Wireless Telecommunication networks have become fundamental to daily activities. Today, people have access to at least one type of wireless telecommunication network. In this context, optimizing the energy consumption of wireless telecommunications infrastructure has become a new challenge for the research community, governments and industries in order to reduce CO2 emission and operational energy costs. This thesis investigates the power consumption of indoor/outdoor Wireless Access Devices (WADs, specifically WiFi and WiMAX access points) and provides novel techniques for improving the energy efficiency of wireless access networks. Our approach focuses on monitoring and analyzing the power consumption of WADs using real-testbed and experimental measurements in order to understand the fundamental limits and trade-offs involved. This, in turn, will be used to propose efficient techniques to reduce power consumption and to maximize the energy efficiency of wireless access networks. We introduce energino a novel hardware and software solution for real-time energy consumption monitoring in wireless networks. We also propose an experimentally-driven approach to (i) characterize typical WADs from a power consumption standpoint, (ii) develop simple and accurate power consumption models and metrics for such WADs, and (iii) design techniques to tune the power consumption of a wireless infrastructure to the actual network conditions in terms of both users density and traffic patterns. Our measurements from several real-life deployments show that (a) the power consumption of such WADs exhibits a linear dependence on the traffic until a saturation point is reached and (b) the developed techniques can deliver significant energy savings with minimal degradation in terms of the quality of service provided.

Planar copper-containing anode supported Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs) were produced by single step cosintering. The anode and the electrolyte were realized through water-based tape casting, the cathode being added by screen printing. A 5 mol% of Lithium oxide addition allowed reducing the Gadolinia-Doped Ceria (GDC)-based electrolyte sintering temperature below the copper oxide melting point. IT-SOFCs sintered at 950°C revealed a power density peak of 26 mW cm-2 at 650°C in H2, the maximum CuO amount within the anodic cermet being limited at 35 vol%. To improve the cell performance, the anode electrolyte thickness ratio was increased, in order to take advantage by the compressive tensile state induced by the supporting to the thinner layer, this leading to a further sintering temperature reduction and to avoid cracks due to the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) mismatch existing between anode and electrolyte. IT-SOFCs at 900°C showed a power density peak of 200 mW cm-2 at 700°C in H2. Electronic impedance spectroscopy pointed out anode performances comparable with those obtained by using conventional Ni-based cermet electrodes. In biogas, 45 vol% CuO containing SOFC achieved a power density peak of 38 mW cm-2 at 700°C.

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Avloppsslam som gödselmedel är ett debatterat ämne och i dagsläget diskuteras slamfrågan både iSveriges riksdag och på EU-nivå. I den här litteraturstudien har därför tidigare forskning inomområdet granskats för att kartlägga vad som är känt om problematiken med per-och polyfluorerandeämnen- (PFAS) i avloppsslam. PFAS är ett samlingsnamn för en grupp industriellt framställdakemikalier som är persistenta. PFAS används industriellt men också för hushållsbruk i produkter vidagligen stöter på såsom livsmedelsförpackningar och impregneringsmedel i textilier. Litteraturenvisar att det finns stora PFAS-flöden i både samhället och i miljön. Avloppsreningsverk får PFAS iinloppsvattnet via dagvatten och hushållsvatten. Då reningsverken inte har kapacitet för att rena PFAShamnar PFAS då i slammet samt i det renade utgående vattnet. Slam som sprids på åkermark kan ledatill att PFAS förorenar grundvatten och närliggande vattendrag, det är även möjligt att grödor tar uppPFAS-ämnen. Samma risker gäller dock när avloppsslam används till deponitäckning eller tillanläggningsjord vilket används inom industri eller byggen som utfyllnads jord. PFAS kanackumuleras i växter och flera studier bekräftar att det finns i olika sorters livsmedel, dock har ingalivsmedel överstigit tolerabelt dagligt intag (TDI) i de artiklar som granskats i denna studie. Attavlägsna PFAS från avloppsslam eller direkt i avloppsvattnet är relativt outforskat, däremot finns detnågra intressanta tekniker med potential, men området kräver mer forskning. Sammanfattningsvisfinns det både möjligheter och utmaningar med avloppsslam som gödselmedel. Slammet innehålleressentiella näringsämnen och har jordförbättrande egenskaper som är åtråvärda, men baksidan är atthalterna av PFAS och andra föroreningar i slammet kan ge skadliga effekter hos människor, djur ochmiljö.

Yes / In this study using standard measures of inequality such as Gini coefficient, Kakwani Index, coefficient of variation and Theil Index we examine inequality in carbon emissions for the years 2000-09 at the sub-national level covering 17 major states of India. At the outset, in order to estimate sub-national inequality in carbon emissions we also estimated total carbon emissions for each state for the above years using IPCC Reference Approach. Our findings showed that per capita carbon emissions were highest in the low income resource rich states and lower in the high income more developed states. The inequality in carbon emissions as demonstrated by Gini coefficients has increased over the years indicating that it is the poorer states which have to bear the burden.

Inom ramen för detta projekt har frågor som rör klangbildning varit centrala. Forskningen har på många sätt agerat som en fortsättning på mitt kandidatarbete som i huvudsak kretsade kring frågor som rör interpretation och ljudlandskap. Inför denna studie har jag valt att lägga ett större fokus på solospel involverande en synnerligen omfattande samt varierad instrumentation. Verket Waves (1969) av Per Nørgård (1932) har agerat som utgångspunkt där jag genom experimentering och laborering inom bl.a val av instrument, klubbor samt förhållningssätt rent praktiskt och mentalt testat mig fram inom olika sätt att skapa klang. Utöver instuderingen av verket samt analys av notbilden har jag bl.a använt mig av loggboksföring och inspelningar, för att ytterligare kunna studera och undersöka de klangliga fenomen som uppstår. Som ett komplement till detta har även tre st. intervjuer genomförts, i syfte att bidra med ytterligare perspektiv samt kunskap. Resultatet har framförallt visat på instrument- och klubbval som en effektiv faktor vad gäller variation av klangfärg. I kombination med rumsklangen och dess egenskaper såväl som en melodisk medvetenhet och närvaro kring samtliga instrument så finns en enorm potential att forma hur musiken låter och hur den upplevs. Min förhoppning är att dessa insikter, upplevelser och iakttagelser kan bli användbara verktyg för flera och leda till en allt större flexibilitet inom musikerskapet. / <p>Waves av Per Nørgård</p>

It is imperative to identify the structural characteristics that influence academic performance so that we are aware of the impact that policy change has on the educational outcomes of our youth. This study used district-level regression analysis to identify the influence of socioeconomic status, per-pupil funding, and student-to-teacher ratio on the academic performance of students in Virginia's public schools. The data set was created by linking data from the U.S. Census and the Virginia Superintendent's Report. Four assumptions were tested: as median income increases (socioeconomic status), academic performance improves; as per-pupil funding increases, academic performance improves; increases in student-to-teacher ratios lead to poorer academic performance; and when socioeconomic status is controlled, the influence of race upon academic performance is greatly diminished. Previous literature suggests: that a positive correlation exists between socioeconomic status and academic performance; that a negative correlation exists between student-to-teacher ratio and academic performance; that results are mixed regarding the correlation between per-pupil funding and academic performance; and that residual racial effects persist despite the control of socioeconomic status. The regression analysis yielded significant results concerning the socioeconomic status and race variables, results that are presented and discussed in this paper. / Master of Science

This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] Following the 1987 report by The World Commission on Environment and Development, the genuine saving has come to play a key role in the context of sustainable development, and the World Bank regularly publishes numbers for genuine saving on a national basis. However, these numbers are typically calculated as if the tax system is non-distortionary. This paper presents an analogue to genuine saving in a second best economy, where the government raises revenue by means of distortionary taxation. We show how the social cost of public debt, which depends on the marginal excess burden, ought to be reflected in the genuine saving. We also illustrate by presenting calculations for Greece, Japan, Portugal, U.K., U.S. and OECD average, showing that the numbers published by the World Bank are likely to be biased and may even give incorrect information as to whether the economy is locally sustainable. Paper [II] This paper examines the relationships among per capita CO2 emissions, per capita GDP and international trade based on panel data spanning the period 1960-2008 for 150 countries. A distinction is also made between OECD and Non-OECD countries to capture the differences of this relationship between developed and developing economies. We apply panel unit root and cointegration tests, and estimate a panel error correction model. The results from the error correction model suggest that there are long-term relationships between the variables for the whole sample and for Non-OECD countries. Finally, Granger causality tests show that there is bi-directional short-term causality between per capita GDP and international trade for the whole sample and between per capita GDP and CO2 emissions for OECD countries. Paper [III] Fundamental questions in economics are why some regions are richer than others, why their growth rates differ, whether their growth rates tend to converge, and what key factors contribute to explain economic growth. This paper deals with the average income growth, net migration, and changes in unemployment rates at the municipal level in Sweden. The aim is to explore in depth the effects of possible underlying determinants with a particular focus on local policy variables. The analysis is based on a three-equation model. Our results show, among other things, that increases in the local public expenditure and income taxe rate have negative effects on subsequent income income growth. In addition, the results show conditional convergence, i.e. that the average income among the municipal residents tends to grow more rapidly in relatively poor local jurisdictions than in initially “richer” jurisdictions, conditional on the other explanatory variables. Paper [IV] This paper explores the relationship between income growth and income inequality using data at the municipal level in Sweden for the period 1992-2007. We estimate a fixed effects panel data growth model, where the within-municipality income inequality is one of the explanatory variables. Different inequality measures (Gini coefficient, top income shares, and measures of inequality in the lower and upper part of the income distribution) are examined. We find a positive and significant relationship between income growth and income inequality measured as the Gini coefficient and top income shares, respectively. In addition, while inequality in the upper part of the income distribution is positively associated with the income growth rate, inequality in the lower part of the income distribution seems to be negatively related to the income growth. Our findings also suggest that increased income inequality enhances growth more in municipalities with a high level of average income than in municipalities with a low level of average income.