Liberal peace-making may not always be the best way to ensure peace in conflicting societies. Academia have always tended to only look to Western peace-making processes which have made policy limited in the cultural understanding of societies way of functioning, trying to implement what may work in "Western" but not necessarily the host countries' context. In addition, fewer have looked how these two contrasting ways of conducting peace-making affects legitimacy. In this thesis, I examine how Mac Ginty's (2008) "liberal peace versus traditional peace-making" affects level of legitimacy as conceptualized by Levi et al. (2009), within the case of Somalia. The hypothesis was confirmed; the use of traditional peace-making processes has a positive effect on legitimacy. To conclude, the recommendation for further research was to explore the grey-zones between liberal peace and traditional peace-making to further explore its possibilities.

This paper examines how ex-combatants of El Salvador’s 1980-1992 civil war view post-war processes of reconciliation. I demonstrate that contrary to dominant understandings of ongoing political polarization in El Salvador, perpetuated by Salvadoran political parties, many former army and guerrilla combatants are coexisting in the same communities and working together in various ways. I show how the Salvadoran Peace Accords and the apparent political polarization has opened a space for the recreation of social networks and the creation of communities in post-war societies. I call this process “grassroots peacemaking,”emphasizing the everyday negotiations of remembering and creating new social relations in a nation torn apart by war and violence. / text

No description available.

This thesis applies securitisation theory to the Israeli-Palestinian case with a particular focus on the potential for desecuritisation processes arising from Israeli-Palestinian cooperation/coexistence efforts in peace education and water management. It aims to apply securitisation theory in general and the under-employed concept of desecuritisation in particular, to explore the limits and prospects as a theoretical framework. Concepts, arguments and assumptions associated with the securitisation theory of the Copenhagen School are considered. In this regard, the thesis makes a contribution to Security Studies through its application of securitisation theory and sheds light on a complex conflict situation. Based on an analytical framework that integrates the concept of desecuritisation with the concepts of peace-building and peace-making, the thesis pays attention to desecuritisation moves involving Israeli and Palestinian civil societies through peace education and water management. The thesis contributes to debates over the problems and prospects of reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians, so making a significant empirical and theoretical contribution in the development of the concept of desecuritisation as a framework for analysing conflict resolution. The thesis develops an analytical framework that combines political level peace-making with civil society actors' peace-building efforts. These are seen as potential processes of desecuritisation; indeed, for desecuritisation to occur. The thesis argues that a combination of moves at both the political and societal levels is required. By contrast to securitisation processes which are mainly initiated by political andlor military elites with the moral consent of society (or 'audience' in Copenhagen School terms), processes of desecuritisation, especially in cases of protracted conflicts, go beyond the level of elites to involve society in cultural and structural peace-building programmes. Israeli-Palestinian peace education and water management cases are employed to illustrate this argument.

Yes / Introduction: ...The first part of this research will be carried out on the basis of a theoretical review. Having defined peace parks in the context of the issues raised, the evolution of tourism needs to be specifically connected with sustainable development and peace issues. Thirdly, the potential and limitations of the development of tourism will be analysed in three aspects - economic, social-cultural and environmental, in the process of promoting peace. The second part will be a case-study of the Balkans Peace Park Project. The impacts of the development of tourism on local people were observed for 9 weeks in Thethi National Park of Albania which is a part of the proposed Balkans Peace Park area. During the observation, a questionnaire survey (Appendix I) was conducted in order to assess local awareness of both the costs and benefits of tourism; approximately 30% of households responded. An interview with the international organization which implemented the tourism development project in the region was also organized. This research will analyse results of both these, as well as the results of observation and participation in the community. 1-3. Literature Review

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis will examine the emerging role of a sub-regional organization dealing with peacekeeping and peacemaking missions on the post-Cold-War period in West Africa. This examination will focus mainly on ECOWAS and ECOMOG, its military wing, as the most prominent sub-regional organization in conducting peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Africa. This thesis will focus on the first generation interventions of ECOWAS/ECOMOG in undertaking peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Liberia (1990 - 1997), Sierra Leone, (1998 - 2000), and Guinea Bissau (1998 - 1999)), and the second generation of interventions in Liberia in 2003 and in CoÌ te d'Ivoire (2003-2004). This examination aimed at assessing ECOWAS' strengths and limitations and comparing to which the second generation interventions have benefited from the lessons of the first. / Commander, Royal Moroccan Navy

The thesis presents a conceptual study engaging the theories emerged in the philosophy of language and the theories of international relations and negotiations into a single framework. The framework comprises the concepts developed by L. Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, and J. Derrida whose relevance has been identified through searching for the zone of common grounds in which they could contribute to the theoretical knowledge on international negotiations in crisis and conflict handling contexts. It has accordingly been developed following the lines of the IR/negotiations theoretical set, but also adjusted by considering two relevant empirical cases. The said Wittgenstein-Austin-Derrida framework has been assigned the mission to study language as a tool in crisis/conflict negotiations, but likewise to consider crisis/conflict negotiations in the framework of language. This implies the post-structuralist approach to the international affairs, which enables the possibility of deconstructing the matter on its textual/discursive components. On such grounds, it perceives the ‘text’ as a source of political power, i.e. as a pattern which comprises the present institutions. By virtue of assigning new meanings to the ‘text’, it regards discourses as that what creates agencies in international relations.

和平與安全是人類衷心想望的目標。在國際關係理論中，集體安全是 值得努力的制度。唯其需要參與者對組織和其他成員全然的信任和委託才 得以成功地實現。在國際組織的歷史中，國聯與聯合國均以集體安全為手 段，節制衝突、積極合作，期達成和平和安全的理想世界。 冷戰時期 ，美蘇之間的互不信任造成在各方面競爭，企圖尋求優勢以獲安全。安理 會在此種爭奪下，深受內部不和諧、功能不彰之苦，於維持和平的方法上 作因應變化和發展。在戈巴契夫新思維倡導下，冷戰和緩以迄結束，美蘇 由敵對關係轉變成伙伴關係。在彼此信任的基礎上攜手共同維持國際和平 ，安理會維持和平的功能乃日漸提昇。 波斯灣危機中，安理會的運作 乃是部分回歸憲章的集體安全制度。此種經驗雖重燃起國際社會對實施集 體安全的信心和盼望，然其實施卻仍依賴強權國之政治支持意願而定。至 於和平與安全的根本問題則是在人心人性的深處，而少數傑出政治家所能 獨力為之的。

This thesis critiques liberal peacebuilding in Africa, with a particular focus on Sierra Leone. In particular, it examines the interface between the liberal peace and the “local”, the forms of agency that various local actors are expressing in response to the liberal peace and the hybrid forms of peace that are emerging in Sierra Leone. The thesis is built from an emerging critical literature that has argued for the need to shift from merely criticising liberal peacebuilding to examining local and contextual responses to it. Such contextualisation is crucial mainly because it helps us to develop a better understanding of the complex dynamics on the ground. The aim of this thesis is not to provide a new theory but to attempt to use the emerging insights from the critical scholarship through adopting the concept of hybridity in order to gain an understanding of the forms of peace that are emerging in post-conflict zones in Africa. This has not been comprehensively addressed in the context of post-conflict societies in Africa. Yet, much contemporary peace support operations are taking place in these societies that are characterised by multiple sources of legitimacy, authority and sovereignty. The thesis shows that in Sierra Leone local actors – from state elites to chiefs to civil society to ordinary people on the “margins of the state” – are not passive recipients of the liberal peace. It sheds new light on how hybridity can be created “from below” as citizens do not engage in outright resistance, but express various forms of agency including partial acceptance and internalisation of some elements of the liberal peace that they find useful to them; and use them to make demands for reforms against state elites who they do not trust and often criticise for their pre-occupation with political survival and consolidation of power. Further, it notes that in Sierra Leone a “post-liberal peace” that is locally-oriented might emerge on the “margins of the state” where culture, custom and tradition are predominant, and where neo-traditional civil society organisations act as vehicles for both the liberal peace and customary peacebuilding while allowing locals to lead the peacebuilding process. In Sierra Leone, there are also peace processes that are based on custom that are operating in parallel to the liberal peace, particularly in remote parts of the country.

聯合國維持和平行動自1948年至今（2004），已經成立了五十九次行動。本文為這五十九次行動的內容作一分類，提出「維持和平」（Peace-keeping）、「製造和平」（Peace-making）、「重建和平」（Ppeace-building）三大類型。每一次的聯合國維和行動其任務內容有涵蓋一類者，也有同時或前後涵蓋兩類者，也有同時或前後涵蓋三類者，再進一步根據維和行動的成立背景、聯合國安理會的授權、與維和行動執行的實際內容，來歸納整理這三類型的維和行動。 本文除了序論與結論外，內容簡介如下： 第二章簡述聯合國維持和平行動的發展，從其起源到冷戰期間和後冷戰期間的轉變。 第三章回顧有關維和行動的相關類型定義。有關維和行動的類型定義多見於和平研究中，並且在後冷戰時期始多這方面的研究。本章並整理歸納各家的分類及其定義，以為「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」下一個通盤的定義。 第四章至第六章則分別探討「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」三種維和行動類型的內涵。每一類型再劃分其執行的次要類項，在每一個次要類項中逐一探討每一次聯合國維和行動的成立背景和經過、安理會的授權內容和實際上的運作情形。「維持和平」的次要類項包括監視停火/停戰/撤軍/脫離戰鬥協議、駐守緩衝區/安全區/非軍事區、監視警察的值勤、預防部署部隊；「製造和平」的次要類項包括提供安全維護/使用武力、監視自由公平的民主選舉、監視/協助國家行政單位的正常化、協助恢復法律與秩序、監視人權/建立保護人權能力、提供人道援助/清除地雷、解除武裝/復員/遣返/重新安置和重返社會；「重建和平」的次要類項包括透過選舉成立民主新政府、臨時統治/行政機構、民事行政管理、協助建立現代化軍隊、協助建立民警部隊/司法體系、建立人權保障制度、基礎設施/經濟重建、資訊/宣傳 第七章則進一步探討影響維和行動內容演變的因素，分聯合國內、外因素來一一加以說明。最後並比較「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」三種維和行動類型的演變過程。