[pt] Esta tese é composta de quatro capítulos sobre a relação entre Crédito e Desenvolvimento Econômico. No primeiro capítulo descrevemos os conceitos, relações e mecanismos utilizados nos demais capítulos. No segundo capítulo avaliamos o impacto de reduções em três diferentes restrições financeiras sobre o PIB per capita no Brasil. Para tanto, utilizamos uma versão do modelo de crescimento neoclássico com agentes heterogêneos e três fricções financeiras. O modelo é calibrado para a economia brasileira em 2009 e fazemos exercícios de simulação. No primeiro exercício, uma redução do custo de participação no mercado de crédito, que permitiria que o percentual de firmas com crédito na economia fosse igual à média dos países desenvolvidos, geraria um aumento no PIB per capita de 3,6 por cento. No segundo exercício, uma redução do custo de monitoramento, que permitiria que o spread na economia fosse igual ao spread médio nos países desenvolvidos, geraria uma elevação no PIB per capita de 1,7 por cento. No terceiro exercício avaliamos um relaxamento nas restrições de endividamento. Os resultados mostram que a redução dos colaterais no Brasil para o nível dos países desenvolvidos elevaria o PIB per capita em 12 por cento. No terceiro capítulo buscamos analisar os efeitos macroeconômicos do aprofundamento do crédito com recursos livres no Brasil no período 2001-2011. Em termos mais específicos, avaliamos os impactos do aumento do crédito sobre o PIB per capita. Para tanto, utilizamos uma versão do modelo de crescimento neoclássico com agentes heterogêneos, restrições de crédito e escolha ocupacional, calibrado para a economia brasileira em 2001 e simulamos, no modelo, o aumento do crédito com recursos livres ocorrido no período. No exercício realizado, o aumento no crédito com recursos livres para as firmas de 10 por cento, em 2001, para 15 por cento do PIB em 2011, gerou um aumento de 1,5 por cento no PIB per capita no período. No quarto capítulo, nosso objetivo é avaliar o impacto do aumento do crédito no Brasil no período 2004-2008 sobre o PIB per capita, com a utilização do modelo de Lloyd-Ellis e Bernhardt (2000). Assim podemos comparar os resultados desse modelo com os resultados do modelo utilizado no terceiro capítulo. Na implementação do modelo, utilizamos uma abordagem mista de estimação e calibração para a economia brasileira em 2004. No exercício realizado, o aumento no acesso ao crédito elevou o PIB per capita em 2 por cento entre 2004 e 2008. / [en] This thesis is composed of four chapters on the relationship between Credit and Development Economics. In the first chapter we describe the concepts, relationships and mechanisms used in the other chapters. In the second chapter we evaluated the impact of reductions in three different financial constraints on GDP per capita in Brazil. To do so, we use a version of the neoclassical growth model with heterogeneous agents and three financial frictions. The model is calibrated for the Brazilian economy in 2009 and we do simulation exercises. In the first exercise, a reduction in the cost of participation in the credit market, which would allow the percentage of firms with credit in the economy to be equal to the average of the developed countries, would generate an increase in GDP per capita of 3.6 percent. In the second exercise, a reduction in the cost of monitoring, which would allow the spread in the economy to be equal to the average spread in developed countries, would generate a rise in GDP per capita of 1.7 percent. In the third exercise we evaluated a relaxation in the borrowing constraint. The results show that the reduction of collaterals in Brazil to the level of developed countries would raise GDP per capita by 12 percent. In the third chapter we seek to analyze the macroeconomic effects of the deepening of credit with free resources in Brazil in the period 2001-2011. In more specific terms, we evaluate the impacts of credit growth on GDP per capita. To do so, we used a version of the neoclassical growth model with heterogeneous agents, credit restrictions and occupational choice, calibrated for the Brazilian economy in 2001 and simulated in the model the increase in credit with free resources occurred in the period. In the exercise, the increase in free resources credit for firms from 10 percent in 2001 to 15 percent of GDP in 2011 generated a 1.5 percent increase in GDP per capita in the period. In the fourth chapter, our objective is to evaluate the impact of the increase of credit in Brazil in the period 2004-2008 on GDP per capita, using the model of Lloyd-Ellis and Bernhardt (2000). Thus we can compare the results of this model with the results of the model used in the third chapter. In the implementation of the model, we used a mixed approach of estimation and calibration for the Brazilian economy in 2004. In the exercise carried out, the increase in access to credit raised GDP per capita by 2 percent between 2004 and 2008.

This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] Following the 1987 report by The World Commission on Environment and Development, the genuine saving has come to play a key role in the context of sustainable development, and the World Bank regularly publishes numbers for genuine saving on a national basis. However, these numbers are typically calculated as if the tax system is non-distortionary. This paper presents an analogue to genuine saving in a second best economy, where the government raises revenue by means of distortionary taxation. We show how the social cost of public debt, which depends on the marginal excess burden, ought to be reflected in the genuine saving. We also illustrate by presenting calculations for Greece, Japan, Portugal, U.K., U.S. and OECD average, showing that the numbers published by the World Bank are likely to be biased and may even give incorrect information as to whether the economy is locally sustainable. Paper [II] This paper examines the relationships among per capita CO2 emissions, per capita GDP and international trade based on panel data spanning the period 1960-2008 for 150 countries. A distinction is also made between OECD and Non-OECD countries to capture the differences of this relationship between developed and developing economies. We apply panel unit root and cointegration tests, and estimate a panel error correction model. The results from the error correction model suggest that there are long-term relationships between the variables for the whole sample and for Non-OECD countries. Finally, Granger causality tests show that there is bi-directional short-term causality between per capita GDP and international trade for the whole sample and between per capita GDP and CO2 emissions for OECD countries. Paper [III] Fundamental questions in economics are why some regions are richer than others, why their growth rates differ, whether their growth rates tend to converge, and what key factors contribute to explain economic growth. This paper deals with the average income growth, net migration, and changes in unemployment rates at the municipal level in Sweden. The aim is to explore in depth the effects of possible underlying determinants with a particular focus on local policy variables. The analysis is based on a three-equation model. Our results show, among other things, that increases in the local public expenditure and income taxe rate have negative effects on subsequent income income growth. In addition, the results show conditional convergence, i.e. that the average income among the municipal residents tends to grow more rapidly in relatively poor local jurisdictions than in initially “richer” jurisdictions, conditional on the other explanatory variables. Paper [IV] This paper explores the relationship between income growth and income inequality using data at the municipal level in Sweden for the period 1992-2007. We estimate a fixed effects panel data growth model, where the within-municipality income inequality is one of the explanatory variables. Different inequality measures (Gini coefficient, top income shares, and measures of inequality in the lower and upper part of the income distribution) are examined. We find a positive and significant relationship between income growth and income inequality measured as the Gini coefficient and top income shares, respectively. In addition, while inequality in the upper part of the income distribution is positively associated with the income growth rate, inequality in the lower part of the income distribution seems to be negatively related to the income growth. Our findings also suggest that increased income inequality enhances growth more in municipalities with a high level of average income than in municipalities with a low level of average income.

The rapid rate of population growth, increasing urbanization coupled processes that are often disorderly, intensifying deforestation and causes the transformation of the natural environment, giving rise to questions about the depletion of natural resources. In this scenario, the housing boom has been one of the strongest factors of environmental degradation in several Brazilian cities. The urbanization process has compressed an ecosystem that is found in urban centers that are mangroves, reducing its surface and lose the natural quality of its waters by sewage effluent from dwellings, commercial establishments, industries and services, common in cities where the sewage does not meet the entire population. The Ecological Park Municipal Tramandaí inserted in this context of urban sprawl, was diagnosed as highly impacted by environmental tensioners, reduction of the mangrove and water pollution in this creek. Aiming to make an assessment of social impacts generated by the urban occupation in the neighborhood of the county Jardins, we applied a methodology based on the model PER (Pressure, State, Response), with the elaboration of an array of urban environment indicators. The application of this model relied on to contribute in building policies, planning and management that guide the development of sustainable levels. The process of planning and management of the natural and man-made, to promote sustainable development require continuous and dynamic performance. The characterization of the matrix indicators applied PER provided, according to the causes and agents, the understanding of the process of environmental degradation. The results revealed the complexity of the issues present in a process of management of the natural and man-made that enables the community and decision makers are aware of the socioeconomic and environmental features that are in the area. / O acelerado processo de crescimento demográfico, conjugado a crescente urbanização que se processa muitas vezes de forma desordenada, intensifica o desmatamento e ocasiona a transformação do meio ambiente natural, fazendo emergir indagações acerca do esgotamento dos recursos naturais. Neste cenário, a expansão imobiliária tem sido um dos mais fortes fatores de degradação ambiental em inúmeras cidades brasileiras. O processo de urbanização tem comprimido um dos ecossistemas que se encontra nos centros urbanos que são os manguezais, reduzindo a sua superfície e perdendo a qualidade natural de suas águas pelos despejos dos efluentes de moradias, estabelecimentos comerciais, industriais e de serviços, comuns em cidades onde o esgotamento sanitário não atende a toda população. O Parque Ecológico Municipal Tramandaí, inserido neste contexto de expansão urbana, foi diagnosticado como altamente impactado pelos tensores ambientais, redução do manguezal e poluição das águas deste riacho. Objetivando fazer uma avaliação dos impactos socioambientais gerados pela ocupação urbana no bairro Jardins, aplicou-se uma metodologia fundamentada no modelo PER (Pressão, Estado, Resposta), com a elaboração de uma matriz de indicadores ambientais urbanos. A aplicação desse modelo baseou-se em contribuir na construção de políticas e processo de planejamento e gestão que direcionem o desenvolvimento em patamares sustentáveis. O processo de planejamento e gestão dos espaços naturais e antrópicos, para promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável, requerem atuação dinâmica e contínua. A caracterização dos indicadores da matriz PER aplicada proporcionou, segundo as causas e agentes, a compreensão do processo de degradação do meio ambiente. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a complexidade das questões presentes em um processo de gestão dos espaços naturais e antrópicos que possibilita que a comunidade e tomadores de decisão se conscientizem do quadro socioeconômico e ambiental que se apresenta na área.

nÃo hà / This paper aims to examine the fiscal management of Brazil States Governments, attending to the requirements of the Fiscal Responsibility's Law, in order to identify the extent to which such management results in economic growth. The study's specific objectives were: (1) to compare the results of the fiscal governments states with the Fiscal Responsability's Law's requirements, (2) to analyze the results' impacts of fiscal indicators government, especially regarding to the primary outcome upon the states rate of economic growth, and finally, (3) to provide information to the management of the State Governments for decision making, respecting the economic growth. Based on the descriptive analysis, comparing the indicators results with their limits, the states reached a satisfactory fiscal performance, excepting the excessive primary results. Finally, we can say that the results of this study, interest mainly, to the state governments, because it examines the case, correlating it with the existing theory, others states governments in Brazil, as a tool for decision making and the academy, because it is a case study in an area of great national impact and can be replicated. / A presente dissertaÃÃo de mestrado consiste na anÃlise da evoluÃÃo na gestÃo orÃamentÃria e fiscal dos Estados brasileiros e Distrito Federal no perÃodo de 2001 a 2008, no atendimento aos indicadores fiscais determinados pela LRF e ResoluÃÃes do Senado Federal, com o objetivo de identificar atà que ponto essa gestÃo contribuiu para o crescimento econÃmico dos estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal. Os objetivos especÃficos deste trabalho consistiram em: (1) confrontar os resultados fiscais dos Governos Estaduais e do Distrito Federal com os limites exigidos pela LRF; (2) analisar os impactos dos resultados dos indicadores fiscais dos Governos Estaduais e do Distrito Federal sobre o PIB per capita; e, finalmente, (3) subsidiar os Governos Estaduais e do Distrito Federal, com informaÃÃes que possam contribuir para a tomada de decisÃo na gestÃo dos recursos e das contas pÃblicas visando a um maior crescimento econÃmico. Com base na anÃlise descritiva, comparando os resultados dos indicadores com os seus limites exigidos, de uma maneira geral os Estados e o Distrito Federal alcanÃaram um desempenho fiscal satisfatÃrio, com uma ressalva para o aspecto da prÃtica dos excessivos resultados primÃrios observados. Por fim, podemos afirmar que os resultados obtidos neste trabalho serÃo Ãteis, principalmente, aos prÃprios governos estaduais, pois servem de instrumento de avaliaÃÃo e auxiliarà na tomada de decisÃo para uma melhor gestÃo das contas pÃblicas e à academia por se tratar de um estudo de caso considerando um assunto de grande complexidade para o cenÃrio nacional.

The rapid rate of population growth, increasing urbanization coupled processes that are often disorderly, intensifying deforestation and causes the transformation of the natural environment, giving rise to questions about the depletion of natural resources. In this scenario, the housing boom has been one of the strongest factors of environmental degradation in several Brazilian cities. The urbanization process has compressed an ecosystem that is found in urban centers that are mangroves, reducing its surface and lose the natural quality of its waters by sewage effluent from dwellings, commercial establishments, industries and services, common in cities where the sewage does not meet the entire population. The Ecological Park Municipal Tramandaí inserted in this context of urban sprawl, was diagnosed as highly impacted by environmental tensioners, reduction of the mangrove and water pollution in this creek. Aiming to make an assessment of social impacts generated by the urban occupation in the neighborhood of the county Jardins, we applied a methodology based on the model PER (Pressure, State, Response), with the elaboration of an array of urban environment indicators. The application of this model relied on to contribute in building policies, planning and management that guide the development of sustainable levels. The process of planning and management of the natural and man-made, to promote sustainable development require continuous and dynamic performance. The characterization of the matrix indicators applied PER provided, according to the causes and agents, the understanding of the process of environmental degradation. The results revealed the complexity of the issues present in a process of management of the natural and man-made that enables the community and decision makers are aware of the socioeconomic and environmental features that are in the area. / O acelerado processo de crescimento demográfico, conjugado a crescente urbanização que se processa muitas vezes de forma desordenada, intensifica o desmatamento e ocasiona a transformação do meio ambiente natural, fazendo emergir indagações acerca do esgotamento dos recursos naturais. Neste cenário, a expansão imobiliária tem sido um dos mais fortes fatores de degradação ambiental em inúmeras cidades brasileiras. O processo de urbanização tem comprimido um dos ecossistemas que se encontra nos centros urbanos que são os manguezais, reduzindo a sua superfície e perdendo a qualidade natural de suas águas pelos despejos dos efluentes de moradias, estabelecimentos comerciais, industriais e de serviços, comuns em cidades onde o esgotamento sanitário não atende a toda população. O Parque Ecológico Municipal Tramandaí, inserido neste contexto de expansão urbana, foi diagnosticado como altamente impactado pelos tensores ambientais, redução do manguezal e poluição das águas deste riacho. Objetivando fazer uma avaliação dos impactos socioambientais gerados pela ocupação urbana no bairro Jardins, aplicou-se uma metodologia fundamentada no modelo PER (Pressão, Estado, Resposta), com a elaboração de uma matriz de indicadores ambientais urbanos. A aplicação desse modelo baseou-se em contribuir na construção de políticas e processo de planejamento e gestão que direcionem o desenvolvimento em patamares sustentáveis. O processo de planejamento e gestão dos espaços naturais e antrópicos, para promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável, requerem atuação dinâmica e contínua. A caracterização dos indicadores da matriz PER aplicada proporcionou, segundo as causas e agentes, a compreensão do processo de degradação do meio ambiente. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a complexidade das questões presentes em um processo de gestão dos espaços naturais e antrópicos que possibilita que a comunidade e tomadores de decisão se conscientizem do quadro socioeconômico e ambiental que se apresenta na área.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs, are highly fluorinated substances where the carbon chain is fully- or partly fluorinated. A functional group is coupled at the end of the carbon chain which gives PFASs their different properties. PFASs have been used in aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) to decrease the surface tension of water and form a film on the fuel surfaces. AFFF is one of the main sources of PFASs pollution in the environment. A previous study has shown high PFASs concentrations in surface water in Lake Vänern. This study has analysed PFASs in sediment samples. The main detected PFASs was perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS, with concentrations below limit of detection to 51700 pg/g wet weight (ww). The compound detected in the highest concentration in Vissbäcken was PFOS at 7290 pg/g ww, this was followed by 6:2 fluorotelomersulfonate , 6:2FTS, at 516 pg/g ww. In outlet 4 (utlopp 4), PFOS had the highest concentration at 51800 pg/g ww, followed by perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFHxS, at 1790 pg/g ww. The only detected compound in the sediment cores was PFOS with approximately 100 pg/g ww. The high concentration of PFOS might be due to extensive use with subsequent release of firefighting foam in the area and degradation of other PFAS substances into PFOS. / Per-och polyfluoroalkylsubstanser, PFASs, är en grupp högfluorerade ämnen där kolkedjan är helt eller delvis fluorerad. En funktionell grupp kopplas i slutet av kolkedjan vilket ger PFASs dess olika egenskaper. PFAS har använts i vattenhaltiga filmbildande skum (AFFF) för att minska ytspänningen av vatten och bilda en film på bränsleytan. AFFF är en av huvudkällorna för PFAS-föroreningar i miljön. En tidigare studie har visat på höga koncentrationer av PFASs i ytvatten i Vänern. I denna studie har PFASs analyserats i sedimentprover. Den huvudsakliga detekterade PFAS var perfluoroktansulfonat, PFOS, med koncentrationer under detektionsgränsen och till 51700 pg /g våtvikt. Den högst detekterade föreningen i Vissbäcken var PFOS med 7290 pg/g våtvikt, detta följdes av 6:2 fluorotelomersulfonat, 6:2 FTS, med 516 pg/g våtvikt. Den högst detekterade föreningen i utlopp 4 var PFOS med 51800 pg/g våtvikt, följt av perfluorhexansulfonat, PFHxS, med 1790 pg /g våtvikt. Den enda detekterade föreningen i sedimentpropparna var PFOS med ungefär 100 pg/g våtvikt. Förekomsten av PFOS i sediment i sjön Vänern kan bero på omfattande användning med efterföljande utsläpp av brandbekämpningsskum i området och nedbrytning av andra PFAS-substanser till PFOS.

The demand for streaming high-quality video increases each year and the energy used by consumers is estimated to increase by 23% from 2020 to 2030. The largest contributor to this is increased data transmission. To minimise data transmission, a video encoding method called per-shot encoding can be used, which splits and processes a video into smaller segments called shots. By utilising this method, the bitrate for a video can be reduced without compromising quality. This leads to less data that needs to be transmitted, which reduces energy consumption. In this project, a website that interfaces with a per-shot encoder is implemented. To evaluate the per-shot encoder, both visual quality and bitrate are quantitatively measured. From evaluation, the bitrate is reduced by up to 2.5% for a selection of videos, without compromising the viewing experience. This is a substantial decrease compared to alternative methods. / Efterfrågan av högkvalitativ videoströmning ökar varje år och konsumenters energianvändning uppskattas att ha ökat med 23% år 2030 jämfört med år 2020. Den största orsaken till detta är ökad dataöverföring. För att minska mängden data som behöver skickas kan per-shot-kodning användas, vilket är en videokodningsmetod som delar upp och bearbetar en video i ett flertal mindre delar som kallas shots. Bithastigheten för en video kan minskas med hjälp av per-shot-kodning utan att påverka kvaliteten. Detta leder till att mindre data behöver skickas, vilket innebär minskad energiförbrukning. I detta projekt har en per-shot-kodare tillsammans med en hemsida utvecklats. För att utvärdera per-shot-kodaren kommer skillnad i kvalitet och bithastighet att mätas kvantitativt. Utvärderingen har visat att per-shot-kodaren kan minska bithastigheten med upp till 2.5% för ett urval av videor, utan att påverka tittarupplevelsen. Detta är en avsevärd minskning jämfört med alternativa metoder.

Det finns stora skillnader i nivån av BNP per capita mellan länder som inte går att förklara med nuvarande teorier om konvergens, det vill säga att fattiga länder kommer att komma ifatt rika länder på lång sikt. I stället verkar skillnaderna i länders inkomstnivå bestå. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om, och i så fall i vilken utsträckning, en del av skillnaden mellan BNP per capita i olika länder kan förklaras genom demokrati. Studien utgår huvudsakligen från två teorier, endogen tillväxtteori och moderniseringsteori. Som metod kommer multipel regressionsanalys av paneldata att användas med samtliga världens länder mellan 2010 och 2019. Sambandet söks för hela populationen men också uppdelat på världsdel, inkomstnivå och typ av regim. Studien visar att det finns ett positivt samband mellan demokrati och BNP per capita sett till hela populationen men i olika hög grad i urval baserat på världsdel, inkomstnivå och demokratiindex. Endast för gruppen höginkomstländer var sambandet negativt, men när auktoritära höginkomstländer uteslöts fanns ett positivt samband även för den gruppen. / There are big differences in the level of GDP per capita between countries, that cannot be explained by differences in the current capital stock levels or workforce according to theories on convergence. This study aims to examine if, and to what extent, a part of the difference in GDP can be explained by democracy. The study takes its theoretical frame of reference from endogenous growth theory and modernization theory. The method used is multiple regression analysis of panel data with all countries between 2010 and 2019. The regressions analysis is performed on the whole population as well as divided based on continents, income groups and type of regime. The study shows that there is a positive correlation between democracy and GDP per capita, but to different extents in the different samples. Only for high income countries where there a negative correlation, but that turned positive when authoritarian high-income countries were excluded from the sample.

Les déterminants de l’exposition aux substances per- et polyfluoroalkyliques (PFAS) chez les enfants sont mal connus. Cette étude visait à analyser les concentrations sériques de 9 PFAS chez 204 enfants participant à l’étude MIREC-Endo ; évaluer les associations entre ces concentrations et celles dans le sérum maternel (grossesse) et le lait maternel ; évaluer les déterminants des concentrations. Nous avons effectué des statistiques descriptives des concentrations et évalué leurs associations à l’aide de corrélations de Pearson et de tests de comparaisons de moyennes. Des analyses de régression ont été faites pour quantifier l’influence de l’allaitement sur les concentrations sériques. Les moyennes géométriques de PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA et PFDA (détectés dans >67% des échantillons) étaient de 1,37 ; 1,21 ; 0,55 ; 0,42 et 0,13 µg/L, respectivement. Les concentrations sériques de certains PFAS étaient corrélées avec les concentrations sériques maternelles (r=0,315 [PFOS], 0,314 [PFOA], 0,328 [PFHxS]) et les concentrations dans le lait (r=0,273 [PFOA], 0,509 [PFHxS], 0,237 [PFNA]). Les concentrations sériques de certains PFAS chez les enfants étaient négativement associées avec l’âge maternel à l’accouchement (PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA), le tabagisme durant la grossesse (PFNA, PFDA), l’emploi de la mère (PFOS), alors qu’elles étaient positivement associées avec le niveau d’éducation maternel (PFNA) et le revenu familial (PFOA). Nous avons observé une augmentation de 2,8% (PFOS) et 1,85% (PFOA) dans les concentrations sériques par mois d’allaitement exclusif. En conclusion, les concentrations sériques de certains PFAS chez les enfants étaient associées aux expositions périnatales, à l’âge de la mère, au revenu familial et à la durée d’allaitement. / The determinants of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in children are unclear. The objectives of this study were to analyze serum concentrations of 9 PFAS in 204 children aged 7.5 to 11.8 years participating in the MIREC-Endo study, to assess associations between these concentrations and those in maternal serum (during pregnancy) and breast milk; and to evaluate the determinants of these concentrations. We performed descriptive statistics of the concentrations and assessed their associations using Pearson correlations and comparison tests. Regression analyses were performed to quantify the influence of breastfeeding on serum concentrations. The geometric means of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, and PFDA (detected in >67% of samples) were 1.37, 1.21, 0.55, 0.42, and 0.13 µg/L, respectively. Serum concentrations of selected PFASs were correlated with maternal serum concentrations (r=0.315 [PFOS], 0.314 [PFOA], 0.328 [PFHxS]) and milk concentrations (r=0.273 [PFOA], 0.509 [PFHxS], 0.237 [PFNA]). Serum concentrations of children PFAS were negatively associated with maternal age at delivery (PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA), smoking during pregnancy (PFNA, PFDA), maternal employment (PFOS), whereas they were positively associated with maternal education level (PFNA) and family income (PFOA). We observed an increase of 2.8% (PFOS) and 1.85% (PFOA) in serum concentrations per month of exclusive breastfeeding. In conclusion, serum concentrations of selected PFAS in children were associated with perinatal exposures, maternal age, family income, and duration of breastfeeding.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese Ingrid Atayde.pdf: 585619 bytes, checksum: 763b46c7c1dddbf4008bed6da5a452ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-13 / Hypothermia is a frequent event in the per-operative period. Usually neglected in Brazil, it may lead to complications such as delay on anesthetic recovery, blood gas impairment, brain and myocardial ischemia and postoperative shivering. Prevention of hypothermia includes aspects from hospital facilities to training the nurse team. Heated fluid infusion is an aid on maintaining body temperature. A recent release of Brazilian industry, the SAF® Fluid Heating System, is a device which maintains warm the fluid to be infused, intended to reduce risks related to per-operative hypothermia. The following study aimed to evaluate clinical and electrocardiographic parameters, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemistry of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy and infusion of 0,9% saline solution heated at 37ºC by SAF®. Thirteen female dogs were allocated in two groups: GI control (n=6), and GII treatment (n=7), in an operating room acclimatized at 22ºC. The parameters were evaluated along 90 minutes from pre-anesthetic medication. There were no significant clinical or biochemical variations; however there was group effect on the variables mean arterial pressure, urea, ALT, ALP and hypnosis time. There was no expressive variation on blood gas analysis, although some variables presented significant differences along the moments, but not between the groups. Electrocardiographic significant alterations were not evident, except for P wave, indicating atrial overload in GI. The isolated use of SAF®, on the conditions and degree of hypothermia of this study, was not enough to avoid hypothermia in female dogs submitted to general inhalatory anesthesia. / A hipotermia é um evento de ocorrência comum no período per-operatório. Freqüentemente negligenciada no Brasil, pode trazer complicações como o retardo da recuperação anestésica, desequilíbrio ácido-base, isquemia cerebral e miocárdica, coagulopatias e tremor pós-operatório. A prevenção da hipotermia per-operatória compreende aspectos abrangentes que incluem desde a estrutura física do hospital até o treinamento da equipe de enfermagem. A infusão de fluidos aquecidos é uma opção no auxílio da manutenção da temperatura corpórea. Recente lançamento na indústria nacional, o SAF® Sistema de Aquecimento de Fluidos consiste de um aparelho que mantém o fluido a ser infundido aquecido, desenvolvido como objetivo de minimizar os riscos relativos à ocorrência de hipotermia peroperatória. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os parâmetros clínicos, hemogasométricos, eletrocardiográficos e bioquímica sérica de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva recebendo, durante o procedimento cirúrgico, infusão de solução salina 0,9% aquecida a 37ºC pelo SAF®. Foram utilizadas 13 cadelas, divididas em dois grupos: GI controle (n=6), e GII tratamento (n=7), em centro cirúrgico climatizado em 22ºC. Foram feitas avaliações clínicas, hemogasométricas, eletrocardiográficas e bioquímicas ao longo de 90 minutos contados a partir da medicação pré-anestésica. Não foram evidenciadas alterações clínicas e bioquímicas significativas, mas houve efeito de grupo sobre as variáveis pressão arterial média, uréia, ALT, ALP e tempo de hipnose. Não houve alterações expressivas nos valores dos parâmetros hemogasométricos, mas algumas variáveis apresentaram diferenças significativas ao longo dos momentos, mas não entre os grupos. Não foram evidenciadas alterações eletrocardiográficas significativas, com exceção da onda P, demonstrando alterações sugestivas de sobrecarga atrial em GI. O uso isolado do SAF®, nas condições e grau de hipotermia desse estudo, não foi suficiente para evitar o estabelecimento da hipotermia em cadelas submetidas a anestesia geral inalatória.