As últimas décadas são marcadas pelo florescimento de uma ampla gama de trabalhos que buscam esclarecer ou melhor dimensionar as mudanças financeiras. Essas pesquisas, mesmo não sendo um bloco e tendo suas diferenciações conceituais e de perspectiva, têm acompanhado as crises financeiras que periodicamente abalam o mundo. O conceito de financeirização, que é muito utilizado, foi marcado pela crise de 2008, sendo amplamente disseminado após esse momento. Como esse trabalho pretende ser enquadrado nessa nova agenda de pesquisa, parte-se de uma discussão conceitual sobre a propagada financeirização das economias para se aproximar dos possíveis impactos na cidade contemporânea. Uma das características marcantes da financeirização é a concentração e centralização de capitais na órbita de grandes agentes financeiros: os investidores institucionais. O trabalho toma como objeto de estudo um deles, o maior fundo de pensão da América Latina: a caixa de previdência dos funcionários do Banco do Brasil (PREVI) A investigação é realizada em duas “frentes” complementares: a relação do fundo diretamente como proprietária de imóveis e as marcas da PREVI como geradora de recursos para o SFI. Os dados foram retirados dos relatórios anuais da instituição, de informações colhidas em depoimento de pessoas ligadas à PREVI durante a CPI (Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito) dos Fundos de Pensão, de documentos publicados por instituições de controle e fiscalização do segmento, entre outros. Como resultados, ressalta-se a PREVI como um ator com papel relevante na promoção da cidade contemporânea. Os seus mais de 43 imóveis, que vão do resort aos edifícios corporativos de luxo, fornecem indícios de que também no Brasil os investidores institucionais são capazes de afetar a cidade, principalmente as grandes, como São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, pela sua posição privilegiada no território nacional. Percebe-se, assim, uma instituição que capta recursos em escala nacio / The last decades are marked by the flourishing of a wide range of works that seek to clarify or better scale the financial changes. These researches, while not being a block and having their conceptual and perspective differentiations, have followed the financial crisis that periodically shake the world. The concept of "financialization", which is broadly used, was marked by the crisis of 2008, being widely disseminated after that moment. As this work intends to be included in this new research agenda, it starts from a conceptual discussion about the propagated "financialization" of the economies to approach the possible impacts in the contemporary city. One of the hallmarks of "financialization" is the concentration and centralization of capital in the orbit of large financial agents: institutional investors. The study takes as its object one of them, the largest pension fund in Latin America: the pension fund of Banco do Brasil employees (PREVI) The investigation is carried out in two complementary "fronts": the relationship of the fund directly as property owner and the brands of PREVI as a source of funds for the SFI. The data were taken from the institution's annual reports, information collected from persons linked to PREVI during the CPI (Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry) of the Pension Funds, documents published by institutions of control and supervision of the segment, among others. As a result, PREVI stands out as an actor with a relevant role in promoting the contemporary city. Its more than 43 properties, ranging from the resort to the luxury corporate buildings, provide indications that in Brazil institutional investors are also capable of affecting the city, especially large ones, such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, because of its privileged position in the national territory. Thus, is possible to perceive an institution that attracts resources at a national scale and applies them in privileged points for real estate valuation.

Os investidores institucionais desempenham um importante papel para o crescimento econômico do país, especialmente os componentes da previdência complementar: fundos de pensão e seguradoras. O significativo volume de aplicações financeiras desses segmentos contribui com o funding do investimento produtivode acordo com Keynes. O perfil de longo prazo desses investidores é essencial para a eficiência dos mercados de capitais. Como precisam constituir provisões técnicas em função do valor presente de suas obrigações, seus cálculos necessitam da projeção da taxa de juros de longo prazo. Contudo, essas projeções sãofrágeis porque, segundo a teoria da preferência pela liquidez, a taxa de juros é um fenômeno monetário e, portanto,asua formação depende das inferências do Banco Central quanto a suas metas intermediárias e objetivo finais. Alimitada curva de rendimentos e o nível elevado da Taxa Selic contribuem com essa fragilidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar os impactos da política monetária nacional sobre os fundos de pensão e as seguradoras.Como metodologia, é empregada a pesquisa bibliográfica e quantitativa, inclusive dados dos segmentos para uso em simulações de impacto.A volatilidade da Taxa Seliccausa efeitos em qualquer das três modalidades de planos de previdência. Quando a estrutura de cálculo é atuarial, os impactos são mais preocupantes para os gestores e, quando é financeira, para os participantes. Os efeitos também diferem entre os segmentos. No fechado, são transferidos para os participantes e patrocinadores através do plano de custeio e, no aberto, são absorvidos pelas seguradoras e são agravados pela tributação. Sobre o ativo, a principal consequência é o risco inerente à gestão com visão de curto prazo. Quanto à taxa de desconto do passivo, ambos os órgãos reguladores adotaram parâmetros referenciados pelos juros de mercado,sendo esta uma necessidade imposta pelaexecução da política monetária brasileira. / Institutional investors play an important role in the economic growth of the country, especially the components of private pension: pension funds and insurance companies. The significant volume of investments in these segments contributes to the funding of productive investment according to Keynes. The long-term profile of these investors is essential for the efficiency of capital markets. Given thatthey must constitute technical provisions based on the present value of its obligations, its calculations require the projection of long-term interest rates. However, these projections are fragile because, according to the theory of liquidity preference, the interest rate is a monetary phenomenon and therefore its formation depends on the inferences the Central Bank as its intermediatetarget and final goals. The limited yield curve and the high level of the Selic Rate contribute to this weakness. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of domestic monetary policy on pension funds and insurers. As methodology, it was used the bibliographical and quantitative research, including data segments for use in impact simulations. The volatility of the Selic Rate causes effects in any of the three types of pension plans. When calculation structure isactuarial, the impacts are most worrisome for managers and, when it is financial, for the participants. The effects also differ between segments. In closed one, they are transferred to the participants and sponsors through funding plan and, in the open, are absorbed by insurers and are compounded by taxation. On assets, the main consequence is the risk inherent in management with short-term view. As the discount rate liabilities, both regulators have adopted parameters referenced by market interest, which is a necessity imposed by the implementation of Brazilian monetary policy.

Os investidores institucionais desempenham um importante papel para o crescimento econômico do país, especialmente os componentes da previdência complementar: fundos de pensão e seguradoras. O significativo volume de aplicações financeiras desses segmentos contribui com o funding do investimento produtivode acordo com Keynes. O perfil de longo prazo desses investidores é essencial para a eficiência dos mercados de capitais. Como precisam constituir provisões técnicas em função do valor presente de suas obrigações, seus cálculos necessitam da projeção da taxa de juros de longo prazo. Contudo, essas projeções sãofrágeis porque, segundo a teoria da preferência pela liquidez, a taxa de juros é um fenômeno monetário e, portanto,asua formação depende das inferências do Banco Central quanto a suas metas intermediárias e objetivo finais. Alimitada curva de rendimentos e o nível elevado da Taxa Selic contribuem com essa fragilidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar os impactos da política monetária nacional sobre os fundos de pensão e as seguradoras.Como metodologia, é empregada a pesquisa bibliográfica e quantitativa, inclusive dados dos segmentos para uso em simulações de impacto.A volatilidade da Taxa Seliccausa efeitos em qualquer das três modalidades de planos de previdência. Quando a estrutura de cálculo é atuarial, os impactos são mais preocupantes para os gestores e, quando é financeira, para os participantes. Os efeitos também diferem entre os segmentos. No fechado, são transferidos para os participantes e patrocinadores através do plano de custeio e, no aberto, são absorvidos pelas seguradoras e são agravados pela tributação. Sobre o ativo, a principal consequência é o risco inerente à gestão com visão de curto prazo. Quanto à taxa de desconto do passivo, ambos os órgãos reguladores adotaram parâmetros referenciados pelos juros de mercado,sendo esta uma necessidade imposta pelaexecução da política monetária brasileira. / Institutional investors play an important role in the economic growth of the country, especially the components of private pension: pension funds and insurance companies. The significant volume of investments in these segments contributes to the funding of productive investment according to Keynes. The long-term profile of these investors is essential for the efficiency of capital markets. Given thatthey must constitute technical provisions based on the present value of its obligations, its calculations require the projection of long-term interest rates. However, these projections are fragile because, according to the theory of liquidity preference, the interest rate is a monetary phenomenon and therefore its formation depends on the inferences the Central Bank as its intermediatetarget and final goals. The limited yield curve and the high level of the Selic Rate contribute to this weakness. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of domestic monetary policy on pension funds and insurers. As methodology, it was used the bibliographical and quantitative research, including data segments for use in impact simulations. The volatility of the Selic Rate causes effects in any of the three types of pension plans. When calculation structure isactuarial, the impacts are most worrisome for managers and, when it is financial, for the participants. The effects also differ between segments. In closed one, they are transferred to the participants and sponsors through funding plan and, in the open, are absorbed by insurers and are compounded by taxation. On assets, the main consequence is the risk inherent in management with short-term view. As the discount rate liabilities, both regulators have adopted parameters referenced by market interest, which is a necessity imposed by the implementation of Brazilian monetary policy.

Orientador: Francisco Luiz Cazeiro Lopreato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_GuilhermeNogueira_M.pdf: 1815308 bytes, checksum: c1d79fbab70820ea9023abc0731946c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O trabalho aborda o processo de transição nos planos de benefícios dos fundos de pensão nos países centrais a partir da dinâmica do capitalismo contemporâneo e a adequação dos portfólios de investimentos desses agentes à nova realidade. Para o caso brasileiro, o texto vai demonstrar que esses agentes viveram parcialmente esse processo, uma vez que a remuneração oferecida para a rolagem dos títulos da dívida pública brasileira propiciou a manutenção de portfólios de investimentos ancorados nesses ativos. Este quadro deve mudar com a redução sistemática na remuneração paga nas novas emissões do Tesouro Nacional e demandar alterações na dinâmica de gestão de investimentos. Em razão dessas perspectivas e das experiências observadas nos países centrais, o trabalho indica os serviços de infraestrutura como opção para diversificação do portfólio de investimentos dos fundos brasileiros, dadas as características de geração de receitas de longo prazo e os extensos prazos de maturação para tais investimentos. Finalmente o trabalho indicará possíveis arquiteturas para viabilizar o ingresso de fundos de pensão de menor porte, dadas as suas limitações, de modo a tornar tais oportunidades acessíveis ao maior número possível de agentes / Abstract: The paper discusses the transition process in benefit schemes of pension funds in the core countries, from the point of view of the dynamics of contemporary capitalism and the revision of agents investment portfolios according to the new reality. For the Brazilian case, the text argues that agents experienced this process not in full, since the remuneration offered to rollover the Brazilian government bonds allowed the preservation of investment portfolios anchored in these assets. This framework must change with the systematic reduction in the remuneration paid to newly issued Treasury and demands changes in the dynamics of investment management. Given these perspectives and experiences observed in the core countries, the work points to infrastructure services as an option for portfolio diversification of Brazilian funds, due to long term revenue generation profile and long term maturity for such investments. Finally, the work indicates possible architectures that enable the entry of smaller pension funds, - limited by their capital and management structure -, making such opportunities available to the largest possible number of agents / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

[pt] O presente trabalho realizou uma análise dos efeitos provocados pela inclusão da classe de ativos denominada multimercado, na carteira dos Fundos de Pensão no Brasil. Esta denominação, multimercado, é fornecida pela Resolução CMN 3.456 de 1º de junho de 2007 que permitiu um limite de aplicação de até 3% nestes ativos. Face ao grande leque de possibilidades disponíveis com a permissão para aplicação nesta categoria de multimercados, optou-se neste trabalho por avaliar especificamente o impacto da aplicação em ativos no exterior e em fundos long and short. Através dos resultados do teste t para igualdade dos retornos médios, constatou-se que a aplicação nos ativos avaliados não produziu efeitos significativos na fronteira eficiente dos fundos de pensão, mesmo quando o limite de aplicação foi expandido para 20%. No entanto, mudanças no cenário econômico atual indicam que a busca por alternativas de investimentos, capazes de melhorar o desempenho no longo prazo, será um fator fundamental para manutenção do equilíbrio financeiro desse grupo de investidores. / [en] The present study has performed an analysis of the effects caused in the performance of Brazilian pension funds by the inclusion of hedge funds in their portfolios, including funds invested in international assets. The definition of hedge funds is provided by the Resolution CMN 3456 of June 1, 2007. This Resolution allowed pension funds in Brazil to allocate up to 3% of their investments in international hedge funds. Given the wide range of assets classes available in this category of hedge funds, this study has focused on international assets and longshort funds. The t-test results for the average returns showed that investments in such asset classes do not generate a major effect on the efficient frontier of the pension funds` investments. The results do not change much even if we increase the constraint from 3% to 20%. However, changes in the current economic environment indicate that finding alternative investments that can enhance the asset performance on a long term view will be a crucial factor to maintain the financial health of pension funds.

This thesis aims to investigate pension funds'investment behavior in times of a capital markets crisis; to discuss actions taken and changes of an investment policy; and to point out legislative issues. Another topic is a discussion over the contribution of each investment tool to the portfolio performance, and a prediction of the investment policy of pension funds. An important part of this thesis is the analysis of the detailed portfolio of PF Stabilita. The outcome of this paper is not to predict a future developement of capital markets, although a broad prediction for each investment tool is made, but to investigate a reaction of pension funds to the 2008 capital markets turmoils.

This thesis is focused on the analysis of pension additional insurance and related pension funds in the Czech Republic. Pension additional insurance and pension funds are part of the pension system, and specifically the third pillar. Characterize the pension system in the Czech Republic, including news of pension reform and compare with selected foreign pension systems. The main task of pension additional insurance is get together funds in the participant's for retirement age. These funds are collected by pension funds, which in turn invest in financial instruments in the financial markets. Generally, pension funds are regulated, which has an impact on their performance. The work is also focused on the confrontation with foreign pension funds, which includes comaprison of performance of pension funds in selected countries, including inter alia through the Sharpe index. Last but not least the thesis is focused on the future and the development of pension funds in upcoming years

Retirement is one part of life that everybody will sooner or later come too. It is very important to prepare and plan for it by looking for the best possible alternative(s) to save and invest money in order to get enough capital to live on when it is time to retire. In Sweden like in many other countries women tend to have lower wages than men and the maternity leave is a life event that can affect the income of women during their labour time. This can then result in women having less disposable income during the retirement period. In general, women are living longer than men therefore they should get more money to live on but this is not the case in most of the time. In finance taking high risk can be rewarded by high return. Several researches that have been conducted in different fields came to the same conclusion that women are more risk averse than men. This risk averse can be explained by physiological, psychological, social and intellectual aspects. In this thesis I study the investment behaviour of both genders in Premium Pension Funds managed by the Swedish Pension Authority (PPM). In contrary to what many researches in several fields have come to, I found that men tend to invest less than women when the risk level involved in investing in Premium Pension Funds increases. This observation can be seen as an attempt of the women to increase their pension capital in a shorter of time by investing in riskier pension funds. A further study on this subject will be suitable in order to confirm if the women’s attempt to increase their pension capital by engaging in riskier pension funds is rewarded by a higher return by including annually returns as an additional independent variable / Pensionering är en del av livet som alla förr eller senare kommer också. Det är mycket viktigt att förbereda och planera för det genom att leta efter bästa möjliga alternativ (s) för att spara och investera pengar i för att få tillräckligt med kapital för att leva på när det är dags att gå i pension. I Sverige liksom i många andra länder kvinnor tenderar att ha lägre löner än män och moderskapsledigheten är en händelse i livet som kan påverka inkomster kvinnor under sin arbetstid. Detta kan sedan leda till att kvinnor har mindre disponibel inkomst under pensionstiden. I allmänhet, kvinnor lever längre än män och därför bör de få mer pengar att leva på, men detta är inte fallet i större delen av tiden. I finans ta hög risk kan belönas med hög avkastning. Flera undersökningar som har genomförts inom olika områden kom till samma slutsats att kvinnor är mindre riskbenägna än män. Denna riskaversion kan förklaras av fysiologiska, psykologiska, sociala och intellektuella aspekter. I denna avhandling studerar jag investeringsbeteende båda könen i Premiepensionsfonder som förvaltas av Svenska Pensionsmyndigheten (PPM). I motsats till vad många forskare inom flera områden har kommit till, fann jag att män tenderar att investera mindre än kvinnor när risknivån med att investera i Premiepensionsfonderna ökar. Denna observation kan ses som ett försök av kvinnor att öka sitt pensionskapital i en kortare tid genom att investera i mer riskfyllda pensionsfonder. En påbyggande studie i detta ämne kommer att vara lämplig för att bekräfta om kvinnornas försök att öka sitt pensionskapital genom att delta i riskfyllda pensionsfonder belönas med en högre avkastning genom att inkludera avkastning som en ytterligare oberoende variabel.

Swedish pension funds have vast  mount of money to invest in order to maintain a stable and functioning pension system. Real estate is an important part of the investment strategy  and contributes as a relatively low risk diversifier to the portfolio. The major share of Swedish pension money is place in public pension and in occupational pension. There are several institutions working to manage this capital, both governments owned and private owned institutions. Historically allocation of properties among institutional investors has taken place in the home market due to the need of local knowledge when managing real estate. Real estate is less correlated with the interest rate market creating a lag in fluctuation when the interest rate changes, this yield gap creates valuable opportunities to invest in real estate to better yields when the rate falls. Since a few years after the turn of the millennium institutional investors has increased their real estate holdings rapidly   onfirming that, or at least indicating, that there exist a yield gap in real estate investments. Historically institutional investor’s allocation in property as a part of the whole portfolio has Been low, in 2001 the public pension funds had approximately 3% invested in real estate compared to todays 10 %. The main explanation to the significant increase in property allocation in the public pension funds is the low interest rate environment the market is currently experiencing. The pension funds prefer to own real estate directly for two major reasons. Since real estate is a relatively illiquid asset it is important to keep control over the investment and secondly to avoid short term behaviour. Over the past decade investments in real estate has  increased with 900 billion SEK divided among the institutions invested in this thesis. This increase has established real estate as a more vital part of the pension fund portfolio and we believe that allocation levels will remain relatively stable at this level. However the Limited supply of properties suitable for pension funds will together with the decreased yield--‐gap result in a slowdown or even  stop in the pension fund possibility to further increase their property allocation.

This thesis deals with problematics of pension schemes.First part contains characteristics of pensions schemes, influence of demographic faktors on this product and short overview about development in Czech Republic. I expose reasons why is need to reform pension system. In the final part, there is described the proposed pension reform.