Yes / Objectives: Pelvis radiographs are usually acquired supine despite standing imaging reflecting functional anatomy. We compared supine and erect radiographic examinations for anatomical features, radiation dose and image quality. Methods: 60 patients underwent pelvis radiography in both supine and erect positions at the same examination appointment. Measures of body mass index and sagittal diameter were obtained. Images were evaluated using visual grading analysis and pelvic tilt was compared. Dose–area product values were recorded and inputted into the CalDose_X software to estimate effective dose (ED). The CalDose_X software allowed comparisons using data from the erect and supine sex-specific phantoms (MAX06 & FAX06). Results: Patient sagittal diameter was greater on standing with an average 20.6% increase at the iliac crest (median 30.0, interquartile range [26.0 to 34.0] cm), in comparison to the supine position [24.0 (22.3 to 28.0) cm; p < 0.001]. 57 (95%) patients had posterior pelvic tilt on weight-bearing. Erect image quality was significantly decreased with median image quality scores of 78% (69 to 85) compared to 87% for the supine position [81 to 91] (p < 0.001). In the erect position, the ED was 47% higher [0.17 (0.13 to 0.33) mSv vs 0.12 (0.08 to 0.18) mSv (p < 0.001)], influenced by the increased sagittal diameter. 42 (70%) patients preferred the standing examination. Conclusion: Patient diameter and pelvic tilt were altered on weightbearing. Erect images demonstrated an overall decrease in image quality with a higher radiation dose. Optimal acquisition parameters are required for erect pelvis radiography as the supine technique is not directly transferable. / College of Radiographers Industry Partnership Scheme grant.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever o resultado dos casos de pieloectasia fetal leve bilateral, encaminhados ao serviço de Medicina Fetal do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), avaliados com ultrassonografias obstétricas dos rins e do trato urinário do feto e propor, com base nos dados, o melhor acompanhamento em termos de frequência de repetição de exames de ultrassonografia (US), no período pré-natal. METODOLOGIA: Pesquisa longitudinal prospectiva com 62 fetos com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de pieloectasia leve bilateral (PELB), encaminhados de unidades de cuidados primários, realizada no HCFMUSP. PELB foi considerada quando o diâmetro anteroposterior da pelve renal (DAPPR), media >= 5,0 mm, >= 7,0 mm e >= 10,0 mm à US, respectivamente, em idades gestacionais <= 23 semanas (s) 6 dias (d), 24 s a 31 s 6 d e >= 32 s gestação, sem dilatação de ureteres e cálices. A cada 3 semanas, as US verificaram se a PELB havia progredido, regredido ou tinha ficado inalterada. Assim, quando possível, era realizada uma US de rins e vias urinárias neonatais para confirmação dos desfechos. A progressão foi considerada quando o DAPPR aumentou ou a imagem calicial foi encontrada em um ou ambos os rins. Regressão ocorreu quando os DAPPR entraram nos valores normais. A estabilidade foi considerada quando os DAPPR permaneceram dentro dos parâmetros considerados para pieloectasia leve. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A idade gestacional ao diagnóstico foi de 19,2 para 30,1 semanas (média de 23,2 s). Regressão ocorreu em 29 casos (46,7%). Em 24 casos (38,7%), encontrou-se estabilidade. Houve regressão e estado estabilidade em 53 casos (85,4%). Progressão ocorreu em nove casos (14,6%), sendo unilateral em todos. Não foram observados casos graves. Já na avaliação pós-natal, foram examinados 32 neonatos, com 20 casos (62,5%) apresentando regressão; seis (18,7%) de estabilidade da pieloectasia; e seis de progressão da lesão (18,7%). Desfechos de regressão e estabilidade da pieloectasia foram encontrados em 26 casos (81,2%). Os resultados sugerem que as US não devem ser realizadas com frequência em casos de dilatação leve das pelves renais, sem cálices ou ureteres. Uma avaliação ultrassonográfica no terceiro trimestre tardio pode ser suficiente como uma estratégia de acompanhamento rotineiro nesses casos e que essa informação é útil para cuidados pós-natais imediatos. CONCLUSÃO: Esta série indica que PELB fetal, sem cálices ou ureteres visíveis, pode ser controlada ultrassonograficamente no terceiro trimestre tardio e, como não há casos progredindo o suficiente para indicar intervenção fetal, os procedimentos devem ser deixados para o período neonatal. A realização de US seriadas pode ser estressante e inútil nesses casos particulares / OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the outcome of cases of mild fetal bilateral pyelectasis, referred to the Fetal Medicine service of Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), assessed with obstetric ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract of the fetus in order to propose the best follow-up in terms of repetition frequency of ultrasound examinations in the prenatal period, based on the data. METHODOLOGY: A prospective longitudinal study of 62 fetuses from primary care units with mild bilateral pyelectasis (MBPE) diagnosed using ultrasonography (US) was carried out at HCFMUSP. MBPE was considered when anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter (APRPD) measured >= 5.0 mm, >= 7.0 mm and >= 10.0 mm in US at <= 23 weeks (w) 6 days (d), 24 w to 31 w 6 d and >= 32w gestational age (GA) respectively, with no ureteric and calyces dilatation. US every 3 weeks checked if MBPE had progressed, regressed or remained unchanged. When possible, a neonatal US of kidneys and urinary tract of the newborn was performed to confirm outcomes. Progression was considered when renal pelvis (RP) dilatation increased or visible calyces was found in one or both kidneys. Regression occurred when RP presented normal values. Stability was considered when APRPD remained within the parameters considered for mild pyelectasis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: GA at diagnosis was 19.2 to 30.1 weeks (mean 23.2w). Regression occurred in 29 cases (46.7%). In 24 (38.7%) RP dilatation remained unchanged. Regression and unchanged status occurred in 53 cases (85.4%). Lesions worsened in 9 cases (14.6%, unilateral in all cases). No severe cases were observed. 32 newborns already on postnatal evaluation were examined, 20 cases (62.5%) showed involution; 6 cases with stable pyelectasis (18.7%), and 6 cases of lesion progression (18.7%). Outcomes: pyelectasis regression and stability was found in 26 cases (81.2%). Results suggest that US should not be performed too often in cases of RP dilatation with no visible calyces or ureter. A late third trimester US scan could be a sufficient routine follow up strategy in such cases and information is useful to immediate postnatal care. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that fetal MBPE with no visible calyces or ureter could be controlled at late third trimester and procedures should be left to the neonatal period as no cases progressed sufficiently to indicate fetal intervention. Proceeding serial ultrasound scans could be stressful and useless in these particular cases

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever o resultado dos casos de pieloectasia fetal leve bilateral, encaminhados ao serviço de Medicina Fetal do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), avaliados com ultrassonografias obstétricas dos rins e do trato urinário do feto e propor, com base nos dados, o melhor acompanhamento em termos de frequência de repetição de exames de ultrassonografia (US), no período pré-natal. METODOLOGIA: Pesquisa longitudinal prospectiva com 62 fetos com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de pieloectasia leve bilateral (PELB), encaminhados de unidades de cuidados primários, realizada no HCFMUSP. PELB foi considerada quando o diâmetro anteroposterior da pelve renal (DAPPR), media >= 5,0 mm, >= 7,0 mm e >= 10,0 mm à US, respectivamente, em idades gestacionais <= 23 semanas (s) 6 dias (d), 24 s a 31 s 6 d e >= 32 s gestação, sem dilatação de ureteres e cálices. A cada 3 semanas, as US verificaram se a PELB havia progredido, regredido ou tinha ficado inalterada. Assim, quando possível, era realizada uma US de rins e vias urinárias neonatais para confirmação dos desfechos. A progressão foi considerada quando o DAPPR aumentou ou a imagem calicial foi encontrada em um ou ambos os rins. Regressão ocorreu quando os DAPPR entraram nos valores normais. A estabilidade foi considerada quando os DAPPR permaneceram dentro dos parâmetros considerados para pieloectasia leve. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A idade gestacional ao diagnóstico foi de 19,2 para 30,1 semanas (média de 23,2 s). Regressão ocorreu em 29 casos (46,7%). Em 24 casos (38,7%), encontrou-se estabilidade. Houve regressão e estado estabilidade em 53 casos (85,4%). Progressão ocorreu em nove casos (14,6%), sendo unilateral em todos. Não foram observados casos graves. Já na avaliação pós-natal, foram examinados 32 neonatos, com 20 casos (62,5%) apresentando regressão; seis (18,7%) de estabilidade da pieloectasia; e seis de progressão da lesão (18,7%). Desfechos de regressão e estabilidade da pieloectasia foram encontrados em 26 casos (81,2%). Os resultados sugerem que as US não devem ser realizadas com frequência em casos de dilatação leve das pelves renais, sem cálices ou ureteres. Uma avaliação ultrassonográfica no terceiro trimestre tardio pode ser suficiente como uma estratégia de acompanhamento rotineiro nesses casos e que essa informação é útil para cuidados pós-natais imediatos. CONCLUSÃO: Esta série indica que PELB fetal, sem cálices ou ureteres visíveis, pode ser controlada ultrassonograficamente no terceiro trimestre tardio e, como não há casos progredindo o suficiente para indicar intervenção fetal, os procedimentos devem ser deixados para o período neonatal. A realização de US seriadas pode ser estressante e inútil nesses casos particulares / OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the outcome of cases of mild fetal bilateral pyelectasis, referred to the Fetal Medicine service of Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), assessed with obstetric ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract of the fetus in order to propose the best follow-up in terms of repetition frequency of ultrasound examinations in the prenatal period, based on the data. METHODOLOGY: A prospective longitudinal study of 62 fetuses from primary care units with mild bilateral pyelectasis (MBPE) diagnosed using ultrasonography (US) was carried out at HCFMUSP. MBPE was considered when anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter (APRPD) measured >= 5.0 mm, >= 7.0 mm and >= 10.0 mm in US at <= 23 weeks (w) 6 days (d), 24 w to 31 w 6 d and >= 32w gestational age (GA) respectively, with no ureteric and calyces dilatation. US every 3 weeks checked if MBPE had progressed, regressed or remained unchanged. When possible, a neonatal US of kidneys and urinary tract of the newborn was performed to confirm outcomes. Progression was considered when renal pelvis (RP) dilatation increased or visible calyces was found in one or both kidneys. Regression occurred when RP presented normal values. Stability was considered when APRPD remained within the parameters considered for mild pyelectasis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: GA at diagnosis was 19.2 to 30.1 weeks (mean 23.2w). Regression occurred in 29 cases (46.7%). In 24 (38.7%) RP dilatation remained unchanged. Regression and unchanged status occurred in 53 cases (85.4%). Lesions worsened in 9 cases (14.6%, unilateral in all cases). No severe cases were observed. 32 newborns already on postnatal evaluation were examined, 20 cases (62.5%) showed involution; 6 cases with stable pyelectasis (18.7%), and 6 cases of lesion progression (18.7%). Outcomes: pyelectasis regression and stability was found in 26 cases (81.2%). Results suggest that US should not be performed too often in cases of RP dilatation with no visible calyces or ureter. A late third trimester US scan could be a sufficient routine follow up strategy in such cases and information is useful to immediate postnatal care. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that fetal MBPE with no visible calyces or ureter could be controlled at late third trimester and procedures should be left to the neonatal period as no cases progressed sufficiently to indicate fetal intervention. Proceeding serial ultrasound scans could be stressful and useless in these particular cases

Thesis (M. Tech. Agriculture) -- Central University of Technology, Free state, 2012 / Low lifetime rearing success and high perinatal mortality have been associated with small pelvic areas of ewes. Ewes with small pelvic areas are more prone to experience dystocia during parturition and high perinatal mortality. It would thus make sense to include pelvic area as criterion in selecting breeding animals (rams) in an attempt to assure bigger pelvic areas in the female progeny as the heritability of pelvic area ranges between 50-60%. The aims of this study were to develop two instruments to accurately measure the pelvic area and rump slope in small stock, to investigate the hindquarter dimensions and to quantify the relationship between a number of easy to measure external body measurements and pelvic dimensions of Dorper sheep. The pelvic meter developed was pre-tested on 90 sheep prior to slaughtering at an abattoir and shortly after slaughter. The correlation between the pre- and post- slaughter measurements was highly significant (P <0.05; r = 0.85). In this study 272 Dorper and White Dorper rams (5-7 months of age) participating in the Northern Cape Veldram project and 332 young Dorper and White Dorper ewes (±12 months of age) from three different breeders were measured. The inside pelvic area was measured trans-rectally. The rams’ pelvic areas were measured five times transrectally, at 40 days intervals between the ages of 223 ± 41 and 385 ± 41 days of age. The height of the pelvis was obtained by measuring the distance between the dorsal pubic tubercle on the floor of the pelvis and the sacrum (spinal column) on the top. The width of the pelvis was measured as the widest distance, between the right and the left shafts of the ilium bones. The pelvic area was calculated using the π (PH/2)*(PW/2) formula. Other linear body measurements (body height, shoulder height, chest depth, forequarter width, hindquarter width, rump length) as well as body weight were taken. The rams’ rump slope was measured in degrees with an instrument that was developed for this purpose, and the ewes’ rump slope was visually scored on a scale from 1-5 with one being very flat and five being very droopy. The overall mean pelvic area of ewes 35.44 ± 4.89 cm2 and those of the rams 28.22 ± 3.21 cm2 differed with 7.22 cm2. Stud ewes recorded significantly larger (P <0.05) pelvic areas (37.38 ± 4.3 cm2) than commercial ewes (33.92 ± 3.77cm2). Results indicated that there are no significant correlations between pelvic dimensions and other body measurements considered in this study, indicating the need to measure pelvic area directly. Both the pelvic meter and rump slope meter, specially developed for this study, proved to be accurate and relatively practical to use in Dorper sheep.

Des anomalies dans la morphologie pelvienne, la posture du tronc et le contrôle de l’équilibre de jeunes filles atteintes de scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA) ont souvent été l’objet d’études. Rares sont celles ayant distingué ces troubles en fonction de la sévérité de la déformation vertébrale. De plus, aucune n’a évalué à l’intérieur d’une même étude l’orientation et la distorsion pelvienne, l’asymétrie posturale et l’instabilité en position debout de sujets SIA. Une telle étude permettrait de comprendre le développement de la maladie et de mettre en évidence des facteurs de risque aidant au pronostic. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’identifier des facteurs biomécaniques associés à la croissance osseuse, la posture et l’équilibre distinguant une SIA modérée d’une sévère. Les positions 3D de 14 repères prises sur 46 filles ayant une SIA droite (modérée et sévère) et 28 sujets témoins ont été captées pour quantifier la morphologie pelvienne et la posture. Un maintien en position debout de 64 s sur une plate-forme de force a aussi été enregistré afin d’évaluer leur équilibre. Les paramètres retenus sont les angles d’orientation pelvienne et du tronc; les distances entre la crête iliaque et S1 mesurant la distorsion pelvienne; la moyenne, l’amplitude et la vitesse du centre de pression (COP) en médiolatéral (ML) et antéropostérieur ainsi que la moyenne et l’amplitude du moment libre. Les différences entre les trois groupes (témoin, SIA modérée et SIA sévère) sont testées par des ANOVA et les relations entre l’angle de Cobb et les paramètres pelviens, posturaux ou d’équilibre, par des coefficients de corrélations. De plus, des régressions multiples exprimant l’angle de Cobb sont effectuées avec les paramètres pelviens, posturaux et d’équilibre afin de déterminer la classe de paramètres prédisant le mieux l’angle de Cobb. Aucune ANOVA n’est significative pour l’orientation pelvienne, bien que des différences de géométrie pelvienne soient notées entre les deux groupes de sujets SIA. Les SIA modérées ont un pelvis gauche moins profond que les SIA sévères et les sujets témoins, tandis que les SIA sévères ont un pelvis droit plus large d’environ 1,5 cm que celui des SIA modérées. Un coefficient de corrélation de -0,54 associe une rotation pelvienne droite à l’augmentation de la largeur de la crête iliaque. Au niveau postural, les SIA sévères démontrent des inclinaisons latérales et antérieures du tronc ainsi qu’une rotation axiale du haut du corps plus marquées que les SIA modérées. Les corrélations entre les paramètres posturaux, l’angle de Cobb et la morphologie pelvienne indiquent que l’attitude posturale est associée à la distorsion pelvienne dans tous les plans anatomiques, tandis qu’elle ne l’est que dans les plans sagittal et horizontal à l’angle de Cobb. Les différences retrouvées entre les deux groupes SIA concernant les troubles d’équilibre résultent en une augmentation de l’amplitude et de la vitesse du COPML. Une régression multiple de 0,896 est observée par l’emploi des paramètres pelviens, posturaux et d’équilibre, bien que ceux se rapportant à la distorsion pelvienne soient les mieux corrélés à l’angle de Cobb. Cette thèse permet de distinguer la morphologie pelvienne de sujets SIA sévères des modérées, soulignant la détection d’une anomalie de croissance avant que l’angle de Cobb ne soit élevé. Bien que les indices de croissance pelvienne soient davantage corrélés à ce dernier, c’est en considérant globalement la morphologie pelvienne, la posture et l’équilibre qu’une détermination précise de la sévérité d’une scoliose est réalisée. La mise en évidence de tels facteurs de prédiction de la SIA peut faciliter le pronostic d’une courbure. / The effect of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) on pelvis morphology, body posture and standing balance in young girls has been studied many times. However, only few studies have distinguished the effect associated with moderate AIS from a severe one. Moreover, no one ever assessed within one investigation pelvis orientation and distortions, postural asymmetry and standing imbalance in AIS subjects. This would help understanding the evolution of the disease and to shed light on risk factors that would facilitate the prognostic. The aim of this thesis is to identify biomechanical factors related to bone growth, posture and balance which can distinguish a moderate AIS from a severe one. The 3D coordinates position of 14 body landmarks taken on 46 young girls with right AIS (moderate and severe) curvature and 28 control subjects is captured to quantify pelvis morphology and body posture. An upright standing is recorded during 64 s on a force plate to assess standing balance. From these data, the following parameters are calculated: orientation angle in all 3 planes for pelvis and trunk; distances between S1 and iliac crest to evaluate pelvis distortion; mean position, range and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) in mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior axis and mean and range of the free moment. Differences between groups (control, AIS moderate and AIS severe) are tested by ANOVA and relationship between Cobb angle and pelvis, postural and balance parameters are calculated by correlation coefficients. Multiple regressions expressing Cobb angle by pelvis, postural and balance parameters are also carried out to determine which class of parameters is able to predict more effectively the Cobb angle’s curvature. No significant ANOVA is found for pelvis orientation, even though differences in pelvis geometry are noticed between the two groups of AIS subjects. Moderate AIS have a left pelvis with a depth less than severe AIS, whereas AIS severe have a larger right pelvis of 1,5 cm than moderate AIS. A correlation coefficient of -0,54 relates a right pelvis rotation to an increase in iliac crest’s width. About postural asymmetries, severe AIS shows lateral and anterior trunk bending and an axial rotation in the upper level of the trunk that are more pronounced compared to moderate AIS. Correlations between postural parameters, Cobb angle and pelvis morphology indicate a relationship between posture and pelvis distortion in all three planes, but only in the sagittal and horizontal plane between posture and Cobb angle. Differences in standing balance between the two groups of AIS show an increase in COPML range and velocity. A multiple regression of 0,896 is found for the Cobb angle using pelvis, postural and balance parameters. Parameters related to pelvis distortion correlate the most with Cobb angle (0,70). This thesis was able to differentiate severe AIS pelvis morphology from those of the moderate one. Pelvis morphology allows detecting a growth abnormality before the Cobb angle becomes high. Even if pelvis growth is more correlated to the Cobb angle, considering globally pelvis morphology, posture and standing balance will allow determining precisely the severity of AIS. Shedding light on such factors during the evolution of the disease helps an AIS curvature prognosis.

Title: Human locomotion after total hip replacement Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to perform a gait analysis of patients after total hip replacement and to find out, how chosen temporo-spatial, kinetic and kinematic parameters change during the first half a year after the surgery. The deviations found in gait stereotypes of individual patients are further compared with results of international studies. Methods: The thesis is theoretical-empirical, with small number of patients. 3D kinematic gait analysis was performed by Qualisys system and ground reaction forces by two Kistler force plates. The following parameters are being monitored: length of step, stance phase duration, cadence, walking speed, lateral shift of the pelvis and trunk in standing phase, contralateral pelvic drop in standing phase of the leg, maximum range of motion of the hip joint in sagital plain, maximum of vertical and medio-lateral component of the ground reaction forces in the standing phase. Results: The highest side deviations between legs were found in 3 months after the surgery and remained until 6,5 months after the surgery. In this time period a lower value of the length of step, stance phase duration, maximum range of motion of the hip joint in sagital plain and also a higher lateral shift of the pelvis was...

Exercícios de inclinação da pelve (\"pelvic drop\") são frequentemente utilizados para o fortalecimento do músculo glúteo médio com o objetivo de aumentar ou priorizar o seu recrutamento. No entanto, o efeito da rotação do quadril no desempenho da ação do glúteo médio é desconhecido. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da rotação do quadril no recrutamento do músculo glúteo médio, tensor da fascia lata e quadrado lombar. Dezessete sujeitos saudáveis executaram o exercício de inclinação pélvica com o rotação de quadril lateral (IPRL), medial (IPRM) e neutro (IPN). A atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos glúteo médio (GM), tensor da fáscia lata (TFL) e quadrado lombar (QL) foram avaliadas por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. Os resultados demonstraram aumento significativo na ativação do GM com rotação medial e posição neutra quando comparados com a rotação lateral. Em relação à rotação medial e neutra não houve diferença. A razão GM/TFL não foi diferente em nenhum dos posicionamentos analisados. Em relação à razão GM/QL houve um aumento significativo da ativação muscular em rotação medial e neutra. Exercícios de inclinação pélvica são mais eficientes para ativar o glúteo médio quando o quadril está em rotação medial e posição neutra / Pelvic drop exercises are often used to strengthen the gluteus medius muscle with the aim of increasing or prioritizing its recruitment. However, the effect of hip rotation on the performance of the action of the gluteus medius is unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of hip rotation on the recruitment of the gluteus medius muscle, tensor fasciae latae and quadratus lumborum. Seventeen healthy subjects performed pelvic drop exercises with lateral (PDLR), medial (PDMR) and neutral (PDN) rotation of the hip. The electromyographic activity of the gluteus medius muscle (GM), tensor fasciae latae (TFL) and quadratus lumborum (QL) were evaluated using surface electromyography (sEMG). The results showed significant increases in activation of the GM with medial and neutral rotation compared with lateral rotation. There was no difference between medial and neutral rotation. The GM/TFL ratio was the same in all analyzed positions. Regarding the GM/QL ratio, there was a significant increase in muscle activation in the medial and neutral rotation. Pelvic drop exercises are more efficient for activating the gluteus medius when the hip is in medial rotation and neutral position

Difficult human childbirth is often explained to be the outcome of long term evolutionary hanges in the genus Homo resulting in an‘obstetrical dilemma,’defined as the compromise between the need for a large pelvis in birthing large brained babies and a narrow pelvis for the mechanics of bipedal locomotion (Washburn, 1960). The ‘obstetrical dilemma’ is argued to result in the risk of cephalopelvic disproportion and injury (Washburn, 1960). Current research challenges the premise of the obstetrical dilemma by considering the effects ecological factors have on the growth of the bony human pelvis (Wells et al., 2012; Wells, 2015, Stone, 2016; Wells, 2017). This thesis tests Wells et al.’s (2012) assertion that environmental factors, such as agricultural diets, compromise pelvic size and morphology and potentially affect human childbirth. The skeletal samples examined in this study are from medieval English populations with long established agricultural diets. Bony pelvic metrics analyzed are from the St. Mary Spital assemblage, and demographic and pathological data from St. Mary Spital were compared to the East Smithfield Black Death cemetery assemblage. The results show that there is some evidence for a relationship between chronic stress and compromised pelvic shape and size in both men and women, however the evidence is not conclusive that younger women with compromised pelvic dimensions were at an increased risk of obstructed labour and maternal mortality during childbirth. This suggests that childbirth was not likely a significantly elevated cause of death among younger women in medieval London as a result of cephalopelvic disproportion. The concept of a single obstetrical dilemma is flawed, as multiple obstetrical dilemmas other than cephalopelvic disproportion through pelvic capacity constrains are present, including ecological and nutritional stressors, childbirth practices and technologies, sanitation ractices, and social and gender inequality / Graduate

Introdução: As fraturas do anel pélvico são raras e graves, sua incidência é de aproximadamente 3% de todas as fraturas e a mortalidade varia de 6 a 50%. Objetivo: Avaliar os desfechos hospitalares de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de reparo de fratura do anel pélvico, admitidos em hospitais com diferentes volumes de atendimentos. Método: Coletou-se nas bases de dados públicas DATASUS (1993-2010) e Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1993-2009), brasileira e norte-americana, respectivamente, informações que permitissem estudar a associação entre os desfechos hospitalares (mortalidade, tempo de internação, complicações e alta hospitalar) e o volume de atendimento hospitalar. Resultados: A população do estudo incluiu 26.581 e 4.580 pacientes, predomínio de homens (76,9% e 62,6%) com média de idade de 35,8 (dp = 15,9) e 38,5 (dp = 17,3) anos, no Brasil e Estados Unidos, respectivamente. A maioria dos pacientes foi operada em hospital universitário no Brasil (49,3%) e hospital escola-urbano nos Estados Unidos (77,9%). A mortalidade foi observada em 1,5% na população brasileira e 7,1% na norte-americana. Em ambos os países, a mortalidade foi superior em hospitais de baixo volume de atendimento (OR =1,89; IC 95%, 1,42-2,51 e OR =1,62; IC 95%, 1,21-2,18; p<0,001) e mais frequente na primeira semana de internação (p<0,001). O tempo médio de internação foi de 11 dias no Brasil e de 18,7 dias nos Estados Unidos. Foram frequentes as complicações hospitalares em 43,3% da população norte-americana. Hospitais norte-americanos com baixo volume de atendimento encaminharam mais pacientes para centros de reabilitação (p<0,001). Conclusão: Pacientes operados em hospitais de alto volume de atendimento apresentaram menor taxa de mortalidade e a frequência de encaminhamento a hospitais de reabilitação foi menor. A associação entre complicações e volume hospitalar não atingiu significância. / Introduction: Pelvic ring fractures are rare and severe, its occurrence is about 3% approximately from all fractures and mortality rate varies from 6 to 50%. Purpose: To assess hospitals outcomes among patients undergoing pelvic fracture surgery who were admitted on different providers volumes. Method: Data were extracted from DATASUS (1993-2010) and Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1993-2009) public brazilian and north-american databases, respectively, in order to study the associations between hospitals outcomes (mortality rate, hospital stay, complications and discharge disposition) and hospital volume. Results: The study population included 26.581 and 4.580 patients who were predominantly men (76,9% and 62,6%) with a mean age of 35,8 (dp = 15,9) and 38,5 (dp = 17,3) years, at Brazil and United States, respectively. Most patients were treated at teaching hospitals (49,3%) in Brazil and in the United States at urban teaching hospitals (77,9%). Mortality had been observed in 1,5% and 7,1% in brazilian and north-american population. In both countries, mortality was higher at low hospital volumes (OR =1,89; IC, 95% 1,42- 2,51 e OR =1,62; IC, 95% 1,21-2,18; p<0,001) and at first week of hospitalization (p<0,001). The average length of stay was 11 days in Brazil and 18,7 in the United States. Hospital complications affected 43,3% of the north-american patients. Nonroutine discharge disposition was more frequent in american hospitals with low volume. Conclusion: Brazilian and North-american patients\' demographic characteristics are similar once is considered gender and age. Patients treated by providers with lower caseloads volumes had higher rates of mortality and nonroutine disposition. The association between hospital volume and complications did not achieve significance.

Des anomalies dans la morphologie pelvienne, la posture du tronc et le contrôle de l’équilibre de jeunes filles atteintes de scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA) ont souvent été l’objet d’études. Rares sont celles ayant distingué ces troubles en fonction de la sévérité de la déformation vertébrale. De plus, aucune n’a évalué à l’intérieur d’une même étude l’orientation et la distorsion pelvienne, l’asymétrie posturale et l’instabilité en position debout de sujets SIA. Une telle étude permettrait de comprendre le développement de la maladie et de mettre en évidence des facteurs de risque aidant au pronostic. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’identifier des facteurs biomécaniques associés à la croissance osseuse, la posture et l’équilibre distinguant une SIA modérée d’une sévère. Les positions 3D de 14 repères prises sur 46 filles ayant une SIA droite (modérée et sévère) et 28 sujets témoins ont été captées pour quantifier la morphologie pelvienne et la posture. Un maintien en position debout de 64 s sur une plate-forme de force a aussi été enregistré afin d’évaluer leur équilibre. Les paramètres retenus sont les angles d’orientation pelvienne et du tronc; les distances entre la crête iliaque et S1 mesurant la distorsion pelvienne; la moyenne, l’amplitude et la vitesse du centre de pression (COP) en médiolatéral (ML) et antéropostérieur ainsi que la moyenne et l’amplitude du moment libre. Les différences entre les trois groupes (témoin, SIA modérée et SIA sévère) sont testées par des ANOVA et les relations entre l’angle de Cobb et les paramètres pelviens, posturaux ou d’équilibre, par des coefficients de corrélations. De plus, des régressions multiples exprimant l’angle de Cobb sont effectuées avec les paramètres pelviens, posturaux et d’équilibre afin de déterminer la classe de paramètres prédisant le mieux l’angle de Cobb. Aucune ANOVA n’est significative pour l’orientation pelvienne, bien que des différences de géométrie pelvienne soient notées entre les deux groupes de sujets SIA. Les SIA modérées ont un pelvis gauche moins profond que les SIA sévères et les sujets témoins, tandis que les SIA sévères ont un pelvis droit plus large d’environ 1,5 cm que celui des SIA modérées. Un coefficient de corrélation de -0,54 associe une rotation pelvienne droite à l’augmentation de la largeur de la crête iliaque. Au niveau postural, les SIA sévères démontrent des inclinaisons latérales et antérieures du tronc ainsi qu’une rotation axiale du haut du corps plus marquées que les SIA modérées. Les corrélations entre les paramètres posturaux, l’angle de Cobb et la morphologie pelvienne indiquent que l’attitude posturale est associée à la distorsion pelvienne dans tous les plans anatomiques, tandis qu’elle ne l’est que dans les plans sagittal et horizontal à l’angle de Cobb. Les différences retrouvées entre les deux groupes SIA concernant les troubles d’équilibre résultent en une augmentation de l’amplitude et de la vitesse du COPML. Une régression multiple de 0,896 est observée par l’emploi des paramètres pelviens, posturaux et d’équilibre, bien que ceux se rapportant à la distorsion pelvienne soient les mieux corrélés à l’angle de Cobb. Cette thèse permet de distinguer la morphologie pelvienne de sujets SIA sévères des modérées, soulignant la détection d’une anomalie de croissance avant que l’angle de Cobb ne soit élevé. Bien que les indices de croissance pelvienne soient davantage corrélés à ce dernier, c’est en considérant globalement la morphologie pelvienne, la posture et l’équilibre qu’une détermination précise de la sévérité d’une scoliose est réalisée. La mise en évidence de tels facteurs de prédiction de la SIA peut faciliter le pronostic d’une courbure. / The effect of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) on pelvis morphology, body posture and standing balance in young girls has been studied many times. However, only few studies have distinguished the effect associated with moderate AIS from a severe one. Moreover, no one ever assessed within one investigation pelvis orientation and distortions, postural asymmetry and standing imbalance in AIS subjects. This would help understanding the evolution of the disease and to shed light on risk factors that would facilitate the prognostic. The aim of this thesis is to identify biomechanical factors related to bone growth, posture and balance which can distinguish a moderate AIS from a severe one. The 3D coordinates position of 14 body landmarks taken on 46 young girls with right AIS (moderate and severe) curvature and 28 control subjects is captured to quantify pelvis morphology and body posture. An upright standing is recorded during 64 s on a force plate to assess standing balance. From these data, the following parameters are calculated: orientation angle in all 3 planes for pelvis and trunk; distances between S1 and iliac crest to evaluate pelvis distortion; mean position, range and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) in mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior axis and mean and range of the free moment. Differences between groups (control, AIS moderate and AIS severe) are tested by ANOVA and relationship between Cobb angle and pelvis, postural and balance parameters are calculated by correlation coefficients. Multiple regressions expressing Cobb angle by pelvis, postural and balance parameters are also carried out to determine which class of parameters is able to predict more effectively the Cobb angle’s curvature. No significant ANOVA is found for pelvis orientation, even though differences in pelvis geometry are noticed between the two groups of AIS subjects. Moderate AIS have a left pelvis with a depth less than severe AIS, whereas AIS severe have a larger right pelvis of 1,5 cm than moderate AIS. A correlation coefficient of -0,54 relates a right pelvis rotation to an increase in iliac crest’s width. About postural asymmetries, severe AIS shows lateral and anterior trunk bending and an axial rotation in the upper level of the trunk that are more pronounced compared to moderate AIS. Correlations between postural parameters, Cobb angle and pelvis morphology indicate a relationship between posture and pelvis distortion in all three planes, but only in the sagittal and horizontal plane between posture and Cobb angle. Differences in standing balance between the two groups of AIS show an increase in COPML range and velocity. A multiple regression of 0,896 is found for the Cobb angle using pelvis, postural and balance parameters. Parameters related to pelvis distortion correlate the most with Cobb angle (0,70). This thesis was able to differentiate severe AIS pelvis morphology from those of the moderate one. Pelvis morphology allows detecting a growth abnormality before the Cobb angle becomes high. Even if pelvis growth is more correlated to the Cobb angle, considering globally pelvis morphology, posture and standing balance will allow determining precisely the severity of AIS. Shedding light on such factors during the evolution of the disease helps an AIS curvature prognosis.