identity over anonymity, thus contributing to their financial exclusion. The following design needs were identified: inexpensive credit and value-added services such as saving groups, financial accounting services, service to report delinquent customers and education. The research offers a conceptualization of a financial inclusion ICT artefact to draw attention to the multifaceted and complex environment financial inclusion effort is immersed. This calls for an integrated approach since the issues with financial exclusion extend beyond financials and have an effect on the broader society. The research, therefore, proposes a substantive framework for improving the design and development of financial inclusive systems, which helps build trust using obligation transactions. It offers an approach to computing an individual’s financial inclusiveness, which also helps safeguard his/her financial wellbeing. The thesis makes a contribution to Information Systems theory in proposing a framework on financial inclusion using ICT. The contribution to practice is the design of an ICT artefact. / School of Computing / Ph. D. (Computer Science) Action design research Agency banking Blockchain Critical realism Design theory Digital currency E-zwich Fingerprint Financial inclusion Mobile money M-PESA Smart payment system Socio-technical infrastructure 332.170285467809667 Financial institutions -- Ghana Internet banking -- Ghana Electronic funds transfers -- Ghana Credit -- Ghana

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