Denna uppsats syftar på att studera sektorsöverskridande samverkan i en kommun utifrån ett integrationsprojekt som fallstudie. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter baseras på organisering, governance och gränser. Dessa har använts för att studera hur integrationsprojektet kan förstås som organisering och form av governance för att lösa problem och bemöta behov och krav på offentlig verksamhet. Metoden för denna studie har utgått från sju kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer men även sekundärdata. Resultatet av studien påvisar att samverkan är vanligt förekommande inom kommunen och att de effekterna samt lärdomar från projektets gång tas med och arbetas vidare i andra samverkansprojekt. / This essay aims to study cross-sector collaboration in a municipality based on an integration project as a case study. The study's theoretical starting points are based on organization, governance and boundaries. These have been used to study how the integration project can be understood as an organization and form of governance to solve problems and meet the needs and requirements of public activities. The method for this study has been based on seven qualitative semi-structured interviews but also secondary data. The results of the study demonstrate that collaboration is common within the municipality and that the effects and lessons learned from the course of the project are taken and worked on in other collaboration projects.

Wave Number Selection and Defect Dynamics in Patterns with Hexagonal Symmetry Denis B. Semwogerere 108 Pages Directed by Dr. Michael F. Schatz We report quantitative measurements of wave number selection, secondary instability and defect dynamics in hexagonal patterns. A novel optical technique ("thermal laser writing") is used to imprint initial patterns with selected characteristics in a B뮡rd-Marangoni convection experiment. Initial patterns of ideal hexagons are imposed to determine the band of stable-pattern wave numbers. For small values of control parameter epsilon the measured stable band is found to agree quantitatively with theoretical predictions at the low-wave-number side of the band, and qualitatively at the high-wave-number side. Long-wavelength perturbations of ideal hexagonal patterns suggested by theory are imposed for epsilon=0.46 and their growth rates are measured to investigate the mechanisms of secondary instability. Our results suggest a transverse-phase instability limits stable hexagons at low wave number while a longitudinal-phase instability limits high-wave-number hexagons. Initial patterns containing an isolated penta-hepta defect are imprinted to study defect propagation directions and velocities. The experimental results agree well with theoretical predictions. The experimental investigations are discussed in the context of patterns with hexagonal symmetry formed under nonequilibrium external driving conditions.

INTRODUÇÃO: o câncer de mama é uma doença heterogênea. Há necessidade de critérios diagnósticos e prognósticos mais refinados. O emprego da imunohistoquímica, através do painel prognóstico, fez despontar a figura do carcinoma triplonegativo e, da mesma forma, a histogenética trouxe à evidência o carcinoma basal. Paralelamente, o conhecimento sobre a origem biológica das neoplasias e da sua heterogeneidade vem sendo acentuadamente debatido através do tema das células-tronco tumorais. OBJETIVOS: investigar a prevalência de carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, numa amostra de carcinomas triplonegativos, e estabelecer associações com a expressão de células-tronco tumorais nestes tumores. Verificar diferenças entre estes subtipos com as variáveis clinicopatológicas. MÉTODOS: 94 carcinomas mamários triplonegativos foram testados para CK5/6, HER1, CD44 e CD24. As expressões desses marcadores por imuno-histoquímica automatizada foram avaliadas através de escore simples de positividade (porcentagem de células) e correlacionadas com os dados clínico-patológicos e análise de sobrevivência. RESULTADOS: carcinomas basais apresentam maior grau tumoral que carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,004). A negatividade para CD44 (p=0,007) e o perfil CD44- CD24+ (p=0,013) foram associados com maior invasão vascular entre carcinomas triplonegativos. A expressão de CD44 foi associada aos carcinomas basais (p=0,007). O perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado aos carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,04). Nenhuma das variáveis em estudo foi associada com os desfechos clínicos. CONCLUSÃO: Carcinomas mamários basais e pentanegativos são subtipos tumorais bastante próximos. Nosso estudo é o primeiro desenhado especificamente para avaliar a presença células tronco-tumorais mamárias entre carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, onde o perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado ao subtipo pentanegativo, e o perfil CD44-CD24+ à invasão vascular, resultados que merecem confirmação por histogenética em estudos de maior porte. / INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and there is a need for more refined diagnostic and prognostic criteria. Immunohistochemistry, as a breast prognostic panel, has given rise to triple-negative carcinoma, as well as histogenetics highlighted basal carcinoma. Concomitantly, the understanding of the biological origins of neoplasia and its heterogeneity has been strongly debated through the theme of cancer stem cells. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of basal and penta-negative carcinomas in a sample of triple-negative carcinomas and to establish associations with cancer stem cells (CD44/CD24 expression profiles) and the clinicopathological variables within these tumors. METHODS: Ninety-four triplenegative breast carcinomas were tested for CK5/6, HER1, CD44 and CD24. The expression of these markers was evaluated by automated immunohistochemistry using a simple positivity score (percentage of cells) and was correlated with the clinicopathological and survival analysis data. RESULTS: Basal carcinomas had higher tumor grades than penta-negative carcinomas (p=0.004). CD44 negativity (p=0.007) and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype (p=0.013) were associated with increased vascular invasion amongst the triple-negative carcinomas. CD44 expression was associated with basal carcinomas (p=0.007). The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with penta-negative carcinomas. None of the variables in the study were associated with clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Basal and penta-negative breast carcinomas are closely related tumor subtypes. Our study is the first to be specifically designed to assess the presence of breast cancer stem cells in basal and pentanegative carcinomas. The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with the pentanegative subtype, and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype was associated with vascular invasion. These results require histogenetic confirmation in larger studies.

INTRODUÇÃO: o câncer de mama é uma doença heterogênea. Há necessidade de critérios diagnósticos e prognósticos mais refinados. O emprego da imunohistoquímica, através do painel prognóstico, fez despontar a figura do carcinoma triplonegativo e, da mesma forma, a histogenética trouxe à evidência o carcinoma basal. Paralelamente, o conhecimento sobre a origem biológica das neoplasias e da sua heterogeneidade vem sendo acentuadamente debatido através do tema das células-tronco tumorais. OBJETIVOS: investigar a prevalência de carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, numa amostra de carcinomas triplonegativos, e estabelecer associações com a expressão de células-tronco tumorais nestes tumores. Verificar diferenças entre estes subtipos com as variáveis clinicopatológicas. MÉTODOS: 94 carcinomas mamários triplonegativos foram testados para CK5/6, HER1, CD44 e CD24. As expressões desses marcadores por imuno-histoquímica automatizada foram avaliadas através de escore simples de positividade (porcentagem de células) e correlacionadas com os dados clínico-patológicos e análise de sobrevivência. RESULTADOS: carcinomas basais apresentam maior grau tumoral que carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,004). A negatividade para CD44 (p=0,007) e o perfil CD44- CD24+ (p=0,013) foram associados com maior invasão vascular entre carcinomas triplonegativos. A expressão de CD44 foi associada aos carcinomas basais (p=0,007). O perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado aos carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,04). Nenhuma das variáveis em estudo foi associada com os desfechos clínicos. CONCLUSÃO: Carcinomas mamários basais e pentanegativos são subtipos tumorais bastante próximos. Nosso estudo é o primeiro desenhado especificamente para avaliar a presença células tronco-tumorais mamárias entre carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, onde o perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado ao subtipo pentanegativo, e o perfil CD44-CD24+ à invasão vascular, resultados que merecem confirmação por histogenética em estudos de maior porte. / INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and there is a need for more refined diagnostic and prognostic criteria. Immunohistochemistry, as a breast prognostic panel, has given rise to triple-negative carcinoma, as well as histogenetics highlighted basal carcinoma. Concomitantly, the understanding of the biological origins of neoplasia and its heterogeneity has been strongly debated through the theme of cancer stem cells. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of basal and penta-negative carcinomas in a sample of triple-negative carcinomas and to establish associations with cancer stem cells (CD44/CD24 expression profiles) and the clinicopathological variables within these tumors. METHODS: Ninety-four triplenegative breast carcinomas were tested for CK5/6, HER1, CD44 and CD24. The expression of these markers was evaluated by automated immunohistochemistry using a simple positivity score (percentage of cells) and was correlated with the clinicopathological and survival analysis data. RESULTS: Basal carcinomas had higher tumor grades than penta-negative carcinomas (p=0.004). CD44 negativity (p=0.007) and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype (p=0.013) were associated with increased vascular invasion amongst the triple-negative carcinomas. CD44 expression was associated with basal carcinomas (p=0.007). The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with penta-negative carcinomas. None of the variables in the study were associated with clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Basal and penta-negative breast carcinomas are closely related tumor subtypes. Our study is the first to be specifically designed to assess the presence of breast cancer stem cells in basal and pentanegative carcinomas. The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with the pentanegative subtype, and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype was associated with vascular invasion. These results require histogenetic confirmation in larger studies.

INTRODUÇÃO: o câncer de mama é uma doença heterogênea. Há necessidade de critérios diagnósticos e prognósticos mais refinados. O emprego da imunohistoquímica, através do painel prognóstico, fez despontar a figura do carcinoma triplonegativo e, da mesma forma, a histogenética trouxe à evidência o carcinoma basal. Paralelamente, o conhecimento sobre a origem biológica das neoplasias e da sua heterogeneidade vem sendo acentuadamente debatido através do tema das células-tronco tumorais. OBJETIVOS: investigar a prevalência de carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, numa amostra de carcinomas triplonegativos, e estabelecer associações com a expressão de células-tronco tumorais nestes tumores. Verificar diferenças entre estes subtipos com as variáveis clinicopatológicas. MÉTODOS: 94 carcinomas mamários triplonegativos foram testados para CK5/6, HER1, CD44 e CD24. As expressões desses marcadores por imuno-histoquímica automatizada foram avaliadas através de escore simples de positividade (porcentagem de células) e correlacionadas com os dados clínico-patológicos e análise de sobrevivência. RESULTADOS: carcinomas basais apresentam maior grau tumoral que carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,004). A negatividade para CD44 (p=0,007) e o perfil CD44- CD24+ (p=0,013) foram associados com maior invasão vascular entre carcinomas triplonegativos. A expressão de CD44 foi associada aos carcinomas basais (p=0,007). O perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado aos carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,04). Nenhuma das variáveis em estudo foi associada com os desfechos clínicos. CONCLUSÃO: Carcinomas mamários basais e pentanegativos são subtipos tumorais bastante próximos. Nosso estudo é o primeiro desenhado especificamente para avaliar a presença células tronco-tumorais mamárias entre carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, onde o perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado ao subtipo pentanegativo, e o perfil CD44-CD24+ à invasão vascular, resultados que merecem confirmação por histogenética em estudos de maior porte. / INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and there is a need for more refined diagnostic and prognostic criteria. Immunohistochemistry, as a breast prognostic panel, has given rise to triple-negative carcinoma, as well as histogenetics highlighted basal carcinoma. Concomitantly, the understanding of the biological origins of neoplasia and its heterogeneity has been strongly debated through the theme of cancer stem cells. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of basal and penta-negative carcinomas in a sample of triple-negative carcinomas and to establish associations with cancer stem cells (CD44/CD24 expression profiles) and the clinicopathological variables within these tumors. METHODS: Ninety-four triplenegative breast carcinomas were tested for CK5/6, HER1, CD44 and CD24. The expression of these markers was evaluated by automated immunohistochemistry using a simple positivity score (percentage of cells) and was correlated with the clinicopathological and survival analysis data. RESULTS: Basal carcinomas had higher tumor grades than penta-negative carcinomas (p=0.004). CD44 negativity (p=0.007) and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype (p=0.013) were associated with increased vascular invasion amongst the triple-negative carcinomas. CD44 expression was associated with basal carcinomas (p=0.007). The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with penta-negative carcinomas. None of the variables in the study were associated with clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Basal and penta-negative breast carcinomas are closely related tumor subtypes. Our study is the first to be specifically designed to assess the presence of breast cancer stem cells in basal and pentanegative carcinomas. The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with the pentanegative subtype, and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype was associated with vascular invasion. These results require histogenetic confirmation in larger studies.

The thesis deals with the analysis of private equity model focusing on the possibility of its utilizing as a source of finance. The first part contains definitions of important aspects related to the area of private equity. The second part consists of a case study which assesses effects of an investment of private equity companies in a specific enterprise. The investment of the private equity group Penta in AERO Vodochody is analyzed based on various aspects.

This thesis is a description of the prosodic patterns in Jaminjung, a language spoken in the Victoria River District in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is a quantitative and qualitative examination of the features associated with the intonational phenomena in Jaminjung. It is based on the idea that, while some aspects of prosody may be universal, each language has its unique characteristics. In this study I will make use of the PENTA model of intonation, a recent development that places communicative functions and articulatory constraints at the core of prosody, thus providing a clear explanation of prosodic phenomena, linking phonetics to semantics. The analyses are based on carefully selected representative tokens of the speech used in specific communicative situations by the Jaminjung speakers from recordings of spontaneous speech. The features associated with the grouping function, that is, in the demarcation or organization of a string of words (or rather syllables) into chunks, are examined. Four main prosodic constituents are recognized: the prosodic word, the phrasal constituent, the intonation unit, and the prosodic sentence. They are distinguished at their left boundaries by pitch resets which increase from unit to unit. The larger constituents are cued at the right edge with F0 lowering and syllable lengthening, cues associated with finality in many languages. The encoding parameters of some major information structural categories, topic and focus and contrast are investigated. A prominence is usually perceived on the first syllable in the focus domain. A [fall] pitch target is associated with this syllable; it is also marked by wider pitch excursions and longer durations. Topics, for their part, are marked by a [high] target on their initial syllables. The prosodic encoding of topics follows a scale of 'givenness', where more given topics are less marked than less given topics. Contrast in focused arguments and topics is encoded with a [fall] target on the initial syllable and thus share this feature with focus, but they also display a wider pitch excursion on all the syllables. This last feature marks contrast as an independent information structure category from focus and topic. Declaratives, interrogatives and imperatives sentences are all predominantly uttered with a falling contour, however, they are clearly differentiated by pitch register - declaratives use lower reaches, imperatives higher reaches, and interrogatives somewhere in between.

Social innovation brings about sustainability which is regarded as a new paradigm for development. In order to bring about social innovation, cross-sector collaboration among different actors is required. However, it is known that establishing cross-sector collaboration is very complex, especially in a penta helix model where the public administration, business, academia, third sector and citizens are all involved. The research aims to investigate the initial conditions for establishing penta helix collaboration in the context of co-produced social innovation from the perspectives of core co-producers. Through a case study of ReTuren, a co-produced public platform for waste handling and prevention in Malmö, Sweden, the research finds out four themes of initial conditions, viz. environment, resources, relationships, and strategy. It is also discussed that the significance of these conditions to the collaboration establishment can depend on the development stage of the social innovation initiative. The research also provides new insights about the unclear boundary and the flexible role of each sector in the penta helix model. Based on the findings, an adapted model of initial conditions from Bryson et al. (2015) for penta helix collaboration in social innovation is created.

Most companies want to measure the performance of various areas of their operations. By doing so, it is easier to identify weaknesses or problems and take action to improve the performance in those areas. This study is conducted in collaboration with Volvo Penta North America and seeks to evaluate the possibilities of implementing a performance indicator for their dealers. The aim of this thesis is to investigate if there is a correlation between Volvo Penta’s evaluation system for their dealers, their Dealer Operating Standard score (DOS-Score) and their respective Sales Revenue, as well as the individual segments of the DOS and the Sales Revenue. In other words, if the evaluation system can be used as a performance indicator for how good the financial performance of a dealer is. The analysis is based on first-party data from Penta regarding the operation of Penta’s dealers. By using Linear Regression, it was found that the Adjusted R-Squared of the model with Aggregated DOS against Sales Revenue was 0.1403 and the Adjusted R-Squared for the model with the Segmented DOS against Sales Revenue was 0.1983. Thus, there is no significant correlation between the Aggregated DOS and Sales Revenue. However the results from the Segmented DOS-score against Sales Revenue indicates that it is possible to improve on the current DOS algorithm. Further research with more confounders considered is required to improve the model. / De flesta företag vill mäta resultatet av olika delar av verksamheten. På så sätt är det lättare att identifiera svagheter eller problem och vidta åtgärder för att förbättra resultaten inom dessa områden. Den här studien genomförs i samarbete med Volvo Penta North America och syftar till att utvärdera möjligheterna att införa en performance indicator för deras återförsäljare. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan Volvo Pentas utvärderingssystem, Dealer Operating Standard (DOS), för sina återförsäljare och deras respektive försäljningsintäkter, samt de enskilda segmenten av DOS och försäljningsintäkterna. Med andra ord, om utvärderingssystemet kan användas som en performance indicator för hur bra en återförsäljares ekonomiska resultat är. Analysen bygger på förstahandsdata från Penta om verksamheten hos återförsäljarna. Genom att använda linjär regression fann man att Adjusted R-Squared för modellen med Aggregerad DOS mot försäljningsintäkter var 0,1403 och Adjusted R-Squared för modellen med Segmenterad DOS mot försäljningsintäkter var 0,1983. Det finns alltså ingen signifikant korrelation mellan Aggregated DOS och försäljningsintäkter. Resultaten från det segmenterade DOS-värdet mot försäljningsintäkterna visar dock att det är möjligt att förbättra den nuvarande DOS-algoritmen. Det krävs ytterligare forskning där fler utomstående faktorer beaktas för att förbättra modellen.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer chromophorer Catecholderivate mit ausgeprägten push-pull-pi-Systemen. Die solvatochromen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen werden in Abhängigkeit der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungsdonor- und -akzeptorfähigkeit sowie Lösungsmitteldipolarität diskutiert. Mit entsprechenden methoxy- und dimethoxyfunktionalisierten Catecholderivaten ist es möglich, vergleichende Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen aufzustellen. Durch Untersuchungen zu den Wechselwirkungen der chromophoren Catechole mit Schwermetallionen kann gezeigt werden, dass die synthetisierten Verbindungen als Sensoren eingesetzt werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird des Weiteren die Adsorption der Catecholderivate an Metalloxide beschrieben. Mit Farbstoffen sensibilisierte Oberflächen stellen derzeit ein interessantes Forschunggebiet dar. Ferner wird über die Umsetzung der Catecholderivate mit Trialkoxysilanen zu zwitterionischen, spirozyklischen, pentakoordinierten lambda5Si-Silicaten sowie mit Tetraalkoxysilanen zu dianionischen, hexakoordinierten lambda6Si-Silicaten berichtet. Besonderes Augenmerk lag dabei auf UV/vis-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen.