<p> The purpose of this research is to document the use of chest voice in sound recordings of sopranos from the early 1900s through the twentieth century and to survey the vocal pedagogy informing performance practice of chest voice throughout the twentieth century. The research includes a survey of the chest voice in vocal pedagogy treatises from the seventeenth century through the twentieth century, and the performance practice of singers throughout the twentieth century in regard to the use of chest voice. The research also includes recording practices as they pertain to the different time periods of sound recordings used in this study. Three singers from each recording era are documented in regard to their rise to fame, voice teachers, training, use of chest voice in recordings, and approach to singing. Three arias will be used to trace the use of chest voice throughout the different eras of recorded history to document changes in style and approach to chest voice singing. The arias are "Una voce poco fa" from Rossini's <i>Il Barbiere di Siviglia </i>, "Salce, Salce" from Verdi's <i>Otello</i>, and "Air des bijoux" (The Jewel Song) from Gounod's <i>Faust</i>. The views about the use of chest voice over the past four hundred years inform the modern vocal pedagogue in regard to the changes in methodology, ideology, and practice due to the advances in vocal science and technology used to explore the voice and its function. However, until the beginning of sound recording the only form of documented historical performance lay in the opinions of critics and those who wrote about the performers of their day. In the research of this document the archival recordings provide the impetus for comparing vocal pedagogy instruction with performance practice in the use of chest voice.</p>

<p> Each chapter of this thesis explores a technique commonly found in post-tonal piano repertoire for students Levels 1-3 (Magrath). Post-tonal techniques evaluated for difficulty are Nonwestern scales, polychords and clusters, polytonality, atonality, serialism, aleatoric music, and experiments in sound. There are some inherent difficulties for beginner pianists in each of these topics that are discussed in detail. The appropriateness of these styles for students is evaluated and elements that are conceptually advanced are altered so that earlier exposure to these techniques is possible. Where there are areas of pedagogical weakness or a lack of material for young pianists, compositions have been supplied in a methodical order, introducing and expanding upon new and creative methods of approaching these techniques.</p>

<p> Music appreciation is a popular General Education course at the university level and is included as a survey course for music majors at many universities, yet there is not a consensus on the "correct" way to teach the course. Many pedagogical approaches have been explored; each having its merits, and it is probable that there will never be unanimous agreement among music educators regarding which approach is the most effective. Three pedagogical approaches in particular have been effective; namely the analytical approach, the historical approach, and the contextual approach as described by professor of music Dr. Lewis W. Gordon. These approaches were applied in a onesemester survey music history course with the goal of analyzing which is the most effective in teaching freshman music majors. The assessment of these results will be discussed, and suggestions of ways to incorporate these methodologies into teaching will be offered. These approaches will also be discussed in their accordance with the Essential Learning Outcomes of AAC&amp;U's LEAP initiative.</p>

<p> This study seeks to provide female singers and their teachers with insight on achieving career longevity through the collection of data and commentary from seasoned professional female singers. One hundred artists from the United States and Canada, each with a singing career spanning twenty years or longer, were invited to complete the online survey The Professional Female Singer and Career Longevity via SurveyMonkey.com. </p><p> Participants, ages 45-75, responded to an array of questions to create an overview of their vocal careers. Each singer provided answers on physical and vocal health challenges they experienced as well as, the impact of menopause, hormone replacement therapy, and the perceived benefits of teaching to maintain the voice. Respondents also shared information on the lifestyle, dietary, and other choices they believe contributed to career longevity. </p><p> The sample population, composed of forty-nine mezzo-sopranos and fifty-one sopranos, is predominantly made up of baby boomers, the generation born between 1946 and 1964. It is significant to note that none of the one hundred singers reported being "retired" from the profession. All continue to engage in performing, teaching, or a combination thereof. </p><p> According to the U.S. Census Bureau life expectancy over the past century for women has nearly doubled from an average of 48.3 years in 1900 to 81.3 years in 2010. Women can now expect to live a considerable portion of their life in a postmenopausal state. This document adds first hand reports by female professional singers to the present voice science research on the benefits of diet, exercise, lifestyle choices and hormone therapy. Singers should be educated to the benefits of maintaining hormonal balance and its direct impact on preserving the voice. Further study is warranted to explore which hormone replacement therapies are proving to have the greatest vocal benefit and to disseminate information on which natural/alternative medicines and modalities female singers and voice teachers feel help maintain their voices and contribute to career longevity.</p>

<p> Choro is a traditional Brazilian music that began in Rio de Janeiro during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A virtuosic instrumental music, choro developed through Brazilian interpretations of European dance genres, especially polka and waltz. Participation by both amateur and professional musicians characterizes choro's traditional pedagogy, a reflection of informal and formal learning processes and contexts. At the turn of the twenty-first century, choro schools now offer venues for defining and validating the tradition as well as inspiring an atmosphere for innovation and creation. Inherent within the concept of tradition is the dichotomy of continuity and change. This study exposes how institutions negotiate the past and present through a comparison of current and historic pedagogy and modes of learning. Choro institutions use traditional and innovative modes of learning to support and enhance the genre's current practice through community organization, which sustains and contributes to its continued performance. Chapter one focuses on defining choro music, first discussing the etymology of the word 'choro,' followed by a survey of choro's history and review of choro literature. The chapter concludes with an explanation of this investigation's purpose. In chapter two I posit the notion that a music community practices and performs choro. Biographies and stories of choro's past and present community members reveal how they learned choro. The chapter ends with an analysis of the processes that establish and reinforce the community. Chapter three examines how people learn choro. I offer prevailing learning perspectives&mdash;acquisition, participation, and knowledge creation&mdash;and establish categories for modes of learning&mdash;formal, non-formal, and informal&mdash;to define the processes and contexts involved in learning choro. Chapter four discusses the musical codes that characterize choro, what the choro community describes as a musical language. The chapter ends with a description of the curriculum at Escola Portatil de Musica, the school case study used for this dissertation. Chapter five is the summation and conclusions, revealing why musicians learn choro music.</p>

This study investigates the influence of the Austrian music theorist Heinrich Schenker on American music theory since 1940, including a survey of writings related to Schenker and theory textbooks displaying his influence. The Schenker influence on American music theory includes many journal articles on Schenker and his principal students. His methods are employed often in analytical discussions of various issues. In addition to numerous dissertations and theses written about Schenker, a number of textbooks are now based wholly or in part on his approach to musical understanding. The current trend towards accepting Schenker's theories is likely to continue as more people are exposed to his teachings.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-04-24T19:31:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Moura de Oliveira Salgado.pdf: 1434113 bytes, checksum: c5849c68b8089f00fcedba1ea228d688 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-24T19:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Moura de Oliveira Salgado.pdf: 1434113 bytes, checksum: c5849c68b8089f00fcedba1ea228d688 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-25 / This paper intends to discuss perceptions/social representations of the teachers-students of Pedagogy/Parfor about teaching music. Starts from the premise that the knowledge acquired in the area of training and performance of these subjects can make the process of teaching and learning significant. Regarding, in this case, the teaching of music, which, from the Law 11.769/08 (BRAZIL, 2008), became mandatory content in the curriculum. The research is based on Moscovici (1978), insofar as his theory of social representations (TRS) contributes to the analysis of the collected data, namely, to support the perceptions /social representations of these subjects about teaching music. Also, authors like Brito (2003), Bastian (2010), among others, gave support to the questions surrounding the teaching of music. And authors like Nóvoa (1992), Abdalla (2006, 2008, 2009) and Tardif (2012) contribute to support the analysis of data relevant to teacher training. Regarding methodological procedures, the research was done in three stages. The first was a questionnaire to 43 research subjects with closed questions, open and evocation next to the greater integrated project to the International Social Representations - CIERS-Ed/FCC; noting, however, that this study only data were considered profile of these subjects. Second, we conducted a Focal Group with eight (8) teachers-students, and, in the third phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four (4) participants of the previous phases, going deep into the theme in question. We pointed the analysis¿s dimensions: historical-normative, as it took into account the teaching of music in the context of the history of Brazilian education and the implementation of Parfor;-professional- training in the pedagogical training in music and teaching music of the teachers-students reveal their perceptions / social representations about teaching music. The results point to difficulties in the training of these teachers-students in Pedagogy/Parfor related to the teaching music, and, consequently, to the difficulties of being developed more elaborate musical activities in their workplaces. The music is introduced into the work environment of teachers-students through musical activities incorporated in the playtime. The ludic contributes, according to these research subjects, for the children¿s musical development. / Este trabalho pretende refletir sobre as percepções e/ou representações sociais das professoras-estudantes da Pedagogia/Parfor sobre o ensino de Música. Parte-se do pressuposto de que o conhecimento que se adquire no campo da formação e da atuação destes sujeitos, pode tornar significativo o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Trata-se, neste caso, do ensino de Música, que, a partir da Lei 11.769/08 (BRASIL, 2008), tornou-se conteúdo obrigatório no currículo. A pesquisa se fundamenta em Moscovici (1978), na medida em que sua teoria das representações sociais (TRS) contribui para a análise dos dados coletados, ou seja, para fundamentar as percepções/representações destes sujeitos sobre o ensino de Música. Também, autores como Brito (2003), Bastian (2010), entre outros, deram suporte às questões em torno do ensino de Música. E autores como Nóvoa (1992), Abdalla (2006; 2008; 2009) e Tardif (2012) contribuem para fundamentar a análise dos dados pertinentes à formação de professores. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, a pesquisa se desenvolveu em três etapas. Na primeira foi aplicado um questionário para 43 sujeitos da pesquisa, com questões fechadas, abertas e de evocação junto ao projeto maior integrado ao Centro Internacional de Representações Sociais ¿ CIERS-Ed/FCC; observando-se, porém, que, nesta pesquisa, só foram considerados os dados de perfil destes sujeitos. Na segunda, foi realizado um Grupo Focal com oito (8) professoras-estudantes; e, na terceira fase, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro (4) participantes das fases anteriores, aprofundando-se a temática em questão. Apontamos as dimensões de análise: histórico-normativa, em que se levou em conta o ensino de Música no contexto de história da educação brasileira e a implementação do Parfor; formativo-profissional, em que a formação pedagógica em Música e a didática musical das professoras-estudantes nos revelam suas percepções/representações sociais sobre o ensino de Música. Os resultados apontam para as dificuldades na formação destas professoras-estudantes na Pedagogia/Parfor referentes ao ensino de Música, e, consequentemente, para as dificuldades de serem desenvolvidas atividades musicais mais elaboradas em seus ambientes de trabalho. A Música é introduzida no ambiente de trabalho das professoras¿estudantes por meio de atividades musicais incorporadas às brincadeiras. O lúdico, assim, contribui, segundo estes sujeitos de pesquisa, para o desenvolvimento musical das crianças.

The aim of the study was to examine how students get their motivation to learn. How two different schools, Kulturskolan in Stockholm and Lilla Akademien, practises motivation when they teach the violin. The method was field studies and qualitative interviews. The result of the study indicates the importance of teaching students how to practise to get progression on their playing, to develop their learning skills to get them motivated. The result of the study indicates that the social environment and the positive experience of playing matters in terms of motivation. It also shows that to reach a professional level of playing the violin, a goal is needed. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur elever får motivation till att lära. Hur två olika skolor, Kulturskolan och Lilla Akademien, arbetar med motivation i ämnet fiolundervisning. I studien behandlades områden som motivation, lärande och övning. Båda skolorna granskades för att påvisa om det fanns likheter och skillnader i hur elever förhåller sig till övning och motivation. Studierna är genomförda på Kulturskolan i Stockholm samt på Lilla Akademien. Studiens material har insamlats genom fältstudier och kvalitativa intervjuer. Studiens resultat indikerar att det är viktigt att elever lär sig hur de ska öva för att få progression i sitt spel, utveckla sitt lärande och få motivation. Det som även spelar stor roll i motivation, är det sociala klimatet och den positiva upplevelsen av att spela. Studien visar på att, för att nå ett professionellt spel, behövs det ett tydligt mål.

Der Autor entfaltet zunächst seine Zweifel daran, ob man Musikstunden überhaupt dadurch gerecht wird, dass man sie ins 'Licht' von Theorien stellt. Ebenso schwierig, wenn nicht unmöglich, dürfte es sein, didaktische Theorien ins Licht von Praxis zu stellen, etwa im Sinne einer Bewährungsprobe. Solchen Zweifeln setzt der Autor dann aber die Überlegung entgegen, 'dass der schönste Skeptizismus keiner ist, wenn er sich nicht auch gegen sich selbst wendet'. Er stellt also die (Thüringer) Stunde ins Licht einer ethnographischen Methode, der 'dichten Beschreibung' nach Clifford Geertz, und erzählt die Interaktion zwischen Mädchen, Jungen und Musiklehrer als (hypothetische) Geschichte nach, in der sich Mechanismen der Benachteiligung von Jungen zeigen, wie sie möglicherweise - wenn man nicht aufpasst - im Klassenmusizieren verstärkt werden. / In the beginning the author develops doubts in the possibility to live up music lessons by throwing on them the 'light' of theories. Comparably difficult, if not impossible, may it be to throw on theo-ries the light of classroom situations, e.g. as a practical test on theoretical validity. But the author subtends this insight, reflecting 'that the most beautiful scepticism is worthless if not applied even to itself'. So he exposes the 'Thuringia' lesson to the light of an ethnographic method, Clifford Geertz'' 'Thick Description'. He tells the interaction between girls, boys and the teacher as a (hypo-thetic) story, in which mechanisms of boys'' disadvantages emerge that possibly - if we don''t care - may be aggravated when we practice to play music in class.

No description available.