以整個明代來看，國祚近三百年，但初期在改朝換代的適應與摸索下，使 得原本已由元雜劇所掀起的戲曲熱潮，沉寂了大半個明代，直到嘉靖年間 才逐漸恢復生機。這股生機一觸即發，短短數十年便再度席捲文壇，吸引 了許多文人學士投入戲曲的創作和討論，諸如徐渭、李贄、湯顯祖、沈璟 、王驥德等人將萬曆劇壇妝點得多采多姿，並將戲曲理論推展至前所未有 的高峰。但戲曲理論的發展經驗仍淺，其內涵也不夠成熟，此時雖眾星雲 集、新銳並出，靠得是一股衝勁與爆發力，但待勢頭一過，冷靜的沉思與 深度的思考才是長久的紮根之計。而「晚明」正是擔任著這樣的工作--將 前人的意見總結、再思考，濃縮、再提煉。另一方面，由於理論需有作品 作基礎，劇論家常藉著品評以往當代作家的作品來建立自己的理論。其中 當代作品最能反映當時的創作現況，對其下針砭也最能發揮理論的功效， 但明代前中期的劇作不多，也缺乏探討的價值，因此只要有具代表性的典 型劇作出現，馬上就會吸引劇壇的注目，而《牡丹亭》就是這樣一部劇著 。雖然《牡丹亭》的出現夾著褒貶不一的評價，但不論是正面或反面，它 都有著引人深入探討、發掘的豐富性。當時幾乎所有的劇論家都曾對其發 表過意見，而這些意見匯整起來，則儼然是晚明戲曲理論的精華展現。我 們可以說，晚明劇論家對《牡丹亭》的流傳與討論深化了此劇的創作內涵 ，而《牡丹亭》的出現則刺激了晚明戲曲理論的開展，此兩者互為因果的 血脈關系，是值得我們重視的。綜上所述，本文遂欲以晚明時期對《牡丹 亭》的流傳討論為探討線索，以突顯當時戲曲理論承先啟後的重要性及時 代意義。在這□，「晚明」指得是萬曆中後期到崇禎末這段期間，更明確 的說，由於《牡丹亭》約完成於萬曆二十六年(1598)，明亡於崇禎十七 年(1644年)，晚明即代表1598到1644這四十六年的時段。本文即以此時段 中與《牡丹亭》有關的專文、序跋、評點、眉批、改編，乃至曲譜制定、 演出情形等，作一釐清、探討。再與萬曆之前及清代初、中期的理論特色 稍作比較，以突顯其過渡特色。本論文之研究主要採三個步驟進行：首先 是「外緣探討」，於第二章就晚明劇論的依存背景，作多方面的釐清，即 文學、思想背景，戲曲理論的發展概況及當時對戲曲的審美需求。其次是 「內緣研究」，於第三、四、五章分別就晚明時期對《牡丹亭》的批評風 氣、批評方式、批評內涵等作條理的分析。最後為「價值定位」，於第六 章總結晚明戲曲理論的時代意義，以明其對前代有所承繼、有所創新，對 後世又有所啟發、開展的樞紐地位。

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-184).

Desde 1970, a relação entre o grau de internacionalização e o desempenho das empresas multinacionais (EMNs) tem sido amplamente estudada na literatura de negócios internacionais. Entretanto, os resultados são bastante controversos. Diante disso, revisões recentes sobre o tema propuseram uma nova agenda de pesquisa para avançar na busca por um melhor entendimento acerca da relação Internacionalização-Desempenho. Atualmente, por exemplo, há um consenso de que a literatura de Internacionalização-Desempenho minimiza o papel da gestão, aspecto amplamente negligenciado na literatura de negócios internacionais, mas que é altamente relevante, pois o processo de expansão internacional traz consigo exigências de processamento de informações por parte dos executivos do alto escalão. Portanto, este estudo pretende preencher essa lacuna de pesquisa, incorporando o efeito das características do alto escalão sobre a relação Internacionalização-Desempenho. Para tanto, o trabalho retoma a perspectiva tradicional da relação Internacionalização-Desempenho, combinada às teorias do Alto Escalão ou Upper Echelons e Capacidade de Processamento de Informações, para propor que a influência do grau de internacionalização sobre o desempenho da empresa depende do contexto de gestão dessas empresas, em especial das características relacionadas à capacidade de processamento de informações do alto escalão. A amostra do trabalho é composta por 100 EMNs selecionadas nas bases Capital IQ e Thomson One. Os dados foram levantados para o período 2004-2014, sendo estabelecida uma defasagem de 3 anos entre as variáveis independentes (2004-2011) e dependente (2007-2014), totalizando um painel com 100 unidades transversais e 8 unidades temporais (8×100=800 observações). As hipóteses do trabalho foram testadas com a aplicação da técnica de dados em painel, através do método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ponderados (MQP). Os resultados sugerem que existe uma forte influência de certas características do alto escalão sobre a relação internacionalização-desempenho, tais como nível educacional, experiência internacional, média etária e diversidade de nacionalidades. Assim, o estudo encontra apoio para a tese de que a influência do grau de internacionalização sobre o desempenho da empresa depende do contexto de gestão e da capacidade de processamento de informações do alto escalão dessas EMNs, aspectos cruciais para a empresa superar os desafios inerentes à expansão internacional e obter melhor desempenho no contexto internacional. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que o tamanho da empresa, a intensidade de P&D e a liquidez contribuem positivamente para o desempenho internacional das EMNs. Neste sentido, o presente estudo realça o papel da gestão para a relação Internacionalização-Desempenho, ao mesmo tempo em que proporciona à literatura de negócios internacionais uma melhor compreensão acerca do reflexo das características do alto escalão sobre as estratégias internacionais e o desempenho das EMNs / Since 1970 the relationship between the degree of internationalization and the performance of multinational corporations (MNCs) has been widely studied in international business literature. Meanwhile, the results are controversial. As a consequence, recent reviews about the topic proposed a new research agenda in order to advance the knowledge about the relationship between internationalization and firm performance. Currently, for example, there is a consensus that the literature about the internationalization-performance minimizes the role of management, a highly neglected aspect in the international business literature, but which is highly relevant, as the process of international expansion per se brings along requirements about information processing by top management team (TMT). Therefore, the present research intends to fill the research gap, incorporating the effect of top management team characteristics on the relationship between internationalization and firm performance. For this purpose, this research resumes the traditional perspective about the internationalization-performance relationship combining the theories about Upper Echelons and the Information Processing Capacity in order to propose that the influence of the degree of internationalization on firm performance depends on the management context of those companies, in particular the characteristics related to Information Processing Capacity by the top management team. The sample consists of 100 MNCs selected in the databases Capital IQ and Thomson One. The data have been collected for the period 2004-2014, whereas the independent variables (2004-2011) and the dependent variables (2007-2014) feature time lags between them and the panel is composed of 100 cross sections and 8 time units (8×100=800 observations). The hypotheses have been tested with panel data through the WLS (Weighted Least Squares) method. The results suggest a strong influence of certain top management team characteristics on the internationalization-performance relationship, such as educational level, international experience, average age and nationality diversity. Thus, the research finds support for the hypothesis that the influence of the degree of internationalization on performance depends on the management of these companies, in particular on the characteristics of information processing by TMT that are crucial aspects for the inherent challenges emerging in international expansion and for performance in the international context. Moreover, the results suggest that the firm size, the R&D intensity and liquidity contribute positively to the international performance of MNCs. Hence, the present study highlights the role of management for the internationalization-performance relationship and at the same time enriches the international business literature towards a better understanding about the TMT\'s characteristics in international strategy and MNC\'s performance

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This thesis is concerned with the phenomenon of passivity in literature, particularly with how it manifests itself through actions, stagnation and means of existence of chosen literary characters and subjects. It concentrates on such figures that are inactive or apathetic, whose actions lack the clearly articulated meaning and purpose and it often seems that they vegetate rather than live an active life. The main theme is the relationship between passivity and activity and turning the passivity into a creative principle. The thesis applies the performative theory on the literary text and sees passivity of the literary characters or subjects as a means of their art performance which offers new interpretations of examining texts and the passivity in general. Methodologically the thesis is based especially on the performative theory of Erika Fischer-Lichte, but also on the anthropological research of transition rituals, theoretical concepts of mediality, John Austin's speech-act theory or on selected philosophical thesis of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and post-structuralist philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Derrida. As primary texts for the analysis serve the short story The Overcoat (Шинель, 1842) by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, the novella Bartleby, the Scrivener (1853) by Herman Melville, The Book...

<p>Opponent: Anthony Allen Öhnström</p>

In this essay I have studied wedding services in the Church of Sweden, as they are actually performed. I do this from a liturgical-theological perspective, a performance- perspective and from the perspective of ritual studies. According to the performance- perspective the wedding service can be seen as consisting of different scripts, for example, the normative script of the handbook, the script of the wedding-couple and the script of the minister. The main question is: What is constructed when these three scripts meet in a wedding service? I first study each script. I give an account for the script of the handbook and analyse it by placing it in a historical, liturgical and theological context. The script of the wedding couple and the minister I uncover by participant observations of three wedding services and interviews with the couples and ministers acting in these services. Thereafter I analyse the scripts of the couples and the minsters looking at themes that appear to be important in these scripts and in the handbook. Such themes are the wedding service as a service of blessing, the legal aspect of the service, the construction of family through marriage, love, the service as a ritual, the setting of the wedding, the role of the minister, the importance of participation and the role of the music. I conclude that the three scripts are indeed three very different scripts, but when they are juxtaposed a new meaning is constructed. This can occur even if the script are not correlating or even to some extent collides. One important factor for meaning to be constructed is the ritualization, acts that make the service a ritual. This seems to be more important than the fact that the scripts correlate. Another important factor for meaning to be constructed is that the scripts actually meet, that they actually are juxtaposed together. For this to happen the minister has to clarify his/her own script and be responsive to the couple’s script. Then the minister can relate their script to blessing, prayer and scripture. Normatively, I conclude that the wedding service becomes a meaningful wedding service when the couple’s scripts are related to the greater, transcendent Script

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