京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第21987号 / 教博第240号 / 新制||教||186(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 飯吉 透, 教授 楠見 孝, 准教授 酒井 博之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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This study investigates teachers’ perceptions about the value of peer and self-assessment as tools for enhancing EFL writing in the context of upper-secondary education in Sweden. In addition, this study examines the relationship between teachers’ beliefs, knowledge of the methods, and their reported teaching practices. Based on teachers’ comments, this paper identifies the ways in which peer and self-assessment can be effectively implemented in EFL classrooms. A mixed-methods approach was used in the study. Three qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were complemented with a questionnaire survey in order to check the generality of the interview findings. Through a process of triangulation, the datasets obtained from the questionnaires and interviews were analysed and interpreted in light of theory and recent research on peer and self-assessment. Results show that these teaching and learning tools are appreciated by teachers as a way to enhance learning in relation to EFL writing. However, the investigation showed significant inconsistencies regarding teachers’ usage of the method. The results obtained showed that, in order for these practices to be effective, careful training is needed. Moreover, in order to provide proper training for their students, teachers themselves need to understand the value of the tools, and to be trained in how to effectively implement them. Therefore, the study concluded that information about peer and self-assessment should be included in teacher education and in-service training in Sweden.

The overall purpose of this study is to make a comparative analysis between how peer assessment is presented and expressed in textbooks intended for the Swedish subject in grades 7–9 and in textbooks for upper secondary school. A sub-purpose is to set the content of the textbooks against what is stipulated in the two Swedish school curricula with regard to how peer assessment should be practiced by Swedish teachers. A second sub-purpose is to compare the content of the textbooks with what Skolverket (National Agency for Education) states in its support material. A qualitative method was used. The results show a certain development between the textbooks intended for compulsory school and the ones that pertain to upper secondary school. Textually, it is more developed in the latter: feedback and response are described in more detail, especially in one of the books. Also in terms of content, these textbooks include more material that is in line with the method of peer assessment. But looking at all the material that has been examined, the analysis shows that the wording is relatively undeveloped, that instructions for students and teachers are often in point form, and that the authors omit descriptions of the purpose and usefulness of peer reviews. The analysis of the two curricula shows a willingness for teachers to work with peer assessment. However, the relationship between the content of the textbooks and the texts from Skolverket reveals differences in how the scientific basis is expressed. In the textbooks, references to research are usually omitted and the usefulness of peer assessment is not clarified to any great extent. The results of the study are discussed from different theoretical perspectives and previous research.

Thinking Skills has, since its conception as a teachable subject, been difficult to assess due to lack of a universal definition of Thinking Skills. McMahon (1999) warns that the chosen strategy for assessing Thinking Skills must itself promote and reward thinking skills. Self- and Peer- assessment are the methods of assessment proposed by Costa and Kallick (2000) for the assessment of their Thinking Skills programme, Habits of Mind. This study investigates the diversity of perceptions which can be generated through self-, peer- and teacher-assessment, and how a balance can be struck between them through incorporating dialogue into assessment. 12 Grade 8 learners who study Habits of Mind as a school subject in a South African all-girls' private school participated in 4 assessment tasks. For each task, participants were assessed by a peer, a teacher and themselves. After each task, all participants reflected on the rubrics from all three assessors. Participants in this study demonstrated more extensive learning across Anderson's (2010) Dimensions of Growth when they engaged in reflective dialogue compared to when they engaged in written reflections. Through dialogue, learners were empowered as role-players in their own assessment and became able to shift their own perspective to include the perspectives of others. Dialogical Assessment also facilitated the development of meta-cognition in participants.

In computer science, students could benefit from exposure to critical programming concepts from multiple perspectives. Peer review is one method to allow students to experience authentic uses of the concepts in a non-programming manner. Peer review provides students with the opportunity to evaluate other people's work and, in doing so, allows for a rich learning experience. While much is known about peer review and it has many uses in other disciplines, the literature, especially in computer science, does not spend much time on the perspective of and benefits to the reviewer. In this work, we examine how to implement the peer review process in early, object-oriented, computer science courses as a way to develop the reviewers' higher-level thinking skills, increase their knowledge of specific programming concepts, and to improve attitudes to help engage them in the activity. Specifically, we explore peer review and its effects on Abstraction, Decomposition, and Encapsulation and how the type of review (students reviewing their peers or reviewing materials from their instructor), influences these effects. We also look at how the students' attitudes relate to their engagement in and the benefits from the reviews. To study these ideas, we used peer review exercises in two CS2 classes at local universities over the course of a semester. We divided the students into three groups where one group reviewed their peers, one group reviewed their instructor, and one group completed small design or coding exercises. We measured the students' attitudes and their conceptual understanding during the semester with surveys, tests, and concept maps. We collected the completed reviews as well. We found that reviewing helped students learn Decomposition, especially those reviewing the instructor's programs. We did not find evidence of improvements to the students' level of thinking over the semester nor were there significant changes in their attitudes. However, the data showed that students assigned to review their peers were less likely to complete the assignments than the other students were. Overall, peer reviews are a valuable method for teaching Decomposition to CS2 students and can be used as an alternative way to learn object-oriented programming concepts. / Ph. D.

In 2006 the Gauteng Department of Basic Education (GDoBE) launched a pilot project to introduce Assessment for Learning (AfL). This initiative was prompted by learners’ poor performance; especially in subjects such as Mathematics and English. The AfL project was introduced in selected primary and secondary schools. Grade 5 teachers for all subjects and Grade 10 teachers for all subjects within selected primary and secondary schools formed part of the pilot project. These teachers were oriented and introduced to AfL, after which workshops to strengthen teachers’ understanding and skills of AfL were conducted. Lead educators (District Learning Area facilitators or Subject Advisors), were required to monitor and support participating schools and teachers in implementing AfL. Based on a literature and empirical study, the researcher explored the comprehension and implementation of AfL by selected primary school Mathematics teachers that participated in the AfL pilot project of the GDoBE. The empirical study was approached by means of a qualitative research design in the form of a multiple case study. Individual interviews, observations and focus group interviews were used to collect data from purposive selected teachers from three Gauteng Districts (Johannesburg West, Johannesburg North and Ekurhuleni South). Both Township and ex-Model C primary schools were included in the study and eventually a total of 11 Mathematics teachers from these schools participated in the study. The research results revealed that the sampled teachers’ comprehension of AfL can be rated as satisfactory since they realise its potential in terms of learning and learner development. Moreover, these teachers show an awareness of the relation between formative (AfL) and summative assessment (assessment of learning (AoL)). With regard to its implementation, it is clear that a lack of support from colleagues, School Management Teams (SMTs) and District officials impede on the successful implementation of AfL. Other factors hampering the implementation of AfL include time constraints, uncertainty about appropriate resources and the simultaneous implementation of the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS) and the Gauteng Primary Literacy Mathematics Strategy (GPLMS). It is further noted that the elements of AfL, which includes the sharing of learning intentions, questioning, feedback and peer and self-assessment, are all mediocrely implemented. / MEd (Learning and Teaching), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

In 2006 the Gauteng Department of Basic Education (GDoBE) launched a pilot project to introduce Assessment for Learning (AfL). This initiative was prompted by learners’ poor performance; especially in subjects such as Mathematics and English. The AfL project was introduced in selected primary and secondary schools. Grade 5 teachers for all subjects and Grade 10 teachers for all subjects within selected primary and secondary schools formed part of the pilot project. These teachers were oriented and introduced to AfL, after which workshops to strengthen teachers’ understanding and skills of AfL were conducted. Lead educators (District Learning Area facilitators or Subject Advisors), were required to monitor and support participating schools and teachers in implementing AfL. Based on a literature and empirical study, the researcher explored the comprehension and implementation of AfL by selected primary school Mathematics teachers that participated in the AfL pilot project of the GDoBE. The empirical study was approached by means of a qualitative research design in the form of a multiple case study. Individual interviews, observations and focus group interviews were used to collect data from purposive selected teachers from three Gauteng Districts (Johannesburg West, Johannesburg North and Ekurhuleni South). Both Township and ex-Model C primary schools were included in the study and eventually a total of 11 Mathematics teachers from these schools participated in the study. The research results revealed that the sampled teachers’ comprehension of AfL can be rated as satisfactory since they realise its potential in terms of learning and learner development. Moreover, these teachers show an awareness of the relation between formative (AfL) and summative assessment (assessment of learning (AoL)). With regard to its implementation, it is clear that a lack of support from colleagues, School Management Teams (SMTs) and District officials impede on the successful implementation of AfL. Other factors hampering the implementation of AfL include time constraints, uncertainty about appropriate resources and the simultaneous implementation of the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS) and the Gauteng Primary Literacy Mathematics Strategy (GPLMS). It is further noted that the elements of AfL, which includes the sharing of learning intentions, questioning, feedback and peer and self-assessment, are all mediocrely implemented. / MEd (Learning and Teaching), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

The purpose of this study has been to explore how a class of year 8 students from a school in the middle region of Sweden experience peer assessment on written assignments in the Swedish subject as well as their feelings towards peer assessment and their opinion of how well it works as a tool for learning. To answer this question an observation of a peer assessment session concerning a debate article was conducted. This was followed up by a focus group interview with five students during which peer assessment was thoroughly discussed. The purpose of the observation was for the researcher to gain insight into how the class worked with peer assessment. It also served as a foundation for the interview. The study shows that the students see many benefits with peer assessment, mainly, they appreciate giving response. Receiving responce was often viewed as a difficulty, both as the receiver and giver as the students wanted to avoid hurting others. They also felt that they were unable to be completely honest to their peers and that were sometimes hard to rely on the feedback they got. The students asked for more exercises in peer assessment, mainly in the earlier years, in order to gain the positive effects described by the literature.

The purpose of this study is to examine what kind of formative assessments is used in the Geography education at middle-school in Sweden, and how the use of formative assessment differs between teachers. A further aimis to examine whether any problems canbe observed with formative assessment in Geography education. Following questions will try to be answered: What strategies informative assessment occurs in Geography educationin indoor schooling at Swedish schools? What problems/lacks can be observed based on the strategies used in formative assessment in Geography subject in indooreducation? How does the use of formative assessment differ between three Geography teachers? To answer these questions, nine lessons in Geography education were observed in total; three teachers held three lessons each which were observed. Earlier studies have showed that Geography education held outdoors was more motivational according to students. Earlier studies also concludethat students considered that Geography education held indoors had no purpose, and that students were passive during the lessons. Other studies have showed that lessons where formative assessment was used, increased the students' motivation and desire to learn. This study concludes that all strategies in formative assessment has been used by all three teachers. One conclusion is that when the goals of the lesson wasn't visible for the pupils, it affected the motivation of pupils. Another conclusion is that when the goals of the lesson wasn't visible, there was a connection to pupils not using self-regulated learning.