In the Western States, a pecuniary punishment represents a proven alternative to (un)conditional imprisonment. By joint effort of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office and the Supreme Court, the pecuniary punishment has become a trend over the last few years also in the Czech Republic. Why should criminal justice bodies strive for more frequent imposition of the pecuniary punishment? In which cases is the pecuniary punishment an appropriate criminal sanction? And how is, or rather should be, the pecuniary punishment imposed and enforced? The submitted master's thesis draws attention to the obstacles of effective legal regulation and its inconsistent application. It deals with substantive and procedural aspects of the matter, relevant case law and statistical data. Conscious of the limits of comparisons in criminal law, the author also takes into account the law of Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. The first part of the thesis deals with the pecuniary punishment in general. The diploma candidate describes its purpose, position in the system of criminal sanctions and basic characteristics. A closer look is taken at the new way to satisfy the injured person, which was introduced on 1 January 2018 by Act No. 59/2017 Sb., on the use of financial resources from proprietary criminal sanctions imposed...

This essay was drafted on the topic of "The sale of an enterprise as the mode of enforcement (execution) of monetary judgment". The topic of this essay was chosen by me as I have been working with the execution law and, furthermore, this is very the dynamically expanded legal area in the frame of the civil procedural law. The enforcement (execution) is the legal area which is been experiencing by permanent changes, which main aims are both more effective enforcement of the pecuniary fulfilment on one side and the protection and minimisation of enforcement in reasonable and indispensable cases on the second side. The aim of this essay is to introduce this legal area of the sale of an enterprise as the mode of enforcement (execution) arranged by the judges during enforcement and executions arranged by the executors. Furthermore, I try to compare the current legal status of the enforcement by the sale of an enterprise to the current legal status of enforcement by the sale of a real estate property and also to compare the current legal status of the enforcement by the sale of the enterprise to the legal status effective before the amending the current legal status effective from 1st January 2013. This essay is segmented into the three individual parts. The first part is an introduction of the essay....

A presente dissertação aborda a temática do condomínio edilício, examinando questões importantes e elementares deste especial instituto jurídico, e do condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial. Para tanto, exige-se uma robusta análise do direito de propriedade e da função social, como seu elemento transformador, na medida em que esta, ao lado da peculiar estrutura jurídica do condomínio edilício, que conjuga áreas de propriedade exclusiva com áreas de propriedade comum, somada ao próprio ordenamento jurídico pátrio, impõe ao titular de unidade autônoma o cumprimento de deveres de observância obrigatória, não só para com os demais condôminos, mas principalmente em favor de toda coletividade. Tais deveres, uma vez descumpridos, ensejam a aplicação de medidas jurídicas sancionatórias gradativas em face do infrator, a iniciar por penas pecuniárias, até final expulsão da seara condominial, que poderá ocorrer na medida em que sejam reiteradas as atividades nocivas por ele desempenhadas, gerando incompatibilidade de convivência com os demais condôminos, e na hipótese de as multas aplicadas mostrarem-se inócuas como meio de interrompê-las. A expulsão do condômino antissocial do condomínio edilício pode afigurar-se, a princípio, uma radical sanção, contudo extremamente necessária como último recurso não só para a manutenção do equilíbrio psíquico, econômico e social na copropriedade, mas para assegurar a função social que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro impõe ao direito proprietário, no qual também está inserida a propriedade em unidade autônoma condominial. / This dissertation addresses the theme of condominium building, examining important issues and this legal institute special elementary, and condominium member with repeated antisocial behavior. Therefore, it requires a robust analysis of property rights and social function, as its transforming element, insofar as the social function, along with the peculiar legal structure of the condominium building, which combines exclusive proprietary areas with common property areas, in addition to its own legal system, imposes on the holder of the autonomous unit compliance with mandatory observance duties, not only with the other joint owners, but mostly in favor of the whole collectivity. Once breached such duties, it inspires the application of piecemeal legal sanctions measures in face of the offender, that starts from monetary penalties until the final expulsion of the harvest condominium, which may occur as the harmful activities are repeated by him performed, generating coexistence incompatibility with the other condominium members, and assuming that the fines shows up innocuous as a way to stop them. The expulsion of antisocial condominium member from the condominium building can seem, at first, a radical penalty, but extremely necessary as a last resort not only to maintain psychic equilibrium, social and economical in co-ownership, but to ensure the social function that the Brazilian legal system imposes on the proprietary right, which is also inserted into the stand-alone unit condominium property

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando de Lima Carvalho.pdf: 1538151 bytes, checksum: 63f8be1c5e32ca2fc096d988cb8517cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-10 / The advancement of relations between men in the world today involved new analyzes of law. It became an indipensable measure to review institutes that for long centuries followed the initial format developed by the Romans. Among the reasons that required the review of contemporary legal systems, respect for human dignity is presented as the main one. In societies formed by humans, nobody respects the human being. Damage is caused daily, minute by minute, second by second. The result is a natural reaction of private law, as it serves to regulate the relations between men. In the field of private law was then the reanalysis of the civil liability. Occurring damages, this system should worry about restoring the previous situation of the offender and the victim. But the liability can not only serve to repair damages. It also has to punish those who practice them and also ensure that they will no longer occur. Therefore, the purposes of liability becomes compensation, punishment and prevention, or caution, depending on how damages to be avoided are seen. The liability has distinct functions: one directed exclusively to the victim and the to damage that was caused (reparative function); another directed to the offending agent, mainly the intensity of his guilt and punishment that should imposed to him (punitive function); and the last related to the prevention of damages that may occur in the future and, therefore, is independent of the occurrence of the damage. Taking this into consideration, the effective application of civil liability, ie the means of redress, can not be exhausted in just pecuniary compensation. Each function of liability should have its mean of redress. The scope of this work is the presentation of these other means of redress / O avanço das relações mantidas entre os homens no mundo atual implicou novas análises do direito. A revisão de institutos que por longos séculos seguiram, apenas com pequenos ajustes, a formatação inicial desenvolvida pelos romanos, se tornou providência indispensável. Dentre as razões que demandaram a reanálise dos sistemas jurídicos contemporâneos, o respeito à dignidade humana se apresentou como a principal. Nas sociedades formadas por seres humanos ninguém respeita o ser humano. Danos são causados diariamente, minuto a minuto, segundo a segundo. A consequência disso é a reação natural do direito privado, já que serve para regular as relações entre os homens. No campo do direito privado houve, então, a revisitação da responsabilidade civil. Ocorrendo danos, deve esse sistema preocupar-se em restabelecer o estado em que se encontravam antes o ofensor e a vítima. Mas a responsabilidade civil não pode servir apenas para reparar danos, há de punir quem os pratica e também zelar para que eles não mais ocorram. Passam, portanto, a ser escopos da responsabilidade civil, a reparação, a punição e a prevenção, ou precaução, dependendo de como são vistos os danos que se pretende evitar. A responsabilidade civil possui funções distintas: uma voltada à vítima, exclusivamente, e ao dano que no presente lhe foi causado (função reparatória); outra relativa ao agente ofensor, principalmente, à intensidade de sua culpa e à sanção que no presente lhe deve ser imposta (função punitiva); e a última correspondente à prevenção dos danos que podem ocorrer no futuro e que, por assim considerar, diz-se que independe da ocorrência do dano. Ora, diante disso, os instrumentos de efetiva atuação da responsabilidade civil, isto é, os meios reparatórios, não se podem exaurir apenas nas indenizações pecuniárias. Cada função deve ter o seu meio reparatório. É a apresentação desses outros meios de reparação o escopo do presente trabalho

This scientific research has been made on the regulation of similar institute to material liability of the employees in the national law of five old European Union member states (Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Sweden and Germany), comparing it to the regulation of material liability of the employees in Lithuania. It is very important as this is one of first more detailed researches in Lithuania made on this issue. The similarities and the differences of the regulation are being pointed out through the analysis of the main questions of material liability of the employees such as conception, sources of law, applying conditions, limitation of the liability, and the cases when unlimited liability of the employees is being applied.

This thesis deals with the problems of optimal grading, employee performance evaluation by unaccountable managers, and the evolution of inequity-averse preferences. The purpose is to explain certain stylized facts related to these problems, and this is attempted with the help of contract-theoretic models. Chapter 1 of this thesis studies a teacher-student relationship as a principal-agent model with a costless reward structure. The model shows that the stylized fact of a mismatch and low correlation between students' abilities and their grades can be the expected-effort-maximizing outcome of teachers' optimal grading. Chapter 2 presents a three-tier model of a firm's economic organization, which is centered on the observation that managers do not fully internalize the payroll expenses they incur. With the idea that the degree of manager accountability varies inversely with firm size, the model predicts that the compression of ratings, the large-firm wage premium, and the inverse relationship between wage dispersion and firm size can actually be equilibrium outcomes. The last chapter presents an evolutionary argument for the endogeneity of people's preferences with respect to market exposure. It shows that aversion to income inequality observed empirically could have evolved as an optimal response to merchants' price discrimination. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2009</p>

Submitted by ANA ALICE LIMA DE QUEIROZ (lima_queiroz@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-25T13:13:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AAQueiroz Tese Mestrado 25-01-2018.pdf: 1375521 bytes, checksum: e2665eb4f32fa195218a60d5f816e757 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-01-31T13:40:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AAQueiroz Tese Mestrado 25-01-2018.pdf: 1375521 bytes, checksum: e2665eb4f32fa195218a60d5f816e757 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T13:55:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AAQueiroz Tese Mestrado 25-01-2018.pdf: 1375521 bytes, checksum: e2665eb4f32fa195218a60d5f816e757 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-06 / O trabalho investiga as hipóteses de retenção pecuniária e o exercício de autotutela presentes nos contratos interempresariais através de pesquisa dos diversos institutos utilizados e expressos nas disposições contratuais acordadas entre as partes. Para este fim, considera retenção pecuniária as hipóteses de suspensão ou glosa, temporária ou definitiva, parcial ou integral, do pagamento de valores devidos pela contratante à contratada. O mecanismo é bastante utilizado nos contratos interempresariais e espelha em sua forma e conteúdo a experiência destes atores. É postulado como uma das soluções para redimir a mora e o inadimplemento das partes, e, na maioria dos casos, permite a continuidade regular do contrato, com benefícios aos envolvidos, aos terceiros e à sociedade. O estudo avalia a aderência destas postulações à legislação e aos princípios informadores dos contratos, tendo em conta sua adequação ao objeto desejado pelas partes. A autotutela das contratantes deste mecanismo se passa na maioria dos casos à margem da lei, mas se pauta pela intepretação dos tribunais. Em sua primeira parte, o trabalho define os recortes da pesquisa empírica pervasiva e da metodologia utilizada. Na sequência, descreve os mecanismos usuais de retenção divididos em quatro capítulos – retenção determinada por previsão legal; retenção como garantia de cumprimento do contrato; retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação contratual e retenção por inadimplemento de obrigação extracontratual – detalhando as práticas, o enquadramento jurídico das condutas encontradas e sugerindo alguns ajustes que facilitem sua sustentação em sede judicial. Na conclusão são retomados os principais aspectos das práticas usuais, sua fundamentação jurídica, identificados os pontos de atenção e feitas algumas recomendações para o uso deste mecanismo nos contratos interempresariais, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma referência para aqueles que trabalham na elaboração destas minutas. / This paper investigates correlation between pecuniary retention hypothesis and self-help dispositions, as found in most corporate agreements. It is based on research of several mechanisms, as generally used and expressed by the contractual terms agreed between the parties. For such purpose, the definition of pecuniary retention would be suspending or withholding, temporarily or definitely, in whole or in part, the payment of amounts due by the contracting party to the contracted party. This resource is widely used within corporate agreements. Format and contents thereof are generally expressing past situations, as experienced by stakeholders, who use them as alternative solutions for preventing delays or reducing breach of contractual obligations by the parties and, in most cases, ensuring the continuity and completion of the contract as desired originally, benefitting the contracting parties, third parties and the society at large. The paper evaluates the adequacy of these practices in light of Brazilian legislation and of contractual law principles, taking into consideration their matching with the utmost object, as agreed between the parties. These self-help mechanisms are regularly practiced among contractors, and although not usually disputed, are designed according to courts interpretations. The first part of the paper defines the pervasive empirical survey details and methodology. Follows a description of the usual pecuniary retention mechanisms, divided into four chapters – withholding by legal provision; withholding as guarantee for contract completion, withholding as a result of infringement of contractual obligations and withholding for preventing default of extra contractual obligations – describing in detail the practices, the applicable legislation and suggesting a few adjustments, to help sustain their exercise in case of a court judgment. The conclusion reviews the relevant aspects of the usual practices, their legal basis and key points, followed by a few recommendations on how to use such mechanism in corporate agreements, with the purpose of providing reference for those who are in charge of drafting these contracts.

A presente dissertação aborda a temática do condomínio edilício, examinando questões importantes e elementares deste especial instituto jurídico, e do condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial. Para tanto, exige-se uma robusta análise do direito de propriedade e da função social, como seu elemento transformador, na medida em que esta, ao lado da peculiar estrutura jurídica do condomínio edilício, que conjuga áreas de propriedade exclusiva com áreas de propriedade comum, somada ao próprio ordenamento jurídico pátrio, impõe ao titular de unidade autônoma o cumprimento de deveres de observância obrigatória, não só para com os demais condôminos, mas principalmente em favor de toda coletividade. Tais deveres, uma vez descumpridos, ensejam a aplicação de medidas jurídicas sancionatórias gradativas em face do infrator, a iniciar por penas pecuniárias, até final expulsão da seara condominial, que poderá ocorrer na medida em que sejam reiteradas as atividades nocivas por ele desempenhadas, gerando incompatibilidade de convivência com os demais condôminos, e na hipótese de as multas aplicadas mostrarem-se inócuas como meio de interrompê-las. A expulsão do condômino antissocial do condomínio edilício pode afigurar-se, a princípio, uma radical sanção, contudo extremamente necessária como último recurso não só para a manutenção do equilíbrio psíquico, econômico e social na copropriedade, mas para assegurar a função social que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro impõe ao direito proprietário, no qual também está inserida a propriedade em unidade autônoma condominial. / This dissertation addresses the theme of condominium building, examining important issues and this legal institute special elementary, and condominium member with repeated antisocial behavior. Therefore, it requires a robust analysis of property rights and social function, as its transforming element, insofar as the social function, along with the peculiar legal structure of the condominium building, which combines exclusive proprietary areas with common property areas, in addition to its own legal system, imposes on the holder of the autonomous unit compliance with mandatory observance duties, not only with the other joint owners, but mostly in favor of the whole collectivity. Once breached such duties, it inspires the application of piecemeal legal sanctions measures in face of the offender, that starts from monetary penalties until the final expulsion of the harvest condominium, which may occur as the harmful activities are repeated by him performed, generating coexistence incompatibility with the other condominium members, and assuming that the fines shows up innocuous as a way to stop them. The expulsion of antisocial condominium member from the condominium building can seem, at first, a radical penalty, but extremely necessary as a last resort not only to maintain psychic equilibrium, social and economical in co-ownership, but to ensure the social function that the Brazilian legal system imposes on the proprietary right, which is also inserted into the stand-alone unit condominium property

This master's thesis deals with compensation of non-pecuniary harm to health. It aims to analyze conceivable methods of compensation of non-pecuniary harm and individual claims arising from harm to health. They are compared with the previous legislation, selected foreign legislation and also with European soft-law documents. Subsequently I analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Non-pecuniary harm to health represents an area of law with steadily increasing importance. Not only there are further claims arising from harm to health enacted, but also the amount of damages granted grows exponentially. The Civil Code has brought new issues as well as a number of questions, out of which not all have been sufficiently analysed so far. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The necessary theoretical basics are described in the first one, that means the term of non-pecuniary harm, general rules relating to its compensation, short description of the historical development as well as the legal sources, including the European soft-law documents (PETL, DFCR). The second chapter addresses the individual claims of the injured party arising from harm to health. The type of claims, the requirements to be fulfilled in order to uphold the claim and especially the way of determining...

La educación tiene un papel clave en la formación del capital humano, y claro esta su relación positiva con el nivel de ingresos para un individuo. Sin embargo, el efecto social de la educación, denominado en la literatura como las externalidades del capital humano, no presenta un consenso marcado sobre la significancia y magnitud del incremento promedio de la educación o el incremento en la participación de trabajadores cualificados en la fuerza laboral sobre los niveles de ingresos. En la presente investigación se busca identificar el impacto de las externalidades del capital humano sobre los salarios de los trabajadores para el caso peruano, tomando como base los conceptos teóricos e investigaciones empíricas sobre las externalidades pecuniarias. El trabajo permite verificar si realmente es viable y eficaz incentivar la inversión en educación para mejorar los niveles de capital humano en una localidad y así obtener una mejora en el nivel de salarios de toda la sociedad. Asimismo, al finalizar la estimación utilizando la base ENAHO para los años 2010, 2015 y 2020 se identifica que las externalidades del capital humano encontradas para el caso peruano tienen un impacto positivo sobre el nivel de ingresos de los trabajadores en una localidad determinada, pero en menor magnitud que los retornos privados de la educación. La estimación se realizó mediante el método de variables instrumentales de efectos fijos obteniendo un valor para las externalidades del capital humano equivalente a 14.5% y bajo efectos aleatorios un valor de 0.88%, lo cual significa que ante un incremento del 1% de la participación de mano de obra cualificada en la fuerza laboral los salarios de los trabajadores tenderán a incrementarse alrededor de 0.88% y 14.5%. / Education has an important role in human capital formation, and its positive relationship with wages individual levels. Nevertheless, the education social effects do not have a consensus about its significative and magnitude in increase the wages mean level. The investigation searches to identify the impact of human capital externalities on wages for the Peruvian case, based on theoretical concepts and empirical research on pecuniary externalities. Also, the research allows to verify whether it is really viable and effective try to encourage invest in education program to improve the human capital level in a region and the wage levels in society. In addition, after finishing the estimation using the ENAHO data 2010, 2015 and 2020, it is identified that human capital externalities found for the Peruvian case have a positive impact on the income level of workers in a given locality; however, this impact has a smaller magnitude than the private returns to education. The estimation was carried out using instrumental variables fixed effects model where the results show human capital externalities equal to 14.5% and with random effects this value is 0.88, which means that a 1% increase in the participation of skilled labor in the labor force, workers salary would increase by around 0.88% and 14.5%. / Trabajo de investigación