The effect of self-control on one’s criminal offending is a product of both an individual’s capacity to exercise self-control as well as their desire to exercise self-control. The present study utilized self-report data gathered at a large urban university in Florida (n=1,307) to test the independent and interactive effects of control-capacity and control-desire on intimate partner violence perpetration. The study suggests that while both capacity and desire for control have effects on one’s likelihood of reporting IPV, these effects are independent of each other.

The complex social issue of domestic violence is a global problem. Its multifaceted impacts are devastating to those far beyond the immediate victim and perpetrator. On the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, domestic violence incidences are frequent. While customary, reactive intervention and research initiatives in Trinidad have focused mainly on women and children, curbing this social ill has been unsuccessful. This dissertation sought to balance the domestic violence equation by exploring Trinidadian men’s perspectives on this social issue and also sought to examine their perspectives on the concept of male marginalization in relation. Using a qualitative method of inquiry, the researcher collected data from a sample of twelve Trinidadian men; seven took part in one-on-one open-ended interview sessions, and the remaining five participated in a focus group. Two central research questions guided the study: (1) What are men’s perceived reasons about why Trinidadian men perpetrate domestic violence against women in Trinidad? (2) What are men’s perspectives on male marginalization and its influence on why men perpetrate domestic violence against women in Trinidad? The study found that the participants perceived Trinidadian men’s domestic violence perpetrating habits to be a result of several factors such as: a need to be in control, feel powerful and to demand respect; men’s inability to communicate feelings and emotions; childhood socialization experiences and lack of consequences for perpetrators. Additionally, male marginalization was perceived to be a result of women’s upward mobility in education, employment and income earning capabilities. Participants perceived male marginalization as contributory to men’s perpetration of domestic violence in Trinidad.

Early adverse experiences in childhood (e.g., abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) have been linked to negative long-term effects on physical and mental health. Kaiser Permanente and the CDC surveyed adults in the community in the mid-1990s and found a strong and cumulative relationship between the degree of exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and risk factors for negative outcomes in adulthood including higher risk for substance abuse and intimate partner violence. Also, criminal populations, particularly sexual offenders, report much higher rates of adversities than the general public. College students have a disproportionately high risk of intimate partner violence, rape, and other forms of sexual assault, and there is limited research on the characteristics of perpetrators and victims of sexual and intimate partner violence on campus, which could inform prevention efforts and our understanding of repeated victimization and the effects of cumulative experiences of victimization. Our sample consists of university students (N = 995; 69.2% female; M = 20 years old) who are predominantly Caucasian (84%) in the Southeastern US. An ACE total score between 0 and 10 was calculated for each participant by summing the number of Yes responses indicating experiences of childhood adversities. Regarding the prevalence of childhood adversities, 71% of the sample experienced at least one, and approximately 19% fell within the “high-risk” range of 4 or more ACEs, which is higher than the 13% of adults from the community who reported 4 or more ACEs in the original study conducted by the CDC. Thus, it appears that childhood adversities are widespread among college students in this sample. Regarding outcomes since turning 18 years of age, 2% of the sample admitted to engaging in coercive sexual behavior, 1% admitted to having sexual contact with someone who was not fully consenting, 1% had been arrested for a sexual offense, and 0.1% reported being a registered sexual offender. These behaviors were collectively considered sexual misconduct for the purpose of analyses. A logistic regression analysis yielded a significant model ( 2 = 29.51, R 2 = 0.11, p = 0.000) and indicates ACE Total Score (β = 0.34,  2 = 26.73, p = .00) and gender (β = - .85,  2 = 5.80, p = .02) predict sexual misconduct in adulthood. A second logistic regression analysis significantly predicted physical violence towards a partner as an adult ( 2 = 55.52, R 2 = 0.13, p = 0.000) Page 122 2016 Appalachian Student Research Forum with significant effects from ACE total score (β = 0.32,  2 = 42.41, p = .000) and gender (β = 1.16,  2 = 11.62, p = .001). Our findings thus far support further investigation of how adverse experiences relate to violent or sexual perpetration among college students. Additional analyses will include the relationships between these outcomes involving perpetration in adulthood and different types of early experiences of adversity, length of victimization and substance abuse.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 2012) reported that intimate partner violence (IPV) affects approximately 4.8 million females and 2.8 million males in their intimate relationships each year. Past research (e.g., Fanslow, Robinson, Crengle, & Perese, 2010; Foshee et al., 1996; Foshee et al., 2009) on IPV solely evaluated prevalence rates and factors within opposite-sex relationships; however, IPV within lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals' relationships exists at equal, if not higher, rates compared to their heterosexual counterparts (Alexander, 2008; McKenry, Serovich, Mason, & Mosak, 2006). Subsequently, a gap in research existed on violence in LGBTQ individuals' samesex relationships and the need existed for further exploration of IPV within same-sex couples (McKenry et al., 2006; Turell, 2000). The purpose of this study was an examination of the relationships among victimization rates (Victimization in Dating Relationships [VDR] and Safe Dates-Psychological Abuse Victimization [SD-PAV]), perpetration rates (Perpetration in Dating Relationships [PDR] and Safe Dates-Psychological Abuse Perpetration [SD-PAP]), and attitudinal acceptance of IPV (Acceptance of Couple Violence [ACV]) among LGBTQ college students. The specific goals of the study were to (a) identify the IPV victimization rates and perpetration rates among LGBTQ college students, and (b) examine the attitudinal acceptance of IPV in LGBTQ college students. The statistical analyses used to examine the four research questions and seven subsequent hypotheses included (a) Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and (b) Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The results identified that significant mean differences (p < .01; ŋ 2 P = .16) existed between females and males in their reported levels of victimization and perpetration, suggesting a large effect size with biological sex accounting for 16% of the variance across the four victimization and perpetration variables. Specifically, females self-reported higher levels of psychological and emotional victimization compared to males (p < .01; ŋ 2 P = .05), suggesting that females in same-sex relationships reported greater psychological abuse from their female partners. In addition, results identified significant mean differences between males and females in their levels of attitudinal acceptance of IPV (p < .01; ŋ 2 P = .13), suggesting a medium effect size that biological sex accounted for 13% of the variance in attitudinal acceptance of IPV scores. In considering gender expression, results from the study identified that in females and males, those self-identifying with greater amounts of masculinity reported an increased amount of victimization and perpetration (p < .01; ŋ 2 P = .15). The results identified a large effect size in that 15% of the variance in victimization and perpetration rates were accounted for by the interaction of biological sex and gender expression. Furthermore, in females and males, those self-identifying with greater amounts of masculinity reported higher levels of attitudinal acceptance of IPV (p < .01; ŋ 2 P = .12). The results identified a medium effect size in that 12% of the variance in attitudinal acceptance of IPV was accounted for by the interaction of biological sex and gender expression. In regards to a history of childhood abuse and witnessing parental IPV, participants with a history of child abuse and a history of witnessing parental IPV did not differ in their levels of victimization, perpetration, or attitudinal acceptance of IPV from those without a history of childhood abuse and witnessing parental IPV. Finally, variables such as (a) biological sex, (b) gender expression, (c) past childhood abuse, (d) witnessing parental IPV, (e) v VDR, (f) SD-PAV, (g) PDR, and (h) SD-PAP predicted attitudinal acceptance of IPV in this LGBTQ college student sample. The results identified that linear composite of these eight predictor variables predicted 93% (R 2 = .93) of the overall variance in participants' attitudinal acceptance of IPV total score (p < .01). Overall, the results identified that females reported higher levels of psychological victimization meaning that a female LGBTQ college student potentially experiences more risk of becoming a victim in a relationship. In addition, results identified that LGBTQ college students identifying as masculine present a potentially greater risk for both victimization and perpetration in their same-sex relationships. Self-identifying masculine LGBTQ college students reported greater amounts of acceptance of same-sex IPV, which possibly explains the lack of IPV reports from these college students. Finally, the results identified that individual and family-of-origin factors do, in fact, predict LGBTQ college students' levels of attitudinal acceptance of IPV. In other words, an LGBTQ college students' biological sex, gender expression, past childhood experiences, victimization rates, and perpetration rates all relate to the prediction of their attitudes about IPV. Implications for future research included the need to further examine college students engaging either in an opposite-sex or same-sex relationship, exploring the relationships between masculinity and femininity in their reported levels of victimization, perpetration, and attitudinal acceptance of IPV. The need to replicate this study exists in order to ensure inclusiveness of individuals across all sexual orientations and gender identities in college students. In addition, several significant findings from this study further substantiate the need for continued research in the area of same-sex IPV, especially utilizing a sample of LGBTQ college students, to inform (a) clinical assessment in college counseling clinics and community agencies, (b) IPV protocol development, and (c) culturally sensitive, modified intervention based on the current findings.

No description available.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health issue occuring in the United States and globally. While little is known in general about IPV, understanding about the prevalence of physical IPV among gay men is even more obscure. Scientific literature indicates that harmful lifestyle health behaviors (alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, and risky sexual behaviors) are associated with the increased occurenece of IPV. Intimate Partner Violence in same-sex relationships is often unreported due to society's emphasis on "moral closets" or the fear of potential repercussions. As a result, very few empiracal researches have been conducted on the phenomenon of same-sex partner abuse. this study was conducted to examine the feasibility of enrolling 100 gay men from Atlaqnta into an IPV survey study. The survey was administered via Facebook. Ninety-nine usable surveys were collected. Chi-square tests reveal that being Non-White, using substaces (alcohol, tobacco, and elicit drugs) and non-disclosed orientation staus were all significantly associated with positive IPV reports. Overall, the study sample believes IPV is a health problem in the Atlanta gay community. These findings bear importance for the Atlanta gay community and public health professionals who must address this nearly invisible yet increasing public health issue.

La presente investigación tuvo por finalidad analizar y desarrollar los criterios dogmáticos para la inclusión de la autoría mediata en aparatos de poder como una nueva modalidad de esta. Para ello fue relevante en un inicio, interpretar y analizar los criterios de la autoría mediata expuestos por Claus Roxin, y después de ello analizar la jurisprudencia y la doctrina nacional que hace referencia a esta modalidad de autoría mediata. Este estudio permitió brindar el problema de investigación, aplicando una metodología enfocado en garantizar el respeto por principios básicos procesales como el de legalidad y tipicidad, esto se logrará a través de una propuesta normativa que surge del análisis de la doctrina y jurisprudencia. / The purpose of this research was to analyze and develop the dogmatic criteria for the inclusion of mediate authorship in power apparatuses as a new modality of this. For this, it was initially relevant to interpret and analyze the criteria of mediate authorship exposed by Claus Roxin, and after that, analyze the jurisprudence and national doctrine that refers to this modality of mediate authorship. This study allowed us to provide the research problem, applying a methodology focused on guaranteeing respect for basic procedural principles such as legality and criminality, this will be achieved through a regulatory proposal that arises from the analysis of doctrine and jurisprudence.

Qu’elle soit extranationale, transnationale ou internationale par nature, l’infraction internationale est toujours construite de la même manière : elle naît de la réunion d’un élément matériel et d’un élément moral, incluant parfois un élément contextuel. Cette constance structurelle dominant la diversité définitionnelle milite en faveur d’une unification des formes de la participation associées à ces infractions internationales : la spécificité de la participation à l’infraction internationale résiderait donc dans la spécificité, non des formes de la première, mais de la définition de la seconde. D’ailleurs, il n’existe que deux grands systèmes de participation applicables à l’infraction internationale : celui des juridictions pénales nationales et celui des juridictions pénales internationales. De leur comparaison, pourrait naître un système unique de participation à l’infraction internationale, permettant de mieux appréhender la criminalité collective en attribuant aux participants intellectuels une place plus juste au sein de la participation. En effet, après quelques adaptations nécessaires, il pourrait être fait appel au critère mixte du contrôle sur l’infraction internationale, développé récemment par la Cour pénale internationale, pour distinguer les formes principales des formes secondaires de la participation à l’infraction internationale. Ainsi, seraient des participants principaux les agents qui, avec l’état d’esprit idoine, prennent le contrôle de l’infraction internationale (coauteurs et auteurs intellectuels), tandis que seraient des participants secondaires les agents qui ne prennent pas un tel contrôle (complices par aide ou assistance et subordonnants). / Can it be extranational, transnational or international by nature, the international crime is always the same : it needs the reunion of a material element and a moral element, sometimes including a contextual element. This structural constancy, which dominates the definitional diversity, inclines us to campaign for the unification of the participation forms associated to the whole international crimes. In other words, the specifity of the participation in the international crime would be less due to the specifity of the first one’s forms than to the specifity of the second one’s definition. Now, there are only two grand systems of participation in the international crime : the one applied by the national criminal jurisdictions and the one applied by the international criminal jurisdictions. From the comparison of these two systems, it is possible to imagine a unique system of participation in the international crime, permitting a better understanding of the collective criminality by attributing a righter role to the intellectual participants within the participation. More precisely, and after a few necessary adaptations, control over the international crime, which is a mixed criterion recently developed by the International Criminal Court, could be used to distinguish the main forms from the secondary forms of participation in the international crime. Thus, main participants might be those who, with the suitable state of mind, take control over the international crime (co-perpetrators and intellectual perpetrators) while secondary participants might be those who don’t take such a control (accomplices by aid and assistance and “subordinators”).

Bullying is a universal problem affecting the emotional, social, and physical wellbeing of school-age children worldwide. Individual level correlates of bullying have been well-documented; however, there is limited research identifying variables at the school level which contribute to bullying involvement, especially among high school students. In this dissertation, school characteristics associated with bullying were investigated using an ecological systems framework. In the first paper, a comprehensive review of the bullying literature was conducted. Research in the following areas were summarized: definitions of bullying, measures of bullying, individual correlates, influences of cognitive development and social context across age groups, contextual variables (family, school, and community), evidence-based interventions, and bullying from a socio-ecological perspective. In the second paper, research findings are presented for an original study investigating school level predictors of bullying involvement across Kentucky high schools. The study used aggregated data from a survey of 9th to 12th grade students in 26 high schools across the state, combined with existing school datasets, in order to examine: (1) the prevalence of bullies, victims, and bully-victims across Kentucky high schools and (2) school characteristics associated with elevated rates of bullying involvement. Results revealed important differences in school bullying incident reports and student reports of bullying experiences, as well as unique differences between school environments with high and low rates of bullying involvement. Overall, academic performance and parent involvement were the strongest predictors of bullying involvement at the school level; however, the relationships between these variables and prevalence rates were not as expected. In several analyses, individual level findings from the bullying research did not translate to the school level as hypothesized. Overall, these findings have important implications for researchers when using multilevel analyses in the school context, when investigating the impact of bullying interventions at the school level, and when investigating how the school environment contributes to bullying. Results also provide important information for schools developing or revising bullying data collection procedures.

O momentum simbolizado pela plena atuação do Tribunal Penal Internacional mais de anos após a entrada em vigor de seu Estatuto traz esperanças e constatações difíceis. Assim, correto o entendimento de que a instituição é um dos pilares para a construção de ordem internacional pautada pela pacífica convivência entre as nações, na qual não existam mais massacres ou ditaduras. Ocorre que a recente história da humanidade mostra-se como lamentável comprovação de que essa luz no fim do túnel ainda encontra-se distante de ser alcançada. Da análise dos julgamentos resulta claro que a pretendida atuação preventiva no sentido de evitar que os crimes sejam cometidos pela pronta intervenção de sua jurisdição no conflito, ainda é uma quimera, sendo realidade a atuação ex post factum em relação aos poucos acusados que sentaram no banco dos réus até então. A partir da premissa de que a função primordial do TPI é a investigação, processo e julgamento e, em sendo o caso, condenação dos suspeitos, resulta clara a preponderância do aspecto penal. Como visto, no único caso que conta com sentença condenatória proferida (Lubanga), ao lado do reconhecimento da importância da reparação das vítimas manteve-se a prevalência da função de prevenção geral e especial do organismo internacional. Assentado esse aspecto, tornou-se imperioso compreender como os juízes vinham interpretando os requisitos da AM-AOP. A importância da hipótese foi por diversas vezes evidenciada no trabalho e de certa forma já era antevista na ressalva de Claus Roxin, quando de sua criação em 1963. Assim, a partir da adoção pelos juízes do TPI da teoria da autoria mediata em razão de aparatos de poder como fundamento da figura prevista no artigo 25(3)(a), terceira hipótese, do Estatuto e da constatação de que é única forma idealizada para dar conta, em termos dogmáticos, das especificidades dos crimes praticados em grande escala e sistematicamente tem-se clara a perspectiva de que se torne importante opção de imputação. dos crimes de competência do Tribunal aos acusados. Até o momento o encaminhamento dos casos não permite avaliar a aplicação dos critérios da AM-AOP em sede de sentença, tendo chegado somente até a Decisão de Confirmação das Acusações no caso Katanga e Chui. A AM-AOP ganha maior relevo, outrossim, em vista das diretrizes de política criminal trazidas pelos juízes na fundamentação de suas decisões, dentre as quais podem ser referidas a busca pelo combate da impunidade desses criminosos, bem como a tendência a que se reconheça a maior importância do julgamento dos maiores responsáveis pelos crimes cometidos. Da análise dos casos resulta que a afirmação desse escopo não vem acompanhada de explicitação das razões que legitimariam esse enfoque. Ademais, a presença de um chefe de Estado no banco dos réus não se presta de garantia a que seus subordinados não cometam crimes. Os requisitos dessa forma de intervenção no fato seguem em substância a proposta de Roxin, não tendo sido incorporada somente a exigência de que os aparatos organizados de poder atuem à margem do ordenamento jurídico. Embora não haja condenação até o momento de réu com fundamento na AM-AOP, tem-se claro que poderá ser de extrema valia para a subsunção dos crimes sob investigação ou julgamento nos demais casos nos quais está sendo aplicada mas cujo andamento está impossibilitado por não terem sido presos os acusados (Saif Al Islam e Omar Al Bashir). A combinação das hipóteses da coautoria e da AM-AOP na figura híbrida da coautoria mediata encontra óbice sob duas perspectivas: não convence em termos dogmáticos porque contraria a construção teórica proposta por Claus Roxin: os critérios do domínio funcional do fato no caso de coautoria e o do domínio da vontade na vertente, interessante para a presente discussão, de AM-AOP amoldam-se à realidade que se pretende enquadrar em termos jurídicos de formas distintas. De outra parte, tendo-se em mente a rigidez do critério da essencialidade da contribuição típico do domínio funcional do fato a mera soma dos requisitos previstos para cada uma das vertentes não parece ser uma boa solução em vista do objetivo de imputar os crimes através das categorias do Estatuto aos acusados preservando equilíbrio entre a busca de responsabilização penal concreta e efetiva e a preservação dos direitos e garantias do réu. O dissenso do Juiz Cuno Tarfusser no caso Katanga explicita essa violação. Por outro lado, essa forma de agir da maioria dos juízes traz flagrante intepretação in malam partem proibida pelo artigo 22(2), do ER. Espera-se que a posição da Juíza Van den Wyngaert manifestada em seu Voto Dissidente no caso Procurador v.Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui ganhe maior força no seio do Tribunal nos próximos anos. Apesar das críticas suscitadas tem-se claro que os avanços conquistados pelos juízes nessa complexa e delicada área da teoria do delito do direito penal internacional são de fundamental importância não somente para o aprimoramento das figuras jurídicas como também para a legitimação da atuação do tribunal perante os estados dada a sua vocação universalista. / O momentum simbolizado pela plena atuação do Tribunal Penal Internacional mais de anos após a entrada em vigor de seu Estatuto traz esperanças e constatações difíceis. Assim, correto o entendimento de que a instituição é um dos pilares para a construção de ordem internacional pautada pela pacífica convivência entre as nações, na qual não existam mais massacres ou ditaduras. Ocorre que a recente história da humanidade mostra-se como lamentável comprovação de que essa luz no fim do túnel ainda encontra-se distante de ser alcançada. Da análise dos julgamentos resulta claro que a pretendida atuação preventiva no sentido de evitar que os crimes sejam cometidos pela pronta intervenção de sua jurisdição no conflito, ainda é uma quimera, sendo realidade a atuação ex post factum em relação aos poucos acusados que sentaram no banco dos réus até então. A partir da premissa de que a função primordial do TPI é a investigação, processo e julgamento e, em sendo o caso, condenação dos suspeitos, resulta clara a preponderância do aspecto penal. Como visto, no único caso que conta com sentença condenatória proferida (Lubanga), ao lado do reconhecimento da importância da reparação das vítimas manteve-se a prevalência da função de prevenção geral e especial do organismo internacional. Assentado esse aspecto, tornou-se imperioso compreender como os juízes vinham interpretando os requisitos da AM-AOP. A importância da hipótese foi por diversas vezes evidenciada no trabalho e de certa forma já era antevista na ressalva de Claus Roxin, quando de sua criação em 1963. Assim, a partir da adoção pelos juízes do TPI da teoria da autoria mediata em razão de aparatos de poder como fundamento da figura prevista no artigo 25(3)(a), terceira hipótese, do Estatuto e da constatação de que é única forma idealizada para dar conta, em termos dogmáticos, das especificidades dos crimes praticados em grande escala e sistematicamente tem-se clara a perspectiva de que se torne importante opção de imputação. dos crimes de competência do Tribunal aos acusados. Até o momento o encaminhamento dos casos não permite avaliar a aplicação dos critérios da AM-AOP em sede de sentença, tendo chegado somente até a Decisão de Confirmação das Acusações no caso Katanga e Chui. A AM-AOP ganha maior relevo, outrossim, em vista das diretrizes de política criminal trazidas pelos juízes na fundamentação de suas decisões, dentre as quais podem ser referidas a busca pelo combate da impunidade desses criminosos, bem como a tendência a que se reconheça a maior importância do julgamento dos maiores responsáveis pelos crimes cometidos. Da análise dos casos resulta que a afirmação desse escopo não vem acompanhada de explicitação das razões que legitimariam esse enfoque. Ademais, a presença de um chefe de Estado no banco dos réus não se presta de garantia a que seus subordinados não cometam crimes. Os requisitos dessa forma de intervenção no fato seguem em substância a proposta de Roxin, não tendo sido incorporada somente a exigência de que os aparatos organizados de poder atuem à margem do ordenamento jurídico. Embora não haja condenação até o momento de réu com fundamento na AM-AOP, tem-se claro que poderá ser de extrema valia para a subsunção dos crimes sob investigação ou julgamento nos demais casos nos quais está sendo aplicada mas cujo andamento está impossibilitado por não terem sido presos os acusados (Saif Al Islam e Omar Al Bashir). A combinação das hipóteses da coautoria e da AM-AOP na figura híbrida da coautoria mediata encontra óbice sob duas perspectivas: não convence em termos dogmáticos porque contraria a construção teórica proposta por Claus Roxin: os critérios do domínio funcional do fato no caso de coautoria e o do domínio da vontade na vertente, interessante para a presente discussão, de AM-AOP amoldam-se à realidade que se pretende enquadrar em termos jurídicos de formas distintas. De outra parte, tendo-se em mente a rigidez do critério da essencialidade da contribuição típico do domínio funcional do fato a mera soma dos requisitos previstos para cada uma das vertentes não parece ser uma boa solução em vista do objetivo de imputar os crimes através das categorias do Estatuto aos acusados preservando equilíbrio entre a busca de responsabilização penal concreta e efetiva e a preservação dos direitos e garantias do réu. O dissenso do Juiz Cuno Tarfusser no caso Katanga explicita essa violação. Por outro lado, essa forma de agir da maioria dos juízes traz flagrante intepretação in malam partem proibida pelo artigo 22(2), do ER. Espera-se que a posição da Juíza Van den Wyngaert manifestada em seu Voto Dissidente no caso Procurador v.Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui ganhe maior força no seio do Tribunal nos próximos anos. Apesar das críticas suscitadas tem-se claro que os avanços conquistados pelos juízes nessa complexa e delicada área da teoria do delito do direito penal internacional são de fundamental importância não somente para o aprimoramento das figuras jurídicas como também para a legitimação da atuação do tribunal perante os estados dada a sua vocação universalista.