Submitted by Mariana Centanin Bertho (marianabertho@gmail.com) on 2018-07-26T01:02:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaCentaninBertho_dissertação_2018.pdf: 2401328 bytes, checksum: 43156416c811b705e42ea7b990f0effd (MD5) / Rejected by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1) Numeração das páginas: as páginas pré-textuais devem ser contadas, com exceção da capa e ficha catalográfica, porém a numeração deve aparecer somente a partir da primeira página textual, a Introdução. Sendo assim sua Introdução começa na página 15. 2) Sumário: após renumerar o trabalho será preciso refazer o sumário para que ele reflita fielmente o trabalho. ATENÇÃO: Será preciso refazer também as listas de figuras, gráficos, quadros e tabelas para que as mesmas indiquem corretamente as páginas em que se encontram as figuras, gráficos, quadros e tabelas de seu trabalho. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-07-26T11:29:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Mariana Centanin Bertho (marianabertho@gmail.com) on 2018-07-26T16:29:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_MarianaCentaninBertho_repositório_2018_v2.pdf: 2647710 bytes, checksum: a5954f6983e903ab348e80fbe80bcef6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-07-27T11:24:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bertho_mc_me_arafcl.pdf: 2647710 bytes, checksum: a5954f6983e903ab348e80fbe80bcef6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T11:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bertho_mc_me_arafcl.pdf: 2647710 bytes, checksum: a5954f6983e903ab348e80fbe80bcef6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as características acústicas dos fonemas /æ, ɛ, ɑ, ɔ, ə/ na produção em língua inglesa dos estudantes brasileiros de inglês como língua estrangeira (ILE). Esses fonemas, por vezes, sofrem a perda do contraste na produção dos estudantes brasileiros e são produzidos dentro do espaço perceptivo dos fonemas /a/, /ɛ/ e /ɔ/ do português. Os participantes selecionados são alunos de duas escolas de idiomas e passaram por um curso sobre os sons do inglês, parte do experimento desenvolvido para a coleta de dados. O experimento consiste na gravação da leitura oral de um corpus contendo vocábulos com os fonemas selecionados, que ocorre antes e depois da participação no curso, além da resposta a dois questionários, um inicial e um final. Posteriormente, as gravações são analisadas e comparadas entre si e a uma gravação do mesmo corpus feita por um informante americano, por meio do software PRAAT, versão 5.3 (BOERSMA & WEENINK, 2011). Como suporte teórico para essa análise, entendemos que a produção oral dos estudantes encontra-se no momento da Interlíngua (SELINKER, 1972), em que podem ser encontradas as estratégias utilizadas pelos estudantes na produção dos sons da LE. São fundamentais, portanto, para nossa análise, as teorias que se dedicam especificamente à descrição da aquisição/aprendizagem do aspecto fônico de uma LE, começando pelos conceitos de crivo fonológico, de Trubetzkoy (1939), e de surdez fonológica, de Polivanov (1931). Complementando esses conceitos, a análise é guiada pelos processos explicados por modelos, tais como o Modelo de Aprendizagem da Fala (Flege, 1981), o Modelo do Ímã da Língua Materna, de Kuhl & Iverson (1995), e o Modelo de Assimilação Perceptiva, de Best e Tyler (1994). Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de certos fenômenos na Interlíngua dos estudantes brasileiros: a proximidade acústica do par de fonemas /æ/ e / ɛ/; a proximidade acústica do par de fonemas /ɑ/ e /ɔ/; a produção de /ɑ/ próximo de /a/ pela motivação ortográfica do grafema <a>; a produção de /ɑ/ próximo de /ɔ/ pela motivação ortográfica do grafema <o>; a produção de /ə/ como /a/ pela motivação ortográfica do grafema <a>. / This research aims to describe the acoustic characteristics of the phonemes /æ, ɛ, ɑ, ɔ, ə/ in the production of English language of Brazilian students of English as a foreign language (EFL). Those phonemes sometimes lack contrast in the production of Brazilian students and are produced within the perceptive space of the phonemes /a/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ of Brazilian Portuguese language. The selected participants are students of two language schools who took a course on the sounds of English, designed as part of the experiment developed for the data collection. The experiment consists in recording the oral reading of a corpus containing words with the selected phonemes, which occurs before and after participation in the course, besides the response to two questionnaires, applied at the beginning and at the end of the course. Subsequently, the recordings are analyzed and compared to each other and to a recording of the same corpus by an American informant, using PRAAT software, version 5.3 (BOERSMA & WEENINK, 2011). As a theoretical support for this analysis, we understand that students’ oral production is in their Interlanguage (SELINKER, 1972), in which the strategies used by students in the production of LE sounds can be found. Therefore, for our analysis, theories that specifically focus on the acquisition/learning of the phonic aspect of an LE are fundamental, starting with Trubetzkoy’s phonological sieve (1939) and Polivanov’s phonological deafness (1931). Complementing these concepts, the analysis is guided by the processes explained by models, such as the Speech Learning Model (FLEGE, 1981), the Perceptual Magnet Effect (KUHL & IVERSON, 1995), and the Perceptual Assimilation Model (BEST, 1994). Results show the occurrence of certain phenomena in the Interlanguage of Brazilian students: acoustic proximity of the pair of phonemes /æ/ and /ɛ/; acoustic proximity of the pair of phonemes /ɑ/ and /ɔ/; the production of /ɑ/ close to /a/ motivated by the grapheme <a>; the production of /ɑ/ close to /ɔ/ motivated by the grapheme <o>; the production of /ə/ as /a/ motivated by the grapheme <a>. / CAPES 1601804

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Neves Pessoa.pdf: 4984178 bytes, checksum: d99c1ef907dc4b911ae372a955638bc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Introduction: Very few studies discuss speech development in hearing impaired children in the first years of life due to methodological difficulties and the number of variables involved. Acoustic inspection of articulatory adjustments and attempts to imitate a model made by the infant in different contexts can be a method to comprehend the manner in which first oral motor skills occur. The understanding of this process can provide strategies concerning intervention programs for infants in stages when motor gestures of speech are being acquired. The objective of this longitudinal study was to describe samples of speech production from a hearing impaired child, extracted from interactive situations in auditory rehabilitation, seeking to discuss phonetic development in different therapeutic contexts. The study also sets out to characterize and reflect upon the effects of therapist mediation in situations of longitudinal and transversal samples, particularly situations of spontaneous production and in immediate repetition facilitated by auditory feedback. Method: A case study design was used. The subject was 2y 11mo in the beginning of the study, and 3y 6mo at the last recording. I is a girl, with severe progressive bilateral sensory neural hearing loss with descending audiometric configuration. She had been using hearing aids since six months of age, and FM system since 3y 1mo of age. The effect of the use of FM system was also analyzed. Audio recordings of the child s therapy session were obtained and samples were selected based on auditory perception. These fragments were analyzed using a qualitative acoustic inspection. The PRAAT 4.0 software used for speech synthesis and analysis was utilized for acoustic inspection. Results and discussion: The data allows for discussion of the child s possibilities regarding adjustments of vocal source and filters in relation to her auditory feed back possibilities. Segmental and supra-segmental aspects were studied, as was modulation, tonal spectrum, fundamental frequency, and formants. The processes of substitution, omission, distortion, and odd solutions for articulatory adjustments, such as sudden vocal attack and nasalization, or systematic substitution of fricative for plosive phonemes were evident, especially spontaneous speech. Therapeutic strategies aimed at the multiplication of the possibilities of auditory feedback moments in which the child had greater possibility for adjustment in the form of its vocabulary we noticed that the articulators and source began to adjust in the direction of the target, and the articulatory gesture became more consistent. Also, after using the FM system in addition to hearing aids for five months, fricative phonemes, flaps, and other consonants that were previously less audible in the child s daily life became more frequent since she was able to perceive the form and meaning of speech in a more stable and accessible manner. Conclusions: Clinical strategies based on the need to more audibility aiming at speech development occur in the context of dialogues with the therapist. Multiple opportunities for auditory feedback are directed towards oral motor abilities in the acquisition of different phonemes. Therefore, acoustic inspection allowed for the establishment of relationship with auditory perception, enhancing the understanding of phonetic and phonological features, as well as symbolic and discursive aspects of oral language. Implications of the findings for clinical management are discussed. Acoustic inspection and its relation to auditory feed back seems to be a powerful method for understanding on the phonetic development in young children contributing to the development of therapeutic strategies / Introdução: Poucos estudos discutem a fase inicial do desenvolvimento de fala em sujeitos deficientes auditivos devido às dificuldades metodológicas e ao número de variáveis envolvidas. A inspeção acústica diante dos ajustes realizados na produção de fala em diferentes contextos propiciados pelo enquadre terapêutico pode ser uma possibilidade para compreendermos as primeiras hipóteses acerca das habilidades motoras de fala, a partir das condições sensoriais auditivas. A compreensão deste processo traz conhecimento acerca do desenvolvimento de linguagem de deficientes auditivos, repercutindo nas formulações de estratégias de intervenção/tratamento nessas crianças. Objetivo: Descrever amostras de produção de fala em uma criança com deficiência auditiva; caracterizar e refletir sobre a produção de fala em situações do enquadre terapêutico visando discutir os ajustes fonoarticulatórios na produção de fala dos sons do português brasileiro (PB), através da interpretação dos dados acústicos em relação à audição residual. Material e método: Trata-se de um estudo de caso, sendo o sujeito do sexo feminino, no início da pesquisa com 2a11m, e no término, com 3a6m de idade, portador de deficiência auditiva neurossensorial progressiva de grau profundo bilateral. A criança usava aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual (AASIs) desde 6 meses de idade e Sistema de Freqüência Modulada (Sistema FM) desde 3a1m de idade. Gravações de áudio da produção de fala em sessão terapêutica de abordagem verbaloral e os recortes transversais e longitudinais de sons de fala em diferentes contextos permitiram a inspeção acústica (através do software Praat v 4.0). Resultados e Discussão: Os dados trouxeram discussões acerca das hipóteses e dos ajustes de fonte e filtro realizados pela criança a partir da sua condição de utilização da audição residual. Aspectos segmentais, supra-segmentais e de qualidade vocal puderam ser estudados, tais como modulação, gama tonal, freqüência fundamental e formantes. Processos de ajustes, caracterizados também por substituições, omissões e distorções, e recursos, como o de golpe de glote e nasalização, dentre mudanças sistemáticas no modo de produção de consoantes (plosão no lugar de fricção) caracterizaram algumas das produções de fala da criança nos primeiros momentos da análise; as instabilidades e imprecisões articulatórias foram mais acentuadas nos momentos de emissão espontânea do que nos momentos por repetição imediata. A partir das estratégias terapêuticas, compostas por multiplicação de possibilidades de feedback auditivo, notou-se que os articuladores e fonte começaram a se ajustar mais precisamente em direção ao alvo, e assim, o gesto articulatório se mostrava menos frágil. O Sistema FM acoplado aos AASIs também ofereceu melhores condições de multiplicação de evidências sensoriais para a percepção auditiva; no decorrer dos meses, percebemos que as hipóteses e ajustes para formar engramas dos fones fricativos, laterais flapes, dentre outros começaram a se constituir no repertório lingüístico, definindo uma nova condição de a criança perceber a forma e o significado da língua de maneira lúdica, estável e acessível. Considerações Finais: O manejo clínico do fonoaudiólogo traz especificidades nas estratégias terapêuticas e oferece maiores e melhores oportunidades de a criança com deficiência auditiva construir suas hipóteses acerca da construção na/da linguagem no processo de aquisição dos sons do PB. Isso se dá, principalmente, a partir de múltiplas oportunidades de feedback auditivo e, portanto, acesso e oportunidades de experiências para a formação de engramas motores de fala. Por isso, consideramos que lançarmos mão da inspeção acústica, relacionando esses dados com a percepção auditiva, nos dá subsídio para um possível entendimento das características fonéticas/fonológicas (além das discursivas e simbólicas) da fala de um sujeito e das possibilidades de percepção e produção de fala, sendo que esses processos implicam em manejos no enquadre terapêutico

L’objectif du didacticien est d’élaborer une méthode performante dont le contenu et les outils d’enseignement-apprentissage améliorent les compétences phonétiques en langue étrangère. Concernant le contenu pédagogique, les travaux ont montré que les sons et les phonèmes d’une langue inconnue sont traités selon l’organisation de l’espace phonétique et phonologique de la langue maternelle. Les recherches mettent en avant l’intérêt de confronter les systèmes linguistiques afin de prédire les difficultés et les facilités auxquelles seront exposés les apprenants de langue. S’agissant des outils de transmission, les études montrent les effets bénéfiques de l’interdisciplinarité et le rôle pertinent de la musique sur le développement cognitif et des apprentissages. Notre objectif de recherche s’inscrit dans ce contexte scientifique. Notre intérêt est double. D’abord, nous avons tenté d’identifier quel paramètre, inhérent à l’émission en voix chantée et la différenciant de la voix parlée, pouvait faciliter la perception de voyelles non-natives. Ensuite, nous avons souhaité comparer les effets sur la compétence de production de voyelles non-natives de deux méthodes de corrections phonétique, l’une des deux exploitant l’outil « voix chantée ». À travers les résultats de ces études, nous avons essayé de saisir le rôle de l’italien langue maternelle sur la perception et la production du français langue cible. Nos travaux n’ont pas mis en évidence d’effet des modalités fréquence fondamentale et allongement de la durée vocalique sur la discrimination perceptive des voyelles non natives /y/ et /ø/, mais ils suggèrent un rôle du contexte prévocalique sur la perception de la voyelle non-native /y/ en contraste /u/. Nous avons trouvé un effet favorable de la méthode de correction phonétique incluant la pratique chantée sur la production du spectre sonore des voyelles fermées du français, mais pas sur l’évolution des catégories phonologiques à l’intérieur de l’espace acoustique vocalique. Les résultats de ces études soutiennent la théorie que l’enseignement-apprentissage de la phonétique a sa place en classe de langue, et suggèrent que la voix chantée serait, sous certaines conditions, un outil pertinent pour faciliter la perception et la production de voyelles non-natives. / Specialists in didactics aim to create an efficient method, whose teaching / learning content and tools improve phonetic skills in foreign languages. As for the educational content, research studies have proved that sounds and phonemes of a foreign language are processed according to the structure of the phonetic and phonological space of the native language. Other works point out that it is particularly relevant to compare linguistic systems in order to predict future difficulties and abilities language learners will be confronted with. As for transmission tools, studies have shown the beneficial effects of interdisciplinarity and the pertinent role music plays on cognitive and learning development. Our research objective falls within this scientific context. Our purpose has been two-fold. First, we tried to identify which parameter, related to the production of the singing voice whilst separate from the speaking voice, may facilitate the perception of non-native vowels. Secondly, we aimed at comparing the effects on the ability to produce non-native vowels of two corrective phonetic methods, one of which used the “singing voice” tool. Through the results of these studies, we tried to understand how Italian as a native language interacts with the perception and the production of French as a target language. Our studies have shown that vowel pitch and duration do not impact the discrimination of /y/ and /ø/, and that the consonant sharpness plays a role on the discrimination of /y/ in a CV type syllable. We found a positive effect of the method, which uses singing-voice as a tool, on the production of the sound spectrum of French closed vowels, but not on the evolution of the sounds and phonemes into the acoustic space. Our results support the theory that phonetic teaching and learning is relevant in language classes and suggest that singing-voice may be a useful tool to ease the perception and the production of non-native vowels. / L’obiettivo dell’esperto di didattica è di elaborare un metodo efficace, il cui contenuto e gli strumenti d’insegnamento-apprendimento migliorino le competenze fonetiche in lingua straniera. Riguardo al contenuto pedagogico, le nostre ricerche hanno dimostrato che i suoni e i fonemi di una lingua sconosciuta sono trattati secondo l’organizzazione dello spazio fonetico e fonologico della lingua materna. Queste ricerche evidenziano l’utilità di confrontare sistemi linguistici differenti al fine di predire le difficoltà e le agevolazioni a cui sono esposti gli studenti di lingua straniera come lingua seconda (L2). Per quanto concerne gli strumenti d’insegnamento e apprendimento, le nostre ricerche dimostrano gli effetti benefici dell’interdisciplinarità ma anche del ruolo pertinente della musica sullo sviluppo cognitivo e sul piano degli studenti. Il nostro interesse di ricerca è doppio. In primo luogo, abbiamo tentato d’identificare quale parametro, inerente alla produzione in voce cantata e che la distingue della produzione del parlato, potesse agevolare la percezione di vocali assenti dalla lingua materna. In seguito, abbiamo voluto confrontare gli effetti di due metodi di correzione fonetica, uno dei quali sfrutta lo strumento “voce cantata”, sulla competenza di produzione delle vocali del francese /y ø/ non presenti nel sistema vocalico dei locutori di italiano madrelingua. I risultati di questi studi contribuiscono ad individuare l’impatto dell’italiano madrelingua sulla produzione e sulla percezione del francese lingua d’apprendimento. I nostri lavori non hanno evvidenziato un effetto delle modalità pitch e durata d’emissione della vocale /y/ e della vocale /ø/ sulla loro discriminazione, ma suggeriscono un ruolo del contesto pre-vocalico sulla percezione della vocale /y/ in contrasto /u/. Abbiamo scoperto un effetto favorevole del metodo di correzione fonetica includendo la voce cantata sulla produzione dello spettro sonoro delle vocali chiuse del francese, ma non sull’evoluzione delle categorie fonologiche all’interno dello spazio acustico. I risultati di questi studi sostengono la teoria secondo la quale l’insegnamento-apprendimento fonetico ha pienamente ragione di essere in classe di lingua, e suggeriscono che la voce cantata sarebbe, sottommessa ad alcune condizioni, uno strumento che facilita la percezione e la produzione di vocali assenti dalla madrelingua.

Les salles de classe sont des milieux bruyants auditivement et visuellement. Au Québec, le bruit auditif dans les écoles s’avère une problématique qui règne depuis des dizaines d’années et qui reste encore d’actualité aujourd’hui. Le bruit environnant peut impacter négativement le bien-être et les apprentissages des élèves et le bien-être des enseignant·es. D’autant plus, souvent, la source principale de bruit dans les écoles provient de la parole, un comportement qui peut être contrôlé. Les élèves et surtout les enseignant·es surchargent leur système vocal pour pouvoir faire passer leur message oral à travers le bruit auditif, augmentant leur niveau d’effort vocal. Dans les salles de classe, les distractions visuelles telles que les affiches murales contribuent à l’encombrement visuel, qui peut être considéré comme du « bruit visuel ». Celui-ci peut également impacter négativement le bien-être des élèves et leurs apprentissages. Considérant la nature multimodale, ou audiovisuelle, de la parole, nous nous questionnions sur l’influence de l’encombrement visuel sur la parole. Ce mémoire de maîtrise, composé de deux études, avait pour but de 1) étudier la perception subjective des élèves québécois de leur salle de classe en relation avec des données acoustiques objectives, et 2) étudier l’effet de l’encombrement visuel sur l’effort vocal en termes de paramètres acoustiques (SPL, f0 et CPP) et de perception auto-rapportée de locutrices. Les deux études se sont basées sur des méthodes mixtes, intégrant des méthodes quantitatives similaires (ex. : collecte de mesures objectives acoustiques, analyses acoustiques) et des méthodes qualitatives similaires (ex. : collecte de données subjectives perceptuelles, analyse inductive de questions ouvertes). Les analyses quantitatives et qualitatives des deux études révèlent que bien que les résultats relatifs aux données objectives (mesures acoustiques) n’étaient pas statistiquement significatifs, les résultats relatifs aux données subjectives (perception) l’étaient. Par exemple, dans la première étude, les niveaux d’appréciation du son des élèves (EAE) n’étaient pas tous corrélés avec les SPLs, et dans la deuxième étude, le niveau d’encombrement visuel n’était pas corrélé aux paramètres acoustiques de SPL, f0 et CPP. Ces résultats mettent en lumière l’importance de considérer et d’inclure des données subjectives et perceptuelles dans les études portant sur les paysages sonores éducatifs et sur l’effort vocal, car ce sont des expériences vécues par des humains. / Classrooms are acoustically and visually noisy environments. In Quebec, auditory noise in schools is a problem that has existed for decades and is still relevant today. Background noise can negatively impact the well-being and learning of students and the well-being of teachers. Moreover, the main source of noise in schools comes from speech, a behavior that can be controlled. Students and especially teachers put pressure on their vocal system to be able to convey their oral message through auditory noise, increasing their level of vocal effort. In classrooms, visual distractions such as wall posters can be considered as visual clutter, or visual noise, an element that can also negatively impact students’ well-being and learning. Considering the multimodal, or audiovisual, nature of speech, we question the influence of visual clutter on speech. This master's thesis, composed of two studies, aimed to 1) study the subjective perception of Quebec students of their classroom in relation to objective acoustic data, and 2) study the effect of visual clutter on vocal effort in terms of acoustic parameters (SPL, f0 and CPP) and self-reported perception of female speakers. Both studies were based on mixed methods, integrating similar quantitative methods (e.g., collection of objective acoustic measurements, acoustic analyses) and similar qualitative methods (e.g., collection of subjective perceptual data, inductive analysis of open-ended questions). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the two studies reveal that although the results relating to the objective data (acoustic measurements) were not statistically significant, the results relating to the subjective data (perception) were. For example, in the first study, students' Evaluation of the Acoustic Environment (EAE) were not all correlated with measured SPLs, and in the second study, the level of visual clutter was not correlated with acoustic parameters of SPL, f0 and CPP. These findings highlight the importance of considering and including subjective and perceptual data in studies of educational soundscapes and vocal effort, as the human experience is subjective.

Word stress is crucial for language perception and production as it enables lexical access and speech segmentation. Phonetically, word stress is cued through higher pitch, duration, and intensity. These cues are weighted differently in production and perception by language learners from different backgrounds. Slavic English learners, especially with a fixed-stress West Slavic language background like Czech but also with a variable-stress South Slavic background like Bulgarian face difficulties in word stress acquisition. Their stress placement errors cannot be fully explained by direct transfer and highlight a more complex relation between the target and the native language. This thesis thus aims to explore the perception and production of English word stress cues by speakers of Slavonic Englishes based on evidence from an EEG study on Slavic and German English word stress cue perception and a phonological and phonetic study on Czech English (CzE) features. These findings are used for the conceptualization of a perception and production training tool. First, the concepts of cue and feature are reviewed in an effort to bridge psycho- and sociolinguistics and create credible language stimuli. Then, the Event-Related Potentials study demonstrates that Slavic and German English speakers successfully process first- and second-syllable stress changes cued through pitch, duration, and intensity. Still, speakers of Slavic languages (with a rather syllable-timed rhythm) perceived first and second syllable stress similarly whereas speakers of German (with a rather stress-timed rhythm) perceived the second syllable deviation as more salient. A study on the role of word stress in the CzE feature inventory shows that syllable-timed rhythm also affects production, as speakers lack vowel reduction and add additional stress to longer words. Compared to Bulgarian English (BgE), CzE shows differences in stress features but an overall lack of consistency in their use to differentiate primary from secondary and unstressed syllables. These findings are integrated in the conceptualization of a High-Variability Phonetic Training (HVPT) system featuring segmentals and suprasegmentals. Overall, this thesis finds group differences in foreign language perception and production of word stress and applies them in the development of customized language learning solutions.:List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii List of Abbreviations xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Issue: Perception and production of English word stress cues 1 1.2 Language selection 5 1.3 Association 8 1.4 Research questions and outline 10 2 Background 13 2.1 Word stress 13 2.1.1 Assignment 17 2.1.2 Shifting 23 2.1.3 Rhythm 25 2.2 Word stress perception and production 26 2.2.1 Word stress cues and features 27 2.2.2 Sensitivity to word stress 30 2.2.3 Word stress acquisition 31 2.3 Methods for studying word stress perception and production 35 2.3.1 Behavioral methods 35 2.3.2 Psychophysiological methods 36 2.3.3 Phonological and phonetic methods 47 3 From Cues to Features 49 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 The concepts of cue and feature in Psycho- and Sociolinguistics 51 3.2.1 Cue 51 3.2.2 Feature 55 3.2.3 From features to cues, from cues to features 59 3.3 The need for non-native experimental stimuli in Psycholinguistics 59 3.3.1 The validity of stimuli representing language cues and features in experimental designs 61 3.3.2 Mirroring features of non-native English 61 3.4 Considerations in the design of non-native experimental stimuli in Psycholinguistics 63 3.4.1 Methodological challenges 63 3.4.2 Using cues to represent features 64 3.5 Implications for TESOL 66 3.6 Conclusion 67 4 ERP Evidence for Slavic and German Word Stress Cue Sensitivity in English 69 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Materials and methods 78 4.2.1 Stimuli and paradigm 78 4.2.2 Participants 81 4.2.3 Experimental procedure 82 4.3 Results 84 4.4 Discussion 89 4.4.1 Slavic and German word stress sensitivity in English 89 4.4.2 Applications in language technologies and learning 97 4.5 Conclusion 98 5 Czech English Word Stress Features 101 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Methodology 105 5.2.1 Participants 105 5.2.2 Interview schedule 105 5.2.3 Transcription and data analysis 106 5.3 Results and Discussion 109 5.3.1 Czech English features 109 5.3.2 Word stress features 120 5.4 Applications 125 5.5 Conclusion 132 6 Training English Word Stress Perception and Production with Technology 135 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Background 137 6.2.1 Teaching word stress 137 6.2.2 Technology in word stress teaching 139 6.3 HVPT tool concept 141 6.4 Discussion 144 6.5 Conclusion 145 7 General Conclusion 147 7.1 Summary and conclusions 147 7.2 Contributions to the field 150 7.3 Limitations and outlook 153 References 157 A Appendix 189 A.1 Data availability 189 A.2 German summary 189 A.3 Supplementary materials 192 A.4 Eigenständigkeitserklärung 200